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n!
(n r )!
Example: In how many ways can the 5 starting positions on a PBA team be filled with 12 men who can play any of the positions?
Solution: For n = 12 and r = 5, the preceding formula on permutation yields
12
P5
12!
95,040 ways
(12 5)!
Example: In how many ways can four books (Math, English, History and Science) be arranged on a shelf?
Solution: Using nPn with n = 4, we have P = 4! = 24 ways.
Permutation with Alike Things:
The number of permutations of n objects taken altogether where r1 are of one kind, r2 are of the other kind and so on is given by
n
Pn
n!
r1!r2 ! rk !
P 11
11!
1,108,800 ways
3! 3!
Circular Permutations:
To find the number of ways of arranging n different objects in a circle, we first select a position for one of the objects. Then
the others can be placed in their positions in (n 1)! ways.The number of circular permutations of n objects taken altogether is
n 1
Pn1 (n 1)!
Combinations:
A combination is a selection of objects with no attention given to the order of arrangements. This counting technique is usually
applied to problems about groups, committees or collections where order of the elements is not important.
The number of combinations of n objects taken r at a time is given by
n
C r or C (n, r )
n!
(n r )!r!
C5
13!
1,287 ways
(13 5)!5!
Combination in a Series:
The total number of combinations of n things taken 1, 2, 3, . . . . . ., n at a time is
n
C1 n C 2 n C3 ...... n C n 2 n 1
Example: A boy has 5 coins each of a different denomination. How many different sums of money can he form?
Solution:
5
C1 5 C 2 5 C3 5 C 4 5 C5 2 5 1 31