01 Handout PDF

Engineering Mechanics 2
Kin em at ics of
Part icles
Introduction to Dynamics
Rectilinear Motion
Relative and Dependent Motion
Curvilinear Motion
Tangential and Normal
Components
Radial and Transverse
Components
Kinematics of Particles
* Property of STI
Page 1 of 99
Dyn am ics
Organ izat ion al
Ch art
DYNAMICS
KINEMATICS
PARTICLES
RIGID BODY
KINETICS
PARTICLES
RIGID BODY
* Property of STI
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Exam ples of a
Part icle
Solar System
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solar/solill.html
* Property of STI
Page 3 of 99
Exam ples of a
Part icle
Angry Birds Game
http://mintywhite.com/software-reviews/multimedia-software/angry-birds/
* Property of STI
Page 4 of 99
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Exam ples of a R igid

Body
Windmills
http://turist06.blogcu.com/etiket/wind
* Property of STI
Page 5 of 99
Exam ples of a R igid

Body
Race Cars
http://www.usracingcarsimulators.com/
* Property of STI
Page 6 of 99
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Problem
Solvin g
Tech n iques
Read and re-read the problem carefully.

Draw any necessary diagrams.
Establish the conventions.
Solve the necessary equations using the
easiest possible way.
Reason out whether your final answer is
acceptable using technical judgment and
common sense.
* Property of STI
Page 7 of 99
R ect ilin ear

Mot ion
Rectilinear Motion movement of a
particle is on a straight line (horizontal
or vertical)
Position distance from the origin
measured in a given set of units of
distance measurements (meters, inches,
etc.)
* Property of STI
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Displacem en t
a change in position, x
If the position coordinate for a particle is

known for every value of time t, the
motion of a particle can be monitored.
x(t ) = 2t 2 0.5t 3
x position of the particle at time t
* Property of STI
Page 9 of 99
Displacem en t
Graphical representation of
x(t ) = 2t 2 0.5t 3
x(t) = 2t2 - 0.5t3
6
4
2
Position in meters
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
0.5
1.5
2
2.5
3
Time in seconds
3.5
4.5
* Property of STI
Page 10 of 99
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Velocit y
x
t
(1)
v(t ) =
(2)
v(t ) = lim
t 0
x dx
=
t dt
* Property of STI
Page 11 of 99
Velocit y
Instantaneous velocity can be:

1. Positive
2. Negative
Example:
x(t ) = 2t 2 0.5t 3
dx
= 4t 1.5t 2
v(t ) =
dt
m
t = 1, v(t ) = 2.5
s
t = 10, v(t ) = 40 150 = 110
m
s
* Property of STI
Page 12 of 99
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Accelerat ion
(1)
(2)
a(t ) =
v
t
v dv d 2 x
=
=
t 0 t
dt dt 2
vdv = adx
a(t ) = lim
* Property of STI
Page 13 of 99
Posit ion ,
Velocit y an d
Accelerat ion
t =0
t=2
t=4
t =5
x(t ) = 2t 2 0.5t 3 v(t ) = 4t 1.5t 2

0
0
4
2
0
8
12.5
17.5
a(t ) = 4 3t
4
2
8
11
s(t) units in meters or any distance units

v(t) units in meter/sec or any
distance/time units
a(t) units in meter/s2 or any
distance/square unit time units
* Property of STI
Page 14 of 99
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Posit ion ,
Velocit y an d
Accelerat ion
5
Position, Velocity or Acceleration
-5
-10
Position
Velocity
Acceleration
-15
-20
0.5
1.5
2
2.5
3
Time in seconds
3.5
4.5
Graphical representation of the position, velocity and

acceleration functions
* Property of STI
Page 15 of 99
Det erm in at ion of

Mot ion of a
Part icle
Motion is determined if the position of a
particle is known for all time t.
Three types of motion may be defined:
Acceleration given as a function of time,

a = f(t) :
dv
= a = f (t )
dt
dv = f (t ) dt
v (t )
v0
dv = f (t ) dt
t
v(t ) v0 = f (t ) dt
0
Equation 5
* Property of STI
Page 16 of 99
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Mot ion of a
Part icle
Acceleration given as a function of time,

a = f(t) :
dx
= v(t )
dt
dx = v(t ) dt
x (t )
dx = v(t ) dt
0
x0
x(t ) x0 = v(t ) dt
0
Equation 6
* Property of STI
Page 17 of 99

Mot ion of a
Part icle
Acceleration given as a function of position,
a = f(x) :
dx
dx
v=
or dt =
dt
v
dv
dv
a=
= f (x )
or a = v
dt
dx
v dv = f ( x )dx
v(x )
v dv = f (x )dx
v0
1 v( x )2
2
x0
x
1 v02 =
2
f (x )dx
x0
Equation 7
* Property of STI
Page 18 of 99
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Mot ion of a
Part icle
Acceleration given as a function of velocity,
a = f (v ) :
dv
dv
= a = f (v )
= a = f (v )
v
dt
dx
dv
v dv
= dt
dx =
f (v )
f (v )
v (t )
x (t )
x0
dv
= dt
f (v )
v0
v (t )
dx =
v (t )
v dv
f (v )
v
x(t ) x0 =
0
v (t )
dv
f (v ) = t
v0
v dv
Equation 8
Equation 9
f (v )
v
0
* Property of STI
Page 19 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 1
Given : a(t ) = 3t 2 + 5t + 1 m 2
s
@ t = 0, v0 = 4 m
s
Find v(t = 3) and x(t = 3).
Use Equation 5
t
v(t ) = v0 + 3t 2 + 5t + 1 dt
0
3
3t 3 5t 2
45
v(t ) = 4 +
+
+ t = 4 + 27 + + 3
3
2
2
0
m
v(t = 3) = 56.5
s
* Property of STI
Page 20 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 1
Use Equation 6
v(t ) = 3t 2 + 5t + 1 dt =t 3 +
5t 2
+t
2
5t
+ t dt
x(t ) = x0 + t 3 +
0
t
t
5t
t
x(t ) = 4 + +
+
4 23 2
x(t = 3) = 51.25m
= 4 + 81 + 135 + 9
6
2
4
0
* Property of STI
Page 21 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 2
A ball is tossed, with 10 m/s vertical
velocity, from a window 20 m above
ground.
Determine the velocity and
elevation above ground at time t, highest
elevation
reached
by
ball
and
corresponding time, and time when the
ball will hit the ground and corresponding
velocity.
* Property of STI
Page 22 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 2
PLAN OF SOLUTION:
Integrate twice to find v(t) and y(t).
Solve for t at which velocity equals zero
(time for maximum elevation) and evaluate
corresponding altitude.
Solve for t at which altitude equals zero
(time for ground impact) and evaluate
corresponding velocity.
* Property of STI
Page 23 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 2
dv
= a = 9.81 m s 2
dt
v (t )
v0
v(t ) = 10
m
m
9.81 t
s
s2
dv = 9.81 dt
v(t ) v0 = 9.81t
* Property of STI
Page 24 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 2
dy
= v = 10 9.81t
dt
y (t )
y0
dy = (10 9.81t )dt
y (t ) y0 = 10t 1 9.81t 2
2
m
m
y (t ) = 20 m + 10 t 4.905 t 2
s
s2
* Property of STI
Page 25 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 2
Solve for t at which velocity equals zero
and evaluate corresponding altitude.
v(t ) = 10
m
m
9.81 t = 0
s
s2
m
m
9.81 t = 10
s
s2
t = 1.019 sec
m
m
y (t ) = 20 m + 10 t 4.905 t 2
s
s2
m
m
y = 20 m + 10 (1.019 s ) 4.905 (1.019 s )2
s
s2
y = 25.1 meters
* Property of STI
Page 26 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 2
Solve for t at which altitude equals zero
and evaluate corresponding velocity.
2
y (t ) = 20 + 10t (4.905)t = 0
We get :
t = 1.243 sec (meaningless )
t = 3.28 sec
v(t ) = 10
m
m
9.81 t
s
s2
v(3.28 s ) = 10
v = 22.2
m
m
9.81 (3.28 s )
s
s2
m
s
* Property of STI
Page 27 of 99
Un iform
R ect ilin ear
Mot ion
For particle in uniform rectilinear motion,
the acceleration is zero and the velocity is
constant.
dx
= v = constant
dt
x
x0
dx = v dt
x x0 = vt
x = x0 + vt
Equation 10
* Property of STI
Page 28 of 99
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Un iform
Accelerat ed
R ect ilin ear Mot ion
For particle in uniformly accelerated
rectilinear motion, the acceleration of the
particle is constant.
dv
= a = constant
dt
v
dv = a dt
v0
v v0 = at
v = v0 + at
Equation 11
* Property of STI
Page 29 of 99
Un iform
Accelerat ed
dx
= v0 + at
dt
x
x0
dx = (v0 + at )dt
x x0 = v0t + 1 at 2
2
x = x0 + v0t + 1 at 2
2
Equation 12
* Property of STI
Page 30 of 99
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Un iform
Accelerat ed
dv
= a = constant
dx
v
v dv = a dx
v0
2
x0
1 v v
0 = a ( x x0 )
2
v 2 = v0 2 + 2a( x x0 )
Equation 13
* Property of STI
Page 31 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 3
A motorist enters a freeway at 45km/hr
and accelerates uniformly to 99 km/h.
From the odometer in the car, the
motorist knows that she traveled 0.2 km
while accelerating. Determine (a) the
acceleration of the car and (b) the time
required to reach 99 km/h.
* Property of STI
Page 32 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 3
Given :
km
hr
km
v f = 99
hr
x = x x0 = 0.2km
v0 = 45
PLAN OF SOLUTION
Determine acceleration from v0 to vf.
Determine elapsed time to reach vf.
a=constant
vf = 99 km/h
x x0 = 0.2km
* Property of STI
Page 33 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 3
Using Equation 13
v 2 = v0 2 + 2a( x x0 )
99 2 = 452 + 2a(0.2)
2a(0.2) = 99 2 452
a=
99 2 452
0.4
a = 19440
a = 1.5
1hr 1000m

1km
hr 2 3600 sec
km
m
sec 2
* Property of STI
Page 34 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 3
Using Equation 11
v = v0 + at
99 = 45 + 1.5t
1.5t = 99 45
(99 45) km
hr
t=
km
19440 2
hr
3600 sec
t = 2.7778 10 3 hr
1hr
t = 10 sec
* Property of STI
Page 35 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 4
A truck travels 220 m in 10 sec while being
decelerated at a constant rate of 0.6m/s2.
Determine (a) its initial velocity, (b) its final
velocity and (c) the distance traveled during
the first 1.5 s.
* Property of STI
Page 36 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 4
Given :
x = 220m in t = 10 sec
a = 0.6
m
sec 2
PLAN OF SOLUTION
Determine initial velocity v0.
Determine final velocity vf
Determine x for the first 1.5sec.
vf = ?
x = 220 m
@ t = 10sec
* Property of STI
Page 37 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 4
Using Equation 11
x = x0 + v0t + 1 at 2
2
220 = 0 + v0 (10 ) +
1
( 0.6)(10)2
2
1
220 + (0.6 )(10 )2
2
v0 =
10
m
v0 = 25
sec
* Property of STI
Page 38 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 4
Using Equation 13
v f 2 = v0 2 + 2a( x x0 )
v f 2 = 252 + 2( 0.6 )(220 )
v f = 252 + 2( 0.6 )(220 )
v f = 19
m
sec
* Property of STI
Page 39 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 4
Using Equation 12
1
x = x0 + v0t + at 2
2
1
x x0 = x = v0t + at 2
2
1
x = 25(1.5) + ( 0.6 )(1.5)2
2
x = 36.825m
* Property of STI
Page 40 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 5
A group of students
launches a model rocket in
the vertical direction. Based
on tracking data, they
determine that the altitude of
the rocket was 89.6 ft at the
end of the powered portion
of the flight and that the
rocket landed 16 s later.
Knowing that the descent
parachute failed to deploy
so that the rocket fell freely
to the ground after reaching
its maximum altitude and
assuming that g = 32.2
ft/sec2, determine (a) the
speed v1 of the rocket at the
end of powered flight, (b)
the
maximum
altitude
reached by the rocket.
vf = 0
ft/s
t =16
sec
* Property of STI
Page 41 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 5
Given :
y0 = 89.6 ft
tTOTAL = 16 sec
a = 32.2
vf = 0
ft/s
ft
sec 2
PLAN OF SOLUTION
+
O
t =16
sec
Determine v1.
Determine maximum
altitude reached.
* Property of STI
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Sam ple
Problem 5
When the rocket reaches the ground, yf = 0
at t = 16sec
Using Equation 12
1
y f = y1 + v1t + at 2
2
1
0 = 89.6 + v1 (16 ) + ( 32.2 )(16 )2
2
1
0 89.6 + (32.2 )(16 )2
2
v1 =
16
ft
v1 = 252
sec
* Property of STI
Page 43 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 5
When the rocket reaches the maximum
altitude, v = 0.
Using Equation 13
v 2 = v0 2 + 2a( y y0 )
0 = 252 2 + 2(32.2 )( y 89.6 )
252 2
2(32.2 )
( y 89.6) = 986.09
y = ymax = 1075.69m = 1076m
( y 89.6) =
* Property of STI
Page 44 of 99
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Board Work
Problem 1
Given:
x(t ) = t 3 (t 2 )2 m
a. Determine the velocity and acceleration
functions.
b. Determine the time when the
acceleration is zero.
c. Determine the corresponding position
and velocity at the time the acceleration
is zero.
* Property of STI
Page 45 of 99
Board Work
Problem 2
Point A oscillates with an acceleration
a( x ) = 100(0.25 x )
m
sec 2
Knowing that the system starts at time t=0

with v = 0 and x = 0.2 m, determine the
position and velocity of A when t = 0.2
sec.
* Property of STI
Page 46 of 99
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Board Work
Problem 3
The acceleration of a particle is defined by

the relation a = 0.4 v, where a is
expressed in mm/s2 and v in mm/s.
Knowing that at t = 0 the velocity is 75
mm/s, determine (a) the distance the
particle will travel before coming to rest,
(b) the time required for the velocity of the
particle to be reduced to 1 percent of its
initial value.
* Property of STI
Page 47 of 99
Board Work
Problem 4
A sprinter in a 400-m race accelerates

uniformly for the first 130m and then runs
with constant velocity. If the sprinters
time for the first 130m is 25 sec, determine
his acceleration, his final velocity and his
time for the race.
* Property of STI
Page 48 of 99
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Board Work
Problem 5
Steep safety ramps are built beside

mountain highways to enable vehicles with
defective brakes to stop safely. A truck
enters a 750-ft ramp at a high speed v0 and
travels 540 ft in 6 s at constant deceleration
before its speed is reduced to v0/2.
Assuming the same constant deceleration,
determine (a) the additional time required
for the truck to stop, (b) the additional
distance traveled by the truck.
* Property of STI
Page 49 of 99
R elat ive Mot ion
If several particles are moving along the

same line,
time should be recorded from the
same starting instant
displacements should be measured
from the same origin in the same
direction
* Property of STI
Page 50 of 99
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R elat ive Mot ion
xB A = xB x A =
xB = x A + xB A
vB A = vB v A =
vB = v A + vB A
aB A = aB a A =
aB = a A + aB
relative position of
B with respect to A
relative velocity of B
with respect to A
relative acceleration of
B with respect to A
* Property of STI
Page 51 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 6
A ball is thrown vertically from 12 m level
in an elevator shaft with initial an velocity
of 18 m/s. At same instant, open-platform
elevator passes 5 m level moving upward
at 2 m/s. Determine (a) when and where
ball hits elevator and (b) relative velocity
of ball and elevator at contact.
* Property of STI
Page 52 of 99
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Problem 6
PLAN OF SOLUTION:
Substitute initial position and velocity
and constant acceleration of ball into
general equations for uniformly
accelerated rectilinear motion.
Substitute initial position and constant
velocity of elevator into equation for
uniform rectilinear motion.
Write equation for relative position of
ball with respect to elevator and solve
for zero relative position, i.e., impact.
Substitute impact time into equation for
position of elevator and relative
velocity of ball with respect to elevator.
* Property of STI
Page 53 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 6
SOLUTION:
Substitute initial position and velocity
and constant acceleration of ball into
general equations for uniformly
accelerated rectilinear motion.
v B = v0 + at = 18
m
m
9.81 t
s
s2
y B = y0 + v0t + 1 at 2
2
m
m
= 12 m + 18 t 4.905 t 2
s

s2
* Property of STI
Page 54 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 6
Substitute initial position and constant

velocity of elevator into equation for
uniform rectilinear motion.
vE = 2
m
s
m
y E = y0 + v E t = 5 m + 2 t
s
* Property of STI
Page 55 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 6
Write equation for relative position of
ball with respect to elevator and solve
for zero relative position, i.e., impact.
yB E = yB = yE
y B E = 12 + 18t 4.905t 2 (5 + 2t ) = 0
t = 0.39 s (meaningless )
t = 3.65 s
* Property of STI
Page 56 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 6
Substitute impact time into equations

for position of elevator and relative
velocity of ball with respect to elevator.
y E = 5 + 2(3.65)
y E = 12.3 m
v B E = (18 9.81t ) 2
= 16 9.81(3.65)
m
v B E = 19.81
s
* Property of STI
Page 57 of 99
Depen den t
Mot ion
The position of a particle may depend
on the position of one or more other
particles.
Position of block B depends on position
of block A.
length of the rope is constant
sum of lengths of segments must be
constant.
x A + 2 xB = constant
(one degree of freedom)
* Property of STI
Page 58 of 99
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Depen den t
Mot ion
Positions of three blocks are dependent.
2 x A + 2 xB + xC = constant
(two degrees of freedom)
* Property of STI
Page 59 of 99
Depen den t
Mot ion
For linearly related positions, similar
relations hold between velocities and
accelerations.
For the previous two figures, we have:
dx A
dx
dv A
dv
+2 B =0
+2 B =0
dt
dt
dt
dt
v A + 2vB = 0
a A + 2a B = 0
dx
dx A
dx
+2 B + C =0
dt
dt
dt
2v A + 2vB + vC = 0
2
dv
dv A
dv
+2 B + C =0
dt
dt
dt
2a A + 2a B + aC = 0
2
* Property of STI
Page 60 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 7
Pulley D is attached to a collar which is
pulled down at 3 in./s. At t = 0, collar A
starts moving down from K with constant
acceleration and zero initial velocity.
Knowing that velocity of collar A is 12
in./s as it passes L, determine the change
in elevation, velocity, and acceleration of
block B when block A is at L.
* Property of STI
Page 61 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 7
PLAN OF SOLUTION:
Define origin at upper horizontal
surface with positive displacement
downward.
Collar A has uniformly accelerated
rectilinear motion.
Solve for
acceleration and time t to reach L.
Pulley D has uniform rectilinear
motion. Calculate change of position at
time t.
Block B motion is dependent on
motions of collar A and pulley D.
Write motion relationship and solve for
change of block B position at time t.
Differentiate motion relation twice to
develop equations for velocity and
acceleration of block B.
* Property of STI
Page 62 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 7
Define origin at upper horizontal
surface with positive displacement
downward.
Collar A has uniformly accelerated

Solve for
rectilinear motion.
acceleration and time t to reach L.
v 2A = (v A )02 + 2a A x A ( x A )0
2
in.
12 = 2a A (8 in.)
s
aA = 9
in.
s2
v A = (v A )0 + a At
12
in.
in.
=9 t
s
s2
t = 1.333s
* Property of STI
Page 63 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 7
Pulley D has uniform rectilinear

motion. Calculate change of position
at time t.
x D = ( x D )0 + v D t
in.
x D ( x D )0 = 3 (1.333 s ) = 4 in.
s
* Property of STI
Page 64 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 7
Block B motion is dependent on
motions of collar A and pulley D.
Write motion relationship and solve
for change of block B position at time
t. Total length of cable remains
constant.
x A + 2 x D + x B = ( x A )0 + 2( x D )0 + ( x B )0
[x A ( x A )0 ] + 2[xD ( xD )0 ] + [xB ( xB )0 ] = 0
(8 in.) + 2(4 in.) + [x B ( x B )0 ] = 0
x B ( x B )0 = 16 in.
* Property of STI
Page 65 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 7
Differentiate motion relation twice to
develop equations for velocity and
acceleration of block B.
x A + 2 x D + x B = constant
v A + 2v D + v B = 0
in. in.
12 + 2 3 + v B = 0
s s
in.
v B = 18
s
a A + 2a D + a B = 0
in.
9 + a B = 0
s2
in.
a B = 9 2
s
* Property of STI
Page 66 of 99
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Curvilin ear
Mot ion
Particle moving along a curve other

than a straight line is in curvilinear
motion.
Position vector of a particle at time t is
defined by a vector between origin O of
a fixed reference frame and the position
occupied by particle.
* Property of STI
Page 67 of 99
Curvilin ear
Mot ion
Consider particle which occupies position
P defined by r at time t and P defined
by r at t + t,
r dr
v = lim
=
dt
t 0 t
instantaneous velocity (vector)
v = lim
t 0 t
ds
dt
instantaneous speed (scalar)
* Property of STI
Page 68 of 99
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Curvilin ear
Mot ion
Consider velocity v of particle at time t and
velocity v at t + t,
v dv
=
a = lim
dt
t 0 t
=
instantaneous
acceleration (vector)
* Property of STI
Page 69 of 99
R ect an gular
Com pon en t s of
Velocit y an d
Accelerat ion
Rectangular components are particularly
effective when component accelerations
can be integrated independently, e.g.,
motion of a projectile,
a x = x = 0
a y = y = g
a z = z = 0
with initial conditions,
x0 = y0 = z0 = 0
(v x )0 , v y , (v z )0 = 0
( )0
* Property of STI
Page 70 of 99
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R ect an gular
Com pon en t s of
Velocit y an d
Accelerat ion
Motion in
uniform.
horizontal
Motion in vertical
uniformly accelerated.
direction
is
direction
is
Motion of projectile could be replaced

by two independent rectilinear motions.
Use the equations of uniform rectilinear
and uniform accelerated rectilinear
motion.
* Property of STI
Page 71 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 8
A projectile motion is fired from the edge
of a 150-m cliff with an initial velocity of
180 m/s at an angle of 30O with the
horizontal. Neglecting air resistance, find
(a) the horizontal distance from the gun to
the point where the projectile strikes the
ground and (b) the greatest elevation
above the ground reached by the
projectile.
* Property of STI
Page 72 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 8
The vertical and horizontal motion will be
considered separately. The origin is at O.
For the Vertical Motion with the upward
direction as the positive:
(v y )0 = 180 sin 30 = 90 ms
a = 9.81
m
s2
* Property of STI
Page 73 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 8
Using the equations for a uniformly

accelerated particle:
( )
( )
( )
v y = v y + at
v y = 90 9.81t
(1)
0
1 2
y = v y t + at
y = 90t 4.9t 2
(2)
0
2
2
2
2
+ 2ay v y = 8100 19.62 y (3)
vy = vy
0
* Property of STI
Page 74 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 8
Horizontal Motion: Using the equations
for a particle with uniform motion
(v x )0 = 180 cos 30 = 155.9 m
s
Substituting this to the equation of
uniform motion, we get:
x = (v x )0 t
x = 155.9t
(4)
When the projectile strikes the ground, we

have:
y = 150m
Substitute this to Equation 2, we get the
time it takes
150 = 90t 4.9t 2
t 2 18.37t 30.6 = 0
t = 19.91,1.54
t = 19.91sec
* Property of STI
Page 75 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 8
To get the horizontal distance, substitute
the time value to Equation 4
x = 155.9(19.91)
x = 3100m
To determine the highest elevation the
projectile has reached, we have vy =0 and
substitute this to Equation 3
0 = 8100 19.62 y
y = 413
yFrom the ground = 150 + 413
yFrom the ground = 563m
* Property of STI
Page 76 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 9
A projectile motion is fired with an initial
velocity of 800 ft/s at a target B located
2000 ft above the gun A and at a
horizontal
distance
of
12,000ft.
Neglecting air resistance, determine the
value of the firing angle .
* Property of STI
Page 77 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 9
The vertical and horizontal motion will be

considered separately.
Horizontal Motion: The origin is placed
at the axes of the gun
(v x )0 = 800 cos
* Property of STI
Page 78 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 9
uniform motion, we get:
x = (v x )0 t
x = (800 cos )t
The time required for the projectile to

attain a horizontal distance of 12000 ft
is:
12000 = (800 cos )t

15
12000
=
t=
800 cos cos
* Property of STI
Page 79 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 9
Vertical Motion
(v y )0 = 800 sin
a = 32.2
ft
s2

uniform accelerated motion in
determining the displacement, we get:
( )
1
y = v y t + at 2
0
2
y = 800 sin t 16.1t 2
* Property of STI
Page 80 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 9
When the projectile hits the target, x =
12000 ft and y = 2000ft
2000 = 800 sin
15
15
16.1
cos
cos
1
2
2
Since
= sec = 1 + tan , then
cos
2000 = 800(15) tan 16.1(15)2 1 + tan 2
3622 tan 12000 tan + 5622 = 0

2
Thus :
tan = 0.565
= 29.5
and
tan = 2.75
= 70.0
and
* Property of STI
Page 81 of 99
Tan gen t ial an d

Norm al
Com pon en t s
Velocity vector of particle is tangent to
path of particle.
In general,
acceleration vector is not.
Wish to
express acceleration vector in terms of
tangential and normal components.
* Property of STI
Page 82 of 99
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Tan gen t ial an d

Norm al
Com pon en t s
The tangential and normal components of
the acceleration vector are:
2
dv v
a = et + en
dt
at =
dv
dt
an =
v2
* Property of STI
Page 83 of 99
R adial an d
Tran sverse
Com pon en t s
When particle position is given in polar
coordinates, it is convenient to express
velocity
and
acceleration
with
components parallel and perpendicular to
OP.
The particle velocity and acceleration
vectors are:
v = r er + r e
a = r r 2 er + r + 2r e
) (
* Property of STI
Page 84 of 99
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R adial an d
Tran sverse
Com pon en t s
When particle position is given in
cylindrical coordinates, it is convenient
to express the velocity and acceleration

vectors using the unit vectors eR , e , and k .
The position, velocity and acceleration
vectors:
r = R e R +z k
dr
v=
= R eR + R e + z k
dt
R 2 e + R + 2 R e + z k
a= R
)R (
* Property of STI
Page 85 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 10
A motorist is traveling on curved section
of highway at 60 mph. The motorist
applies brakes causing a constant
deceleration rate. Knowing that after 8 s
the speed has been reduced to 45 mph,
determine the acceleration of the
automobile immediately after the brakes
are applied.
* Property of STI
Page 86 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 10
SOLUTION:
Calculate tangential and
components of acceleration.
normal
Determine acceleration magnitude and

direction with respect to tangent to
curve.
* Property of STI
Page 87 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 10
SOLUTION:
Calculate tangential and
components of acceleration.
60 mph = 88 ft/s
45 mph = 66 ft/s
at =
an =
normal
v (66 88) ft s
ft
=
= 2.75 2
t
8s
s
v2
(88 ft s )2
ft
= 3.10 2
2500 ft
Determine acceleration magnitude and

direction with respect to tangent to curve.
a = at2 + an2 =
= tan 1
( 2.75)2 + 3.10 2
an
3.10
= tan 1
at
2.75
ft
a = 4.14 2
s
= 48.4
* Property of STI
Page 88 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 11
Rotation of the arm about O is defined by

q = 0.15t2 where q is in radians and t in
seconds. Collar B slides along the arm
such that r = 0.9 - 0.12t2 where r is in
meters. After the arm has rotated through
30o, determine (a) the total velocity of the
collar, (b) the total acceleration of the
collar, and (c) the relative acceleration of
the collar with respect to the arm.
* Property of STI
Page 89 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 11
SOLUTION:
Evaluate time t for = 30o.
Evaluate radial and angular positions,
and first and second derivatives at time
t.
Calculate velocity and acceleration in
cylindrical coordinates.
Evaluate acceleration with respect to
arm.
* Property of STI
Page 90 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 11
SOLUTION:
Evaluate time t for = 30o.
= 0.15 t 2
= 30 = 0.524 rad
t = 1.869 s
Evaluate radial and angular positions,
and first and second derivatives at time t.
r = 0.9 0.12 t 2 = 0.481 m

r = 0.24 t = 0.449 m s
r = 0.24 m s 2
= 0.15 t 2 = 0.524 rad
= 0.30 t = 0.561 rad s
= 0.30 rad s 2
* Property of STI
Page 91 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 11
Calculate velocity and acceleration.
vr = r = 0.449 m s
v = r = (0.481 m )(0.561 rad s )
v = 0.270 m s
v = vr2 + v2
v = 0.524 m s
v
= tan 1
vr
= 31.0
* Property of STI
Page 92 of 99
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Sam ple
Problem 11
ar = r r 2
= 0.240 m s 2 (0.481 m )(0.561 rad s )2
= 0.391 m s 2
a = r + 2r
= (0.481 m ) 0.3 rad s 2

+ 2( 0.449 m s )(0.561 rad s )
= 0.359 m s 2
a = ar2 + a2
a = 0.531m s
a
= tan 1
ar
= 42.6
* Property of STI
Page 93 of 99
Sam ple
Problem 11
Evaluate acceleration with respect to
arm.
Motion of collar with respect to arm is
rectilinear and defined by coordinate r.
a B OA = r = 0.240 m s 2
* Property of STI
Page 94 of 99
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Board Work
Problem 1
Automobiles A and B are traveling in
adjacent highway lanes and at t = 0 have
the positions and speeds shown. Knowing
that automobile A has a constant
acceleration of 1.8 ft/s2 and that B has a
constant deceleration of 1.2 ft/s2, determine
(a) when and where A will overtake B and
(b) the speed of each automobile at that
time.
* Property of STI
Page 95 of 99
Board Work
Problem 2
At the instant shown, slider block B is
moving with a constant acceleration and its
speed is 150 mm/s. Knowing that after
slider block A has moved 240 mm to the
right its velocity is 60 mm/s, determine (a)
the acceleration of A and B, (b) the
acceleration of portion of D of the cable
and (c) the velocity and the change in
position of slider block B after 4s.
* Property of STI
Page 96 of 99
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Board Work
Problem 3
A basketball player shoots when she is 16
ft from the backboard. Knowing that the
ball has an initial velocity v0 at an angle of
30O with the horizontal, determine the
value of v0 when d is equal to (a) 9 in and
9b) 17 in.
* Property of STI
Page 97 of 99
Board Work
Problem 4
A motorist is traveling on a curved portion
of highway of radius 700 m at the speed of
20 m/s. The brakes are suddenly applied,
causing the speed to decrease at a constant
rate of 2.5 m/s2. Determine the magnitude
of the total acceleration of the automobile
(a) immediately after the brakes have been
applied and (b) 8 sec later.
* Property of STI
Page 98 of 99
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Board Work
Problem 5
The rotation of rod OA about O is
defined b the relation = 0.5e0.8tsin3t,
where and t are expressed in radians
and seconds, respectively. Collar B
slides along the rod so that its distance
from O is r=1+2t 6t2 + 8t3, where r
and t are expressed in feet and seconds
respectively. When t = 0.5s, determine
(a) the velocity of the collar, (b)
acceleration of the collar and (c) the
acceleration of the collar relative to the
rod.
* Property of STI
Page 99 of 99
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Engineering Mechanics 2

Angry Birds Game

Exam ples of a R igid

Exam ples of a R igid

Read and re-read the problem carefully.

R ect ilin ear

If the position coordinate for a particle is

Instantaneous velocity can be:

x(t ) = 2t 2 0.5t 3 v(t ) = 4t 1.5t 2

s(t) units in meters or any distance units

Position, Velocity or Acceleration

Graphical representation of the position, velocity and

Det erm in at ion of

Acceleration given as a function of time,

Det erm in at ion of

Acceleration given as a function of time,

Det erm in at ion of

Det erm in at ion of

dy = (10 9.81t )dt

Knowing that the system starts at time t=0

The acceleration of a particle is defined by

A sprinter in a 400-m race accelerates

Steep safety ramps are built beside

R elat ive Mot ion

If several particles are moving along the

R elat ive Mot ion

Substitute initial position and constant

Substitute impact time into equations

Collar A has uniformly accelerated

Pulley D has uniform rectilinear

Particle moving along a curve other

P defined by r at time t and P defined

instantaneous velocity (vector)

instantaneous speed (scalar)

Motion of projectile could be replaced

Using the equations for a uniformly

When the projectile strikes the ground, we

The vertical and horizontal motion will be

The time required for the projectile to

12000 = (800 cos )t

Substituting this to the equation of

2000 = 800(15) tan 16.1(15)2 1 + tan 2

3622 tan 12000 tan + 5622 = 0

Tan gen t ial an d

Tan gen t ial an d

Determine acceleration magnitude and

Determine acceleration magnitude and

Rotation of the arm about O is defined by

r = 0.9 0.12 t 2 = 0.481 m

= (0.481 m ) 0.3 rad s 2

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