Appendix

C5

Estimation of HSP from Correlations

overall dipole moment of the entire molecule is what is

measured10 and used in calculation of solubility
parameters.
Some solvents are nonpolar. Most hydrocarbons have no
measurable or theoretical dipole moment.

is 1.84 debyes, or 1.84 DC. Carbon dioxide is a linear

molecule; water is bent, or banana-shaped.

Figure C5-3 trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene

Figure C5-5 Water

Figure C5-4 Carbon Dioxide

Other solvents, such as carbon dioxide (compressed

liquid or supercritical) and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene,
also have no measured11 dipole moment. Although both
have polar centers (oxygen and chlorine atoms), the
centers of polar electromagnetic force are aligned along or
symmetrically opposite the main axis of the molecule
respectively.
Water, with a polar oxygen atom does have a dipole
moment. This is because its two hydrogen atoms are not
aligned along an axis through the center of the water
moleculedthe oxygen atom. The dipole moment of water

Two common cleaning solvents which have somewhat

different dipole moments are trichloroethylene and
n-propyl bromide. Their atomic structures are shown in
Figures C5-6 and C5-7, respectively. Note that the somewhat more symmetrical molecule (trichloroethylene,
which has three chlorine atoms as polar centers) has
a lower dipole moment than does the less symmetrical
n-propyl bromide, which has only one polar center.

Figure C5-6 Trichloroethylene

10

Measurement of dipole moment is done indirectly. One places

a solvent between two conductive plates in a cell. A direct current is
applied, and the capacitance of the liquid in the cell is measured.
Capacitance is a measure of the ability of a material to hold charge if
a voltage is applied across it. The unit of measurement for capacitance
(called C) is the farad (coulomb per volt). From the area of the conductive
plates and their distance of separation, a quantity called permittivity is
easily calculated. Permittivity (called ) is a measure of the ability of
a material to be polarized by an electric eld. The unit of measurement
for permittivity is farads per meter. The parameter dielectric constant
(also called ) is the ratio of the permittivity of a solvent divided by the
permittivity of a vacuum.
Dipole moment (D) is calculated by using the measured value of
permittivity in an equation called the Debye Equation, whose basis and
details are outside the scope of this book. One can study those details in
the book Electrical Properties of Polymers, by Evaristo Riande and
Ricardo Daz-Calleja, CRC, May 2004, ISBN-10: 0824753461. See
Equation 1.9.14 on page 12 of Chapter 1 of that book.
11
Dipole moments are smalldas are the separation distances and
electrostatic charges within molecules.
One D (debye) equals approximately 3.33564 10e30
coulomb-meter. Conversely, 1 coulomb-meter (C m)
2.99791029D. One coulomb is the amount of electric charge
transported in one second by a steady current of one ampere. Values of
dipole moment typically range from zero to 5 D.
The Debye (d) is named after the Nobel laureate physicist Peter J. W.
Debye (Petrus Josephus Wilhelmus Debije).

606

Figure C5-7 n-Propyl Bromide

Acetone has a single polar centerdan oxygen atomdbut

it is considerably displaced from the center of the molecules
structure as shown in Figure C5-8. The dipole moment of
acetone is higher than that of n-propyl bromide.

Figure C5-8 Acetone