ULBIS, CHRISTINE MARIE HONG

3BIOLOGY-6
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Filter Feeding passively filtering organic matter out of
the incoming respiratory stream and propelling the
food particles to the rear of the pharynx for swallowing
can only be employed by aquatic organisms
DIGESTIVE TRACT
also called alimentary canal
a tube. Seldom straight and often tortuously
coiled, that commences at the mouth and
empties either into a vented cloaca or directly
to the exterior via an anus
functions in the digestion and absorption of
foodstuffs and in elimination of undigested
wastes
Peristalsis the process of propelling food from the
pharynx to the vent or anus by smooth muscle tissue in
the walls of the tract
Major Subdivisions of the tract:

Oral Cavity and Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Intestine
Emptying into the tract are the ducts from accessory
organs, principally pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
These organs and their ducts arise as evaginations
from the embryonic digestive tract. Other evaginations
known as ceca, having one function or another, are
common. The digestive tract and accessory organs
constitute the digestive system.
Pleuroperitoneal Cavity major component of the
coelom, along with the lungs in tetrapods
In mammals, birds and a few reptiles, the lungs occupy
separate pleural cavities, and the digestive organs
beyond the esophagus occupy an abdominal
(peritoneal) cavity. The coelom arises by the
delamination, or splitting, of the early lateral-plate
mesoderm into two sheets, somatic and splanchnic
mesoderm. The space between the two sheets
becomes the coelom.
Visceral Peritoneum outer covering of the digestive
tract

continuous with the parietal peritoneum, which

lines the body wall

Three Regions of Embryonic Digestive Tract:

Midgut the part containing the yolk when

present, or to which the yolk sac is attached

Hindgut caudal to the midgut; becomes the

remainder of the intestine and the cloaca

Foregut anterior to the midgut; elongates to

form part of the oral cavity, the pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, and much of the small
intestine
MOUTH AND ORAL CAVITY
Gnathosome Fishes:
Mouth opens into the oropharyngeal cavity which
exhibits teeth of one variety or another, and walls
perforated by gill slits. It terminates at a short
esophagus. Its roof is primary palate.
Tetrapods:
The mouth opens into an oral cavity (buccal cavity)
that houses the teeth and tongue. It leads to the
pharynx. Its roof is primary palate.
Reptiles:
Most have an incomplete secondary palate. This
leaves in the roof of the oral cavity, a deep cleft,
the palatal fissure, that channelizes respiratory air
between the choane (internal nares of amniotes)
and the pharynx.
Anurans:
Paired Vocal Sacs, which are reverberating
chambers beneath the floor of the pharynx, open
into the oral cavity near the angles of the jaws.
Mammals:
A trench called the oral vestibule, separates the
gurns, or alveolar ridges, from the cheeks and lips.
In many rodents, an opening leads from the
vestibule on each side into a check pouch in which
hamsters and others transport grain from the fields
to the burrow for storage.
Birds:
Some seed- and grain-eating birds have a median
sublingual seed pouch that lies upon the caudal
portion of the mylohyoid muscle beneath the oral
cavity and is retracted by what may be homologue
of the gneioglossus muscle of mammals. When full,
it hangs beneath the rea of the oral cavity in a sling
composed of the mylohyoid muscle. It is emptied
by shaking the head vigorously,