Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
9, September 1984
2633
B. Thapar
Chandigarh.
INTRODUCTION
For the design of grounding systems in
high voltage stations it is necessary to evaluate the realistic value of the fault current
to be used in determining (a) the size of the
grounding conductor and (b) the step,touch and
transferred potentialsl. For determining the
size of the grounding conductor it is necessary
to know the maximum current, Ic,that would
flow in any section of the grounding system
and for evaluating the potentials the maximum
current, IG' that would be discharged by the
grounding system to the ground is required.
Only-single line to ground fault is considered as this gives the highest zero sequence current in most cases. The -total fault current returns to the system through a number of
paths.Only the current flowing through7thegrounding system at the station to the ground conanalytical
stitutes the current I . Accurate
methods to determine tie fault current distribution between soil and ground conductor are
available2,394. These methods require the use
of the computer and the values of the network
to measure
parameters which may not be easy
with certainty. For the design of grounding
systems, high degree of accuracy is not necessary because of the uncertainty of basic data
of the soil resistivity. This paper presents a
directly applicable simple method, to estimate
I and I-. Because of their extensive use only
tge overfiead transmission lines are considered
in this paper.
FAULT LOCATION
The fault location which produces the maximum I and IG may be either on the higher volthe
of
tage side or lower voltage side
station transformer. It may be either inside
84 WM 147-5
A paper recommended and approved
by the IEEE Substations Committee of the IEEE
Power Engineering Society for presentation at the
IEEE/PES 1984 Winter Meeting, Dallas, Texas,
January 29 - February 3, 1984. Manuscripts submitted August 26, 1982; made available for printing November 28, 1983.
Chandigarh (India).
IFH,IFL,IFW,IFD
IHH,IHL
ILL'ILH
respectively.
2634
A perusal of Fig. t.will indicate that the
maximum value of I in all cases is the total
C
fault current on higher
voltage side or lower
voltage-side.The higher value of the two is to
be considered. However if care is exercised
and it is ensured that the total fault current
will have atleast two paths to follow,Ic maybe
safely taken as half of the total fault current
or even less depending on the actual configuration of the system. Maximum value of IG in
terms of various components of the 9ault current in each case is given in table I
It is observed that in all cases maximum
value of IG is given by sum of the currents
(in amps) supplied by other stations to the
ground on all transmission lines minus the
current diverted by the ground wires due to
induction and conduction.
IL,
TABLE I
CURRENT FOR DESIGN OF GROUNDING SYSTEMS
i
(0
tB'IWW-Iwi-la
1
rG=
station-fault on higher
side.
station-fault on lower
side.
(c),(e),(g) Intermediate station fault on higher voltage side.
(d),(f),(h) Intermediate stationfault on lower voltage side.
(i) Intermediate station-fault on
wye side.
(j) Intermediate station-fault on
delta side.
ww
IDD
It
IHi
wi
,? IDi
Step up station
Intermediate station
delta-delta
OD-IDi-t
IHH-I Hi-Ia
Intermediate station
delta-wye
Terminal station
I HH -I Hi a
-ia
Hi
LLLI
Ia
IWW- IWi Ia
ILDO
I -I Di -I a
Same as for interme diate station-contribution of fault current
from low voltage lines
is zero.
Note: 1. Where more than one current is mentioned select the one that
has the
higher value.
2. All currents are to be taken in amps
and not in p.u. values.
Ii
IL
(1)
Z /Z g
gm
Mutual
impedance
between phase
m
conductor and the ground wires-ohms/
9
km
Z
= Self Impedance of ground wire with
g
ground return-ohm/km.
Z gm and Z given by6:
9
Z gm = 0.000 988 f
D
ohms/km
+j 0.002 8938 f log eD
(2)
separation
where m
Z
=
=
= rc+c
O.000 988 f
Zg g
o.002 8938 f log1O GRD
e
+ jO.002 8938 f log1
10GMR (GW) ohms/km
(3)
\s~ mlACSR
2635
return
earth
m
658.4 -/f
rc = Resistance of ground wire-ohms/km
p = Resistivity of earth - ohm-m
f = Frequency - H
De
Where
The ratio m was calculated for the following ground wires and for all the configuration
of conductors shown in Fig.2.
GSS
ACSR
(6A1+lSt)/3.66,(6Al+lSt)/
(6Al+1St)/3.O0
4.09,(12A1+7St)/2.924 ,(18Al+19St)/2.591.
I6.8,JF11.42.,
(bI
(a)
;
(f)
(e)
2~~3.28
b
*
3.39
42.
(h)
(g)
(i)
78 o.7r
G+JB
0.6
0.5
0.3
24- 0.21
<
la 0.Q
.1
0g
Zspan
2 +
span
x Rt
ohms/km.
Hean
can be
given by:
99
10
10
14D6
I!I3
14O15
OUTSIDE DLAMETER, mr
12
11II12
---L--__R
.5
17 ID 6
(5)
~~~~~~-
(4)
__
C'*GSs
B 0.4
is
(dl
(cI
58
(3).
1..
68
= Equivalent depth of
En!
Fig.
4. Value of G for
overhead lines.
2636
CONCLUSIONS
Current diverted through induction in the
ACSR ground wires is about 3 times
the
current diverted through induction in GSS
ground wires under similar situations for
ACSR & GSS wires having about the same
tensile strength.
i4
In all cases the total fault current governs the size of the conductor for the
grounding system.
IL
REFERENCES
.8
in
"IEEE Guide for safety
substation
grounding", IEEE std. 80, 1976.
-3
F. Dawalibi, "Ground fault current distribution between soil and neutral conductors"
IEEE Transactions, PAS, Vol. PAS-99, 1980
pp 452-459.
J
.6
cc
x
,g,0
.4
.2
.1
.*
.3
Fig. 6. Value of
.5.
.4
Rg
for substations.
,resistance, then continues from this intersection horizontally to the right until the curve
representing the number of ground wires is
reached. From this point one follows verti-
Engg. Thesis,
Panjab
University,1982.
2637
B.Thapar (S'61-M'63-SM'70 )
born in Ludhiana,India on
was
Sept.
1,193O.He
received
the
Electrical
B.Sc.degree in
Banaras
Engineering from
Hindu University, M.S. and
Ph.D. degrees in Electrical
Illinois
Engineering from
Technology,
Institute of
Chicago, in 1953,1960, and
1963 respectively.
From 1953 to 1955 he was
system transients.
of
Dr. Thapar is a member of IEE, Fellow
IE(India). He is working on a number of bodies
for the development of electrical education and
research in electric power systems.
in
Sunil K. Madan was born
Delhi, India,on Jan.10,1950
He received the B.E.degree in
from
Electrical Engineering
Thapar Institute of Engineering
and Technology, Patiala, the
Project Management diploma from
Punjabi University,Patiala, and
M.Sc.Engineering
degree
in
from
Electrical Engineering
Punjab Engineering College ,
Chandigarh in 1970, 1973 and
1982 respectively.
From 1970 to 1972 he was with HindustanWire
Products Pvt.Ltd. Patiala as Assistant Development Engineer. In 1973 he joined the Punjab
State Electricity Board, Patiala as Assistant
Engineer and is now working as Assistant Executive Engineer in the Hydel Designs Organisation,
Chandigarh of Punjab State ElectrictyBoard and
of Electrical
is responsible for the design
Systems of Hydro Power Stations.
of
Mr. Madan is a member of Institution
Engineers (India).
2638
Discussion
J. Fortin (Hydro-Quebec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada): The subject of
current distribution in ground design is of growing interest and I would
like to address my discussion to that specific point.
Equation 5 used in introducing the admittance of overhead ground
wires (and by extension also that of the distribution neutrals), in conjuction with the reduction of cost mentioned in conclusion 4, may lead
the designer to reduce the use of burried copper conductor and rod to
a minimum. This seems to indicate that if this admittance is high, the
soil resistivity of the site is not important to the designer.
In consequence the fault currents will rebound to the outside where
it is impossible to control the protection against step and touch potentials.
It does not seem sufficient, to me, to design a grid such that:
a) The size of the grounding conductors is enough for the maximum
fault current.
b) The crushed-stone layer insures a protection against step and touch
potentials.
I think that the evolution of the grid design must whenever possible
minimise the rebounding of the fault currents away from the station and
not the opposite.
Based on this I cannot agree with the orientation suggested by your
conclusion 4. It is desirable that a discussion of the subject, among the
intervenning parties, can clarify the concerned IEEE committees'
positions.
As for the choice of installation for protection of communication
cables. I think it would be realistic to consider the group of neutrals connected to the grid when the station is energized. Your paper could be
very helpful in the assessment of the station's G.P.R. as additional connections are made to the station's grounding grid.
REFERENCES
station ground potential rise calculations for protection of telecommunications circuits entering power stations" IEEE Trans. Power
App. Syst. PAS-100, no. 12, p. 4785, December 1981.
[3] L. M. Wedepohl et al, "Transient Analysis of Underground Power
Transmission Systems" IEEE Proc 120, no. 2, p. 253, February 1973.
[4] A. S. Morched, "Fault Current Calculation for Ground Potential
Rise Studies", paper 82-EC-80, Canadian Electrical Association, Proceedings Spring Meeting, Montreal, March 1982.