Heat exchanger design

Submitted to:
Eng. Shadi Sawalha

Equipment design course (64444)

Prepared by:

Adel Hanin
Marwan Dwaikat
Nidal Marei

Department of Chemical Engineering

An-Najah National University
November 28, 2012

ABSTRACT: ............................................................................................................................................................. 2
LIST OF TABLES: .............................................................................................................................................. 4
INTRODUCTION: .................................................................................................................................................... 5
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: .............................................................................................................................. 21
SAMPLE OF CALCULATION OF OPTIMUM DIAMETER: .......................................................................................... 31
RESULTS: .............................................................................................................................................................. 38
DISCUSSION: ........................................................................................................................................................ 43
CONCLUSION: ...................................................................................................................................................... 47
APPENDIX: ........................................................................................................................................................... 48
WATER MSDS .................................................................................................................................................. 56
REFERENCES:........................................................................................................................................................ 67

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Abstract:
Heat exchangers are commonly used in practice in a wide range of applications, from heating
and air-conditioning systems in a household, to chemical processing and power production in
large plants.
This project aims to construct the most common type of heat exchangers; shell and tube heat
exchanger, it is desired to heat glycerin from 25C to 50C at a rate of 15 tons/hr using hot water
enters at 90C and leaves at 60C, with a flow rate of 7.38 tons/hr.
Different tube diameters (

,2) in, and lengths (6, 8, 12, 16) ft, were tested

in heat exchanger design with tow different type of pattern which triangle and square ; in order to
find the best layout according to (velocity of liquid inside tube, assumed and calculated value of
heat transfer coefficients, and finally the total capital operating and annual costs), the design of
heat exchangers was step by step procedure using Kerns method.
For triangle pattern, three tubes were in the range at inch diameter with(8,12) ft length and
0.75 inch diameter with (16)ft length and this tube had the lower total annual cost with (44040
NIS).
On the other side, 4 different dimensions tubes had been obtained for square pattern, at inch
with (6,8,12)ft length , and at 0.75 inch with 16 ft length which have the minmum total annual
cost in all acceptable tubes in the project with 43887 NIS.
0.75 inch diameter and 16 ft length was chosen as the optimum tube for the heat exchanger . in
this tube the velocity of water was calculated as 1.6 m/s . and for shell the velocity of glycerin
was calculated as 0.56 m/s with 446 baffles ..
The capital cost for our heat exchanger is 97743 NIS , and the annual operating cost 37370 NIS
with annual capital cost 6516 NIS and the total annual cost for this project 43887 NIS.

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List of figures:
Figure (I.1): Double pipe heat exchanger with different flow types
Figure (I.2): Plate Heat Exchanger
Figure (I.3): Plate Fin Heat Exchanger
Figure (I.4): Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Figure (I.5): tube arrangement in heat exchanger
Figure (I.6): Double tube sheet
Figure (I.7): Inlet nozzle designs
Figure (I.8): Pass driver arrangement
Figure (I.9): Baffles

Figure (I.10) designing procedure using Kerns method

Figure (I.11) our heat exchanger diagram
Figure (R.1): Optimization curve by total annual cost
Figure (D1) Comparing according to total annual cost (NIS)
Figure (Ap.1): Correction factor figures
Figure (Ap.2): jh figure for tube side
Figure (Ap.3): jf figure for tube side
Figure (Ap.4): jh figure for shell side
Figure (Ap.5): jf figure for shell side
Figure (Ap.6): Shell bundle clearance calculation
Figure (Ap.7): jf calculation equation for tube side
Figure (Ap.8): jh calculation equation for shell side
Figure (Ap.9): jf calculation equation for shell side (for Re # from 0 to 300)
Figure (Ap.10): jf calculation equation for shell side (for Re # >300)

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List of tables:
Table (R.1): Determination of fluid place
Table (R.2): Physical and chemical properties for water, glycerin and steel
Table (R.3): LMTD Results and Correction Factor

Table (R.4): Total annual cost for diameters and lengths that selected
Table (R.5): Final Result of Optimum Heat Exchanger
Table (Ap.1): Assumed U for shell and tube heat exchanger
Table (Ap.2): Fouling factor for several liquid and gases
Table (Ap.3): constants n , k
Table (Ap.4): MSDS for Water.
Table( Ap.5): viscosity of glycerin.
Table( Ap.6): density of glycerin.
Table (Ap.7): thermal conductivity of glycerin.
Table (Ap.8): Properties for Water.

Table (Ap.9) 14 BWG diameters

Table (Ap.10) Nomenclature

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Introduction:
Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of heat between two fluids that are at
different temperatures while keeping them from mixing with each other. Heat exchangers are
commonly used in practice in a wide range of applications, from heating and air-conditioning
systems in a household, to chemical processing and power production in large plants. Heat
exchangers differ from mixing chambers in that they do not allow the two fluids involved to mix.
In a car radiator, for example, heat is transferred from the hot water flowing through the radiator
tubes to the air flowing through the closely spaced thin plates outside attached to the tubes.
Heat transfer in a heat exchanger usually involves convection in each fluid and conduction
through the wall separating the two fluids. In the analysis of heat exchangers, it is convenient to
work with an overall heat transfer coefficient U that accounts for the contribution of all these
effects on heat transfer. The rate of heat transfer between the two fluids at a location in a heat
exchanger depends on the magnitude of the temperature difference at that location, which varies
along the heat exchanger. {1}
There are two primary classifications of heat exchangers according to their flow arrangement. In
parallel-flow heat exchangers, the two fluids enter the exchanger at the same end, and travel in
parallel to one another to the other side. In counter-flow heat exchangers the fluids enter the
exchanger from opposite ends. The counter current design is most efficient, in that it can transfer
the most heat from the heat (transfer) medium. See countercurrent exchange. In a cross-flow heat
exchanger, the fluids travel roughly perpendicular to one another through the exchanger.
For efficiency, heat exchangers are designed to maximize the surface area of the wall between
the two fluids, while minimizing resistance to fluid flow through the exchanger. The exchanger's
performance can also be affected by the addition of fins or corrugations in one or both directions,
which increase surface area and may channel fluid flow or induce turbulence.
The driving temperature across the heat transfer surface varies with position, but an appropriate
means temperature can be defined. In most simple systems this is the "log mean temperature
difference" (LMTD).

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Types of heat exchangers:

Different heat transfer applications require different types of hardware and different
configurations of heat transfer equipment. The attempt to match the heat transfer hardware to the
heat transfer requirements within the specified constraints has resulted in numerous types of
innovative heat exchanger designs.

Double-pipe heat exchanger

The simplest type of heat exchanger consists of two concentric pipes of different diameters, as
shown in Figure 131, called the double-pipe heat exchanger. One fluid in a double-pipe heat
exchanger flows through the smaller pipe while the other fluid flows through the annular space
between the two pipes. Two types of flow arrangement are possible in a double-pipe heat
exchanger: in parallel flow, both the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at the same end
and move in the same direction. In counter flow, on the other hand, the hot and cold fluids enter
the heat exchanger at opposite ends and flow in opposite directions.

Figure (I.1): Double pipe heat exchanger with different flow types

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Plate heat exchanger

One is composed of multiple, thin, slightly-separated plates that have very large surface areas
and fluid flow passages for heat transfer. This stacked-plate arrangement can be more effective,
in a given space, than the shell and tube heat exchanger. Advances in gasket and brazing
technology have made the plate-type heat exchanger increasingly practical. In HVAC (Heating,
Ventilating, and Air Conditioning) applications, large heat exchangers of this type are called
plate-and-frame; when used in open loops, these heat exchangers are normally of the gasket type
to allow periodic disassembly, cleaning, and inspection. There are many types of permanentlybonded plate heat exchangers, such as dip-brazed and vacuum-brazed plate varieties, and they
are often specified for closed-loop applications such as refrigeration. Plate heat exchangers also
differ in the types of plates that are used, and in the configurations of those plates. Some plates
may be stamped with "chevron" or other patterns, where others may have machined fins and/or
grooves.

Figure (I.2): Plate Heat Exchanger.

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Adiabatic wheel heat exchanger

A third type of heat exchanger uses an intermediate fluid or solid store to hold heat, which is
then moved to the other side of the heat exchanger to be released. Two examples of this are
adiabatic wheels, which consist of a large wheel with fine threads rotating through the hot and
cold fluids, and fluid heat exchangers.

Plate fin heat exchanger

This type of heat exchanger uses "sandwiched" passages containing fins to increase the
affectivity of the unit. The designs include cross flow and counter flow coupled with various fin
configurations such as straight fins, offset fins and wavy fins.
Plate and fin heat exchangers are usually made of aluminum alloys which provide higher heat
transfer efficiency. The material enables the system to operate at a lower temperature and reduce
the weight of the equipment. Plate and fin heat exchangers are mostly used for low temperature
services such as natural gas, helium and oxygen liquefaction plants, air separation plants and
transport industries such as motor and aircraft engines.

Figure (I.3): Plate Fin Heat Exchanger.

Pillow plate heat exchanger

A pillow plate exchanger is commonly used in the dairy industry for cooling milk in large direct-

expansion stainless steel bulk tanks. The pillow plate allows for cooling across nearly the entire
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surface area of the tank, without gaps that would occur between pipes welded to the exterior of
the tank.
The pillow plate is constructed using a thin sheet of metal spot-welded to the surface of another
thicker sheet of metal. The thin plate is welded in a regular pattern of dots or with a serpentine
pattern of weld lines. After welding the enclosed space is pressurized with sufficient force to
cause the thin metal to bulge out around the welds, providing a space for heat exchanger liquids
to flow, and creating a characteristic appearance of a swelled pillow formed out of metal.

Fluid heat exchangers

This is a heat exchanger with a gas passing upwards through a shower of fluid (often water), and
the fluid is then taken elsewhere before being cooled. This is commonly used for cooling gases
whilst also removing certain impurities, thus solving two problems at once. It is widely used in
espresso machines as an energy-saving method of cooling super-heated water to be used in the
extraction of espresso.

Waste heat recovery units

A Waste Heat Recovery Unit (WHRU) is a heat exchanger that recovers heat from a hot gas
stream while transferring it to a working medium, typically water or oils. The hot gas stream can
be the exhaust gas from a gas turbine or a diesel engine or a waste gas from industry or refinery.

Dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger

Another type of heat exchanger is called "(dynamic) scraped surface heat exchanger". This is
mainly used for heating or cooling with high-viscosity products, crystallization processes,
evaporation and high-fouling applications. Long running times are achieved due to the
continuous scraping of the surface, thus avoiding fouling and achieving a sustainable heat
transfer rate during the process.

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Phase-change heat exchangers

In addition to heating up or cooling down fluids in just a single phase, heat exchangers can be
used either to heat a liquid to evaporate (or boil) it or used as condensers to cool a vapor and
condense it to a liquid. In chemical plants and refineries, reboiler used to heat incoming feed for
distillation towers are often heat exchangers. {2}
Shell and tube heat exchangers
The most common type of heat exchanger in industrial application is the shell-and-tube heat
exchanger, shown in Figure (4). Shell-and-tube heat exchangers contain a large number of tubes
(sometimes several hundred) packed in a shell with their axes parallel to that of the shell. Heat
transfer takes place as one fluid flows inside the tubes while the other fluid flows outside the
tubes through the shell. Baffles are commonly placed in the shell to force the shell-side fluid to
flow across the shell to enhance heat transfer and to maintain uniform spacing between the tubes.
Despite their widespread use, shell and- tube heat exchangers are not suitable for use in
automotive and aircraft applications because of their relatively large size and weight. Note that
the tubes in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger open to some large flow areas called headers at both
ends of the shell, where the tube-side fluid accumulates before entering the tubes and after
leaving them.

Figure (I.4): Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.

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Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are further classified according to the number of shell and tube
passes involved. Heat exchangers in which all the tubes make one U-turn in the shell, for
example, are called one-shell-pass and two tubes passes heat exchangers. Likewise, a heat
exchanger that involves two passes in the shell and four passes in the tubes is called a two-shellpasses and four-tube-passes heat exchanger. {1}

Components of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers:

1. Tubes: The tubes are the basic component of the shell and tube exchanger, providing
the heat transfer surface between one fluid flowing inside the tube and the other
fluid flowing across the outside of the tubes. The tubes may be seamless or welded
and most commonly made of copper or steel alloys. Other alloys of nickel, titanium, or
aluminum may also be required for specific applications. The tubes may be either bare or
with extended or enhanced surfaces on the outside. Typical tube will be extended
surface. Extended or enhanced surface tubes are used when one fluid has a
substantially lower heat transfer coefficient than the other fluid. Doubly enhanced
tubes that is, with enhancement both inside and outside are available that can reduce
the size and cost of the exchanger. Extended surfaces, (finned tubes) provide two to four
times as much heat transfer area on the outside as the corresponding bare tube, and
this area ratio helps to offset a lower outside heat transfer coefficient.

Figure (I.5): tube arrangement in heat exchanger

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2.

Tube sheets: the tubes are held in space by being inserted into holes in the tube
sheet and there either expanded into grooves cut into the holes or welded to the tube sheet
where the tube protrudes from the surface The tube sheet is usually a single round plate of
metal that has been suitably drilled and grooved to take the tubes (in the desired pattern), the
gaskets, the spacer rods, and the bolt circle where it is fastened to the shell. However, where
mixing between the two fluids (in the event of leaks where the tube is sealed into the tube
sheet) must be avoided, a double tube sheet such as is shown in Fig. 1.36 may be provided. The
space between the tube sheets is open to the atmosphere so any leakage of either fluid
should be quickly detected. Triple tube sheets (to allow each fluid to leak separately to the
atmosphere without mixing) and even more exotic designs with inert gas shrouds and/or
leakage recycling systems are used in cases of extreme hazard or high value of the fluid. The
tube sheet, in addition to its mechanical requirements, must withstand corrosive attack by both
fluids in the heat exchanger and must be electrochemically compatible with the tube and all
tube-side material. Tube sheets are sometimes made from low carbon steel with a thin layer
of corrosion-resisting alloy metallurgic ally bonded to onside.

Figure (I.6): Double tube sheet

3.

Shell and Shell-Side Nozzles. The shell is simply the container for the shell-side fluid,
and the nozzles are the inlet and exit ports. The shell normally has a circular cross section

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and is commonly made by rolling a metal plate of the appropriate dimensions into a
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cylinder and welding the longitudinal joint ("rolled shells"). Small diameter shells (up to
around 24 inches in diameter) can be made by cutting pipe of the desired diameter to the
correct length ("pipe shells"). The roundness of the shell is important in fixing the
maximum diameter of the baffles that can be inserted and therefore the effect of shell-tobaffle leakage. Pipe shells are more nearly round than rolled shells unless particular
care is taken in rolling, In order to minimize out-of-roundness, small shells are
occasionally expanded over a mandrel; in extreme cases, the shell is cast and then bored out
on a boring mill. In large exchangers, the shell is made out of low carbon steel wherever
possible for reasons of economy, though other alloys can be and are used when
corrosion or high temperature strength demands must be met. The inlet nozzle often has
an impingement plate set just below to divert the incoming fluid jet from impacting
directly at high velocity on the top row of tubes. Such impact can cause erosion,
cavitations.

Figure (I.7): Inlet nozzle designs

In order to put the impingement plate in and still leave enough flow area between the shell
and plate for the flow to discharge without excessive pressure loss, it may be necessary to
omit some tubes from the full circle pattern. Other more complex arrangements to distribute
the entering flow, such as slotted distributor plate and an enlarged
section are occasionally employed.

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annular

distributor

4. Tube-Side Channels and Nozzles: Tube-side channels and nozzles simply control the
flow of the tube-side fluid into and out of the tubes of the exchanger. Since the tube-side
fluid is generally the more corrosive, these channels and nozzles will be often made out
of alloy material (compatible with the tubes and tube sheets, of course). They may be
clad instead of solid alloy.
5. Channel Covers: The channel covers are round plates that bolt to the channel flanges
and can be removed for tube inspection without disturbing the tube-side piping. In
smaller heat exchangers, bonnets with flanged nozzles or threaded connections for the
tube-side piping are often used instead of channels and channel covers.

6. Pass Divider: A pass divider is needed in one channel or bonnet for an exchanger
having two tube-side passes, and they are needed in both channels and bonnets for an
exchanger having more than two passes. If the channels or bonnets are cast, the dividers
are integrally cast and then faced to give a smooth bearing surface on the gasket
between the divider and the tube sheet. If the channels are rolled from plate or built up
from pipe, the dividers are welded in place. The arrangement of the dividers in
multiple-pass exchangers is somewhat arbitrary, the usual intent being to provide nearly
the same number of tubes in each pass, to minimize the number of tubes lost from the
tube count, to minimize the pressure difference across any one pass divider (to
minimize leakage and therefore the violation of the MTD derivation), to provide
adequate bearing surface for the gasket and to minimize fabrication complexity and cost.

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Figure (I.8): Pass driver arrangement

7. Baffles: Baffles serve two functions: Most importantly, they support the tubes in the
proper position during assembly and operation and prevent vibration of the tubes caused
by flow-induced eddies, and secondly, they guide the shell-side flow back and forth
across the tube field, increasing the velocity and the heat transfer coefficient. The most
common baffle shape is the single segmental .The segment sheared off must be less
than half of the diameter in order to insure that adjacent baffles overlap at least one full
tube row. For liquid flows on the shell side, a baffle cut of 20 to 25 percent of the
diameter is common; for low pressure gas flows, 40 to 45 percent (i.e., close to the
maximum allowable cut) is more common, in order to minimize pressure drop. The
baffle spacing should be correspondingly chosen to make the free flow areas through
the "window" (the area between the baffle edge and shell) and across the tube bank
roughly equal. For many high velocity gas flows, the single segmental baffle
configuration results in an undesirably high shell-side pressure drop.{3}

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Figure (I.9): Baffles.

the proper selection of optimum heat exchanger depends on many factors:

1. Heat Transfer Rate: This is the most important quantity in the selection of a heat
exchanger. A heat exchanger should be capable of transferring heat at the specified rate
in order to achieve the desired temperature change of the fluid at the specified mass flow
rate.
2. Cost: Budgetary limitations usually play an important role in the selection of heat
exchangers, except for some specialized cases where money is no object. An off-theshelf heat exchanger has a definite cost advantage over those made to order. However, in
some cases, none of the existing heat exchangers will do, and it may be necessary to
undertake the expensive and time-consuming task of designing and manufacturing a heat
exchanger from scratch to suit the needs. This is often the case when the heat exchanger
is an integral part of the overall device to be manufactured. The operation and
maintenance costs of the heat exchanger are also important considerations in assessing
the overall cost.
3. Pumping Power: In a heat exchanger, both fluids are usually forced to flow by pumps or
fans that consume electrical power. Minimizing the pressure drop and the mass flow rate
of the fluids will minimize the operating cost of the heat exchanger, but it will maximize
the size of the heat exchanger and thus the initial cost. As a rule of thumb, doubling the

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mass flow rate will reduce the initial cost by half but will increase the pumping power
requirements by a factor of roughly eight. Typically, fluid velocities encountered in heat
exchangers range between 0.7 and 7 m/s for liquids and between 3 and 30 m/s for gases.
Low velocities are helpful in avoiding erosion, tube vibrations, and noise as well as
pressure drop.
4. Size and Weight: Normally, the smaller and the lighter the heat exchanger, the better it
is. This is especially the case in the automotive and aerospace industries, where size and
weight requirements are most stringent. Also, a larger heat exchanger normally carries a
higher price tag. The space available for the heat exchanger in some cases limits the
length of the tubes that can be used.
5. Type: The type of heat exchanger to be selected depends primarily on the type of fluids
involved, the size and weight limitations, and the presence of any phase change
processes. For example, a heat exchanger is suitable to cool a liquid by a gas if the
surface area on the gas side is many times that on the liquid side. On the other hand, a
plate or shell-and-tube heat exchanger is very suitable for cooling a liquid by another
liquid.
6. Materials: The materials used in the construction of the heat exchanger may be an
important consideration in the selection of heat exchangers. For example, the thermal and
structural stress effects need not be considered at pressures below 15 atm or temperatures
below 150C. But these effects are major considerations above 70 atm or 550C and
seriously limit the acceptable materials of the heat exchanger. A temperature difference
of 50C or more between the tubes and the shell will probably pose differential thermal
expansion problems and needs to be considered. In the case of corrosive fluids, we may
have to select expensive corrosion-resistant materials such as stainless steel or even
titanium if we are not willing to replace low-cost heat exchangers frequently.

7. Other Considerations: There are other considerations in the selection of heat

exchangers that may or may not be important, depending on the application. For example,
being leak-tight is an important consideration when toxic or expensive fluids are
involved. Ease of servicing, low maintenance cost, and safety and reliability are some
other important considerations in the selection process. Quietness is one of the primary

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considerations in the selection of liquid-to-air heat exchangers used in heating and air
conditioning applications.{1}

Procedure of design (Kerns method):

Figure (I.10) designing procedure using Kerns method.

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Figure (I.10)>continued>designing procedure using Kerns method.

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In our heat exchanger, shell and tube exchanger was designed to heat glycerin from 25C to
50C at a rate of 15 tons/hr by using hot water enters at 90C and leaves at 60C.

Figure (I.11) our heat exchanger diagram.

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Theoretical Background:
* Logarithmic Mean Temp. Difference :
T t T2 t1
Tl mean 1 2
..........................................(1)
T1 t 2
ln

T2 t1
where ;
T1 : hot fluid temp. inlet .
T2 : hot fluid temp. outlet .
t1 : cold fluid temp. inlet .
t 2 : cold fluid temp. outlet .
* Tm Ft Tl mean ..........................................(2)

T1 T2
t 2 t1
t t
2 1
T1 t1

R
S
.

1) Calculation of tube side

Calculatio n of heat duty :
Heat duty Flow rate (kg/s)`Specific heat (J/kg. C) tc(C).......................(3)
.
Calculatio n Of heat transfer area :
Let Assumed U
Heat duty
Heat transfer area
..........................................(4)
Assumed U Tm
surface area of one tube d o Ltube............................................(5)
Calculatio nofNo. of tubes needed (Nt)
No. of tubes needed (Nt)

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Heat transfer area (m 2 )

....................................(6)
Surface area of one tube ( m 2 )

 Tube Pitch :
Pt 1.25 d 0 .................................................................(7)
where ;
Pt : tube pitch (m).
d 0 : outside diameter (m).

Bundle Diameter & Number of Tubes :

1

D
N n1
Db d 0 t N t K 1 b
K1
d0
where ;
Db : bundle diameter (m).

n1

........................................(6)

N t : number of tubes .
d 0 : tube outside diameter (m).
K 1 , n1 : const ants.

numberof

Tube Nt

...............................(7)
pass Np

Cross sectional area of one tube (A tube ).......................................(8)

Atube

4 di 2

total flow area in tubes (A flow )...............................................(9)

A flow numberof

Tube
Atube
pass

Tubes velocity Volumetric flow rate (m3 /s) A flow..............................(10)

Reynolds number Re Tube :

Re

22

v di
.................................................(11)

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 Heat transfer coefficien t (hi )(W/m 2 . C)

hi

4200 (1.35 (0.02 Taverage)) V 0.8

(di 1000) 0.2

..................................(12)

Tube Side Heat Transfer Coefficien t :

Turbulent Flow :

.............................................(13)
Nu C Re 0. 8 Pr 0. 33
w
h D
Nu i i
K fluid
where ;
Nu : nustle number (di mensiol ness).
Re : rynolds number (di mensiol ness).
Pr : brandle number (di mensiol ness).
C 0.021 for gases.
0.027 for viscous liquids .
0.023 for non viscous liquids .

1 ( assumption).
w

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 Sta nton Number ( S t ) :

S t E Re 0. 205 Pr 0. 505.......................................(14)
Nu
Pr Re
hi

Ut Cp

where ;
S t : sta nton number .
hi : inside heat transfer coefficien t (W / m 2 .C ).

: fluid density ( Kg / m 3 ).
U t : tube velocity (m 2 / s ).
C p : heat capacity ( W / Kg .C ).

E 0.0225 exp 0.0225 ln Pr ................................(15)

just if Re 10000
2

Lam inar Flow :

Re 2000
Nu 1.86 (Re Pr)

0. 33

de

L

0. 33

where ;
d e : eqivalent diameter ( m ).
L : length of the tube ( m ).
if Nu 3.5 it should be taken 3.5

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0.14

.................................(16)

 Heat Transfer Factor ( j h ) :

for lami nar & turbulants flow rates :
j h S t Pr

0. 67

0.14

......................................................(17)

h d
i i j h Re Pr 0. 33
kf

0.14

...........................................(18)

cofficient forwater
hi

4200 (1.35 0.02 t ) U t

di

0. 2

0. 8

....................................(19)

where ;
hi : inside heat transfer coefficien t ( W / m 2 .C ).
t : water temp. ( C ).
U t : water velocity ( m 2 / s ).
d i : inside tube diameter ( m).
Tube Side P ressure Drop :

L
Pt N p 8 j F

di

Ut 2
2.5 *
.........................(20)
2

where ;
Pt : tube side pressure drop.
N p : number of tubes passes.
j F : factor from ( figure 12 24 ).
m 0.25 for lam inar flow. ( Re 2100 ).
0.14 for turbulent flow ( Re 2100).

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 Another Method to calculate Pt :

Pt

U t 2 4 fi L N P
2

di

4 N P .................................(21)

where ;
f i 1.58 ln( Re) 3.28

The Pumping Power for Tube Side :

M Pt
Ptube
..................................................(22)

Q ha

where ;
: efficiency of the pump.(60%)

Heat Transfer Rate :

Q U A Tm ............................................(23)
where ;
Q : heat transfer per unit time ( W ).
U : overall heat transfer coefficien t ( W / m 2 .C ).
A : heat transfer area ( m 2 ).
Tm : the mean temp. difference ( C ).
* Tm Ft Tmean .............................................(24)
where ;
Ft 0.85

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 calculatio nof (u )
where ;

d0
d 0 ln
1 1
1
d i d 0 1 d 0 1 ....................(25)

U 0 h0 h0 d 2 Kw d i hid d i hi

where ;
U 0 : outside overall heat transfer coefficien t ( W / m 2 .C ).
h0 : outside heat transfer coefficien t ( W / m 2 .C ).
hi : inside heat transfer coefficien t ( W / m 2 .C ).
h0 d : outside dirt heat transfer coefficien t ( W / m 2 .C ).
hid : inside dirt heat transfer coefficien t ( W / m 2 .C ).
d 0 : outside diameter (m) .
d i : inside diameter (m) .

* Error in U :
% error in U

U calculated U assumed
100%.........................................( 26)
U assumed

0 U 15%

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Calculation of Shell side:

Kern' s Method P rocedure
Area of cross flow ( AS ) :
AS

Pt d 0 DS LB
Pt

..............................................(27)

where ;
Pt tube pitch (mm) 1.25 d 0
d 0 tube outside diameter (mm).
DS shell inside diameter (mm).
LB baffle spacing

DS
5

Shell side mass velocity :

.

mS
Q
US

.............................................(28)
AS AS
Shell side equivalent diameter ( hydrolic diameter ) :
for Square type :
1.27 2
de
Pt 0.785 d 02 .............................................(29)
d0

for equilatern al triangle :

de

Re

1.1 2
Pt 0.917 d 02 ................................(30)
d0
U S de

.................................................(31)

h d

Nu s e j h Re Pr 0. 33
kf
w

28

28 | P a g e

0.14

...................................(32)

D
PS 8 j f S
de

L

LB

U S2

2

0.14

......................(33)

Pump power for shell side :

.

Pshell

m PS

............................................(34)

3.3) Cost calculation:

A.O.C (NIS) P ( Kwatt )

Cost (NIS)
workinghours...........................(35)
Kwatt.hr

Capital cost ($) 10000 (88 Heat transfer area ).....................................(36)

annual capital cost A.C.C :
Capital cost (NIS)
A.C.C
...............................................................................(37)
Project life

Total Annual Cost (T.A.C) (NIS) :

T.A.C A.C.C (A.O.C ) tubes A.O.C)shell.....................................................(38)

Correction factor calculation:

*

F1-2 =

F2-4 =
(

29

29 | P a g e

(used for 1 shell pass) ...(39)

(used for 2-4 shell pass) ...(40)

)

Where, T1: temperature of fluid inside shell.

T2: temperature of fluid outside shell.
t1: temperature of fluid inside tube.
t2: temperature of fluid outside tube.

30

30 | P a g e

Sample of calculation of optimum diameter:

Tube calculation

QC= QH

QC=
I

= 258.17 KW

From figure

Ft= 0.92
(

31

31 | P a g e

= 0.92 x37.44= 34.44

Q UAFTlm

Assume U =590 W/m.C

A = 12.92 m2
Find Number of tubes:

N t ASO / AO
ASO = 0.000172 m2
Ao DL * 0.01905 * .4.88 .0.00134m 2

Nt

13.6858
46.860 47tubes
0.000172

Number of tubes per Pass:

Number.of .tubes. per. pass

Nt
46.860

7.810 8
Number.of . passes
6

Cross Sectional area (Ac):

Dout=0.75inch=0.75 inch*(0.0254 m/inch)=0.01905m
Thick=0.083inch*(0.021184m/inch)=0.0021m
Dinsid=Dout - (2*thick) =0.584-(0.0021*2) =0.014834m

AC

AC

* ( Dinsid ) 2
4

For one tube

* (0.014834) 2 0.000172m 2
4

Total flow area= AC (one tube)*Number of tubes per pass

32

32 | P a g e

=0.000172*3246.860=0.001349 m

Velocity for one tube

Velocity .of .tube

Volume. flow.rate
Total. flow.area

Volume. flow.rate

mass. flow.rate 2.051637

0.0021045m 3 / s
Density
974.86

Velocity .of .tube

Volume. flow.rate
Total. flow.area

=0.0021045/0.00134=1.55925 m/s

hi= (4200*(1.35+0.02*75)*(1.55925)0.8)/ (14.834)0.2

=9027.07 (W/m2. C)

Reynolds Number for tube:

Re .Number

33

33 | P a g e

d i 974.86 *1.55925 * 0.584

59352.32

0.0003799

Pt

U t 2 4 fi L N P
2

di

4 NP

where ;
f i 1.58 ln( Re) 3.28

f i 1.58 ln(59352.32 ) 3.28

Pt

0.0.003135

974.86 * 1.55925 4 0.003135 4.88 6

4 6 76447.725 Pa

2
0.014834

Ptube

m Pt

2.051637 76447.725
268W
0.6 974.86

Shell side calculation (Glycerin calculation):

Diameter of Bundle:
1

Db d o (

Nt n
)
k

For equilateral pattern & 8 pass:

k=0.402
n=2.617
1
2..617

Db 0.01905(

46.860
)
0.402

Db 0.01905m
Pt & clearance between tubes:

34

34 | P a g e

Pt 1.25 * d o 1.25 * 0.01905 0.0238125m

Clearance between tubes= ((Db*10) + 8) /1000 = 0.008195 m.
Clearance between tubes= ((0.01905*10) + 8) /1000 = 0.008195 m.

Shell Diameter

DS Db clearance
DS 0.01905 0.008195 0.0272405m
Baffle Spacing

LB Ds / 5 0.0272405 / 5 0.1078m
Number of Baffles
Number.of .Bafffles (

=(

L
1)
LB

4.88
) 1 446.862 Baffles
0.0108962

Area of cross flow in 2 shell:

( p t d o ) DS LB
pt
AS
2
(0.02381 0.01905) * 0.02724 * 0.01089
0.0238125
AS
0.56151 m
2

Velocity for Shell:

US

35

Flow.rate
As

4.1666
0.56m / s
1250 0.005810.56151

Hydraulic Diameter (de)

35 | P a g e

de

1.1 2
2
( Pt 0.917d o )
do

= (1.1/0.01905)*((0.023812)2- (0.917*0.019052)) = 0.01352 m2

Reynolds number

Re .number

Re .number

U S de

701.8992 * 0.01352 *1250

26.08261
0.364

For two Shell

2
D 2 L U S 0.14
P 8 j f ( S )( )
( )
d e LB
2
w

Jf=
Jf= 0.2269*0.102557^(-0.164) = 0.93912

P 8 * 0.93912 * (

0.02724
2 * 4.88 (1250 * (0.56 2 )
)*(
)
1335325.243
0.01352
0.0108962
2

P 1335.325kpa

Ptube

m Pt

4.1666 1335.325
7.41847 KW 7418.35W
0.6 1250

U theoretical
1
1
1

U O ho hod

d o ln(

do
)
di

2k w

do 1
d 1
.
o.
d i hid d i hi

Where: ho = h S = 827.2610(W/m2. C)

36

36 | P a g e

h od = 5000 (W/m2. C)
h id = 4000 (W/m2. C)
hi= 9027.07(W/m2. C)
d o =0.01405 m
di =0.014834 m
Kw= 60 (W/m2. C)
Then U

Calculated

% of error =

= 523 W/m.C

U Calculated U assumed
*100%
U Calculated

%of .error

523 550
5.16%
523

Capital Cost
Cost of H.E ($) =24000+46*(13.6858^1.2)= 97743.33

Annual capital Cost =

CapitalCos t
15

Annual .capital . cos t

97743.33
6516.222 NIS
15

Annual Operating Cost =Power of pump * operating hour per year

of electrical energy (0.7NIS/ KW. hr)
Assume: 1 $ =3.9 NIS
Total annual Operating Cost = 2751* 24* 365* 0.925* 0.7 = 37370.81 NIS

Annual Total Cost =Annual Capital Cost +Annual Operating Cost

37

Annual total Cost = 6516.222+ 37370.81= 43887.03 NIS

37 | P a g e

(24*365)*Cost

Results:
Table (R.1): Determination of fluid place.

Properties

Limitation

Fluid

Corrosion

The more corrosive fluid should be

Water

allocated in tube side

Fouling

The fluid that has greatest

Water

tendency to foul the heat

exchanger surfaces should be
placed in tube side
Fluid Temp.

The higher temp. Fluid should be

Water

placed in tubes and that will

reduce the overall cost
Operating Pressure

The higher pressure stream should

Water

be allocated to the tube side

Pressure Drop

The fluid with the lowest

water

allowable pressure drop should be

allocated to the tube side
Viscosity

The viscous fluid should be

Glycerin

allocated to the shell side

Stream Flow rates

To achieve the most economical

Glycerin

design, the fluid with the lowest

flow rates should be allocated to
the shell side

From this figure the points that support the allocation of water in tubes is more than the glycerin ,
so water put in tube side and glycerin in shell side.

38

38 | P a g e

Table (R.2): Physical and chemical properties for water, glycerin and steel.

Water

Glycerin

Temp (oC)

75

37.5

Temp (K)

348

310.65

Density (Kg/m3)

974.86

1250.919

Viscosity (Pa.s)

3.799E-04

0.364

Specific Heat (J/Kg.K)

4194.653

2478

Thermal Conductivity
(W/m.K)
Dirt factor (w/m2.k)

0.661

0. 286

4000

5000

Prandtl #

2.41

3154

Metal of construction

Carbon Steel

Thermal Conductivity
(W/m.K)

45

The above physical and chemical properties was determined by using both references and
correlations , were the properties that used in calculation such as Prandtl # are calculated
at average temperature.

39

The calculation for them is in the sample of calculation.

39 | P a g e

Table (R.3): LMTD Results and Correction Factor.

Tubes

Shell

2.05

4.167

Flow Rate (kg/s)

258177

Heat Duty (W)

Inlet Temp (oC)

90

25

Outlet Temp (oC)

60

50

0.833

0.4615

Correction Factor F

0.92

Tlm

37.44

LMTD

34.44

Table (R.4): Total annual cost for diameters and lengths that selected in range of work for
triangular(t) and square (s) shape..

0.5 t

----

0.75 t
0. 5 s
0.75 s

40

Lengths (ft)

Diameters
(in)

40 | P a g e

12

16

78061.57

115935.9

----

----

----

----

59974.84

78061.57

115935.9

----

----

----

44040.81
---44040.81

Cost
(NIS)

140000
120000

T.A.C ($)

100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
t 0.5\12

t 0.5\8

t 0.75\16

s 0.5\6

s 0.5\8

s 0.5\12 s 0.75\16

diameter (in)\length (ft)

(t: triangle , s: square)

Figure (R.1): Optimization curve by total annual cost.

From this figure, the minimum total annual cost is for (s 0.75\16) 0.75 in diameter with 16 ft tube
length.

41

41 | P a g e

Table (R.5): Final Result of Optimum Heat Exchanger.

Arrangement of tubes

Equilateral Triangle

Tube diameter (in)

0.75

Tube length (ft)

16

U (W/m2.0C)

560

Heat Transfer Area (m2)

13.68

Tube Velocity (m/s)

1..55

Shell Velocity (m/s)

0.56

# of Tubes

105

# of Tube Passes

# of Shell Passes

Shell Diameter (m)

Tube Pitch (m)

0.024

# of Baffles

447

P for Tube (kPa)

76.447

P for Shell (kPa)

1335.325

Power for tubes pump (W)

Power for shell pump (W)
Inside Heat Transfer Coefficient hi
(W/m2.oC)
Outside Heat Transfer Coefficient hs
(W/m2.oC)

42

0.0272405

268
7418
9958
1003.82

Annual Operating Cost (NIS)

37370

Annual Capital Cost (NIS)

6516

Total Annual Cost (NIS)

43887

42 | P a g e

Discussion:
The main objective of this experiment was to design a heat exchanger that achieves 258.177 KW
heat duty, to heat glycerin from 25 C to 50 C using water which enters the heat exchanger at 90
C and leaves at 60 C. First step was locating the fluids in shell / tube side, water was allocating
in the tube side, because it is more corrosive this give an easy replacement for the fouled tubes.,
has more tendency to fouling, has higher temperature and higher temperature fluid should be
placed in tubes temperature has a little effect in allocating fluids- and that will reduce the
overall cost, water also has higher pressure stream, has lower allowable pressure drop. But
glycerin has higher viscosity, and higher flow stream, and fluid with higher viscosity and higher
flow rate, should be located in the tube side. But water has more suitable properties than
glycerin, and it was allocated in the tube side. Table (N.1) shows allocation properties and
comparing between them.
To determine number of shells and tubes wanted, a correction factor f was calculated, it should
be greater than or equal 0.75, it was obtained from figure (Ap.1) or using equation (44). To
obtain correction factor Fm which value was 0.92.
First assumption of overall heat transfer coefficient was 590 (W/m2. C), this is the average
value assumed from table (Ap.1) between water and organic solution.
Carbon steel was chosen for both tube and shell side due to its withstand high temperature of
fluids, has no oxidation with water or glycerin, its resistance to pressure and corrosion is high, it
is available and cheaper than other alternatives.
Different diameters and lengths were taken in design calculations, smaller diameters ( 1) in
are preferred because for most duties, they will give more compact and cheaper, although the
larger diameter are easier to clean by mechanical methods, but they would be selected for heavily
fouling fluids. Thickness was selected to withstand the internal pressure and give an adequate
corrosion allowance (14 BWG: Birmingham Wire Gauge), for a given surface area the use of
longer tubes will reduce the shell diameter, which will result in a lower cost exchanger.

43

43 | P a g e

Tubes arrangements have many shapes, like; equilateral triangle, square, and rotated square.
For rotated square it have high heat transfer area which is good, but its disadvantage is its high
pressure drop, triangle and rotated square patterns have higher heat transfer rates, but at the
expense of higher pressure drop than square pattern. In this project optimization done between
triangle and square patterns to find the optimum diameter and length for each one .
A certain distance between tube centers should be taken, which is called pitch distance and
equals 1.25 times the outside diameter of the tubes, for the tube side passes, passes are used to
increase the length of the flow path, although increasing the length of tubes can give the same
goal, but passes decrease the total length -and so decrease the area- of the heat exchanger. Passes
also used to give the required tube side design velocity, the fluid inside tube velocity preferred to
be in range of 1.5 to 3 m/s, because it will increase the pressure drop and so the power needed
and the total cost.
According to the velocity range allowable, and percent of error in heat transfer coefficient, these
values were obtained to be good diameters and lengths. For triangle pattern at diameter of
inch, and lengths of
pattern diameter of

(8, 12) ft, diameter of

inch and lengths of (16) ft, and for square

inch and lengths of (6,8,12) ft and diameter of

inch and lengths of (16)

ft. Other diameters obtained velocities or/and error in U, not recommended, at large diameters,
the velocity will decrease which decreases Reynolds number and cause increasing in the heat
transfer rate coefficient and U will increase. For diameters of (1, 1 , 1 ) in, there were no
obtained values, because we have constant flow rate, so as we increase the diameter, as the
velocity decreases.
Seven values were obtained, we depend on the final steps of optimization on the total annual cost
and 0.75 inch diameter with 16 ft length had been chosen as the optimum diameter with 43887
NIS.

44

44 | P a g e

T.A.C ($)

140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
t 0.5\12

t 0.5\8

t
0.75\16

s 0.5\6

Cost (NIS) 115935.9 78061.57 44040.81

s 0.5\8

s 0.5\12

s
0.75\16

59974.84 78061.57 115935.9 43887.03

diameter (in)\length (ft)

(t: triangle , s: square)

Figure (D1) Comparing according to total annual cost (NIS).

As it is shown, the minimum total annual cost was 43887.03 (NIS), and the closest cost is for the
same diameter and length but with square patterns with 44040 (NIS.
Heat transfer coefficient in the tube side was greater, because diameter is less than the shell
diameter, and Reynolds number is greater than shell side, in the other hand, pressure drop in the
shell side is greater than the tube side because it has greater length, and diameter.

to Increase Recommended Velocity

It was found from the figures and the trials for each diameter and length that the
recommended velocity can be reached by different variables.
1. Increase flow rate
2. Decrease diameter
3. Decrease number of tubes
4. Increase number of passes

45

45 | P a g e

Sources of error:
Errors can be result from many sources, personal error by calculation, uses of assumptions that
were taken in this project, for example number of tube passes was taken 6 passes, while it can be
less than this like 4 or more like 8 , and another source of error was using figures and

approximation of some terms like the correction viscosity
w
It was assumed that there was no heat loss from shell to surrounding, so insulation is needed in
this case to avoid the heat loss that affects on the heat transfer between the two fluids decrees
the efficiency.
All these factors can be affected on the result.

46

46 | P a g e

Conclusion:
In the designing of the shell and tube heat exchanger, square arrangement was selected.
For the optimum heat exchanger:
1. The length of the tube equal to (16) ft.
2. The outside diameter of the tube is equal to (0.75) inch.
3. The number of tubes needed is equal to (47) tubes.
4. The number of tube passes is equal to (6 passes).
5. The number of shell passes is equal to (1 passes).
6. The number of baffles needed is equal to (446) baffle.
7. Heat transfer area is equal to (12.744) m2
8. Inside Heat Transfer Coefficient hi is equal to (9027 W/m2.oC).
9. Outside Heat Transfer Coefficient hs is equal to 827 W/m2.oC).
10. The pumping power in the tube side is equal to 7419 watt.
11. Total annual capital cost is equal to (43887) NIS .
12. The annual operating cost is equal to (37370) NIS.
13. The annual capital cost (6516) NIS.

47

47 | P a g e

Appendix:

Figure (Ap.1): Correction factor figures.

48

48 | P a g e

Figure (Ap.2): jh figure for tube side.

Figure (Ap.3): jf figure for tube side.

49

49 | P a g e

Figure (Ap.4): jh figure for shell side.

Figure (Ap.5): jf figure for shell side.

50

50 | P a g e

Figure (Ap.6): Shell bundle clearance calculation.

51

51 | P a g e

0.01
0.009
0.008
0.007

y = 0.0517x-0.255
R = 0.9988

jf

0.006

0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

Re #

Figure (Ap.7): jf calculation equation for tube side.

0.2
0.18

y = 0.4907x-0.48
R = 0.9981

0.16
0.14
jh

0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

Re #

Figure (Ap.8): jh calculation equation for shell side.

52

52 | P a g e

60000

3
2.5

jf

1.5
1
0.5
0
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Re #

Figure (Ap.9): jf calculation equation for shell side (for Re # from 0 to 300).

0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
jf

0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Re #

Figure (Ap.10): jf calculation equation for shell side (for Re # >300).

53

53 | P a g e

Table (Ap.1): Assumed U for shell and tube heat exchanger.

54

54 | P a g e

Table (Ap.2): Fouling factor for several liquid and gases.

Table (Ap.3): Constants used n,k.

55

55 | P a g e

Table (Ap.4): MSDS for Water.

Water MSDS
1. Product Identification
Synonyms: Hydrogen oxide; Dihydrogen oxide; Distilled water
CAS No.: 7732-18-5
Molecular Weight: 18.02
Chemical Formula: H2O
Product Codes:
J.T. Baker: 4022, 4201, 4212, 4216, 4218, 4219, 4221, 6906, 9823, 9831, XL-317
Mallinckrodt: 6795, H453, V564

2. Composition/Information on Ingredients
Ingredient

CAS No
Hazardous
------------------------------------------------------Water

7732-18-5

Percent
------------

---

100%

No

3. Hazards Identification
Emergency Overview
-------------------------Not applicable.
SAF-T-DATA(tm) Ratings (Provided here for your convenience)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Health Rating: 0 - None
Flammability Rating: 0 - None
Reactivity Rating: 1 - Slight
Contact Rating: 0 - None
Lab Protective Equip: GOGGLES; LAB COAT
Storage Color Code: Green (General Storage)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

56

56 | P a g e

Potential Health Effects

---------------------------------Water is non-hazardous.
Inhalation:
Not applicable.
Ingestion:
Not applicable.
Skin Contact:
Not applicable.
Eye Contact:
Not applicable.
Chronic Exposure:
Not applicable.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Not applicable.

4. First Aid Measures

Inhalation:
Not applicable.
Ingestion:
Not applicable.
Skin Contact:
Not applicable.
Eye Contact:
Not applicable.

5. Fire Fighting Measures

Fire:
Not applicable.
Explosion:
Not applicable.
Fire Extinguishing Media:
Use extinguishing media appropriate for surrounding fire.
Special Information:
In the event of a fire, wear full protective clothing and NIOSH-approved self-contained breathing
apparatus with full face piece operated in the pressure demand or other positive pressure mode.

57

57 | P a g e

6. Accidental Release Measures

Non-hazardous material. Clean up of spills requires no special equipment or procedures.

7. Handling and Storage

Keep container tightly closed. Suitable for any general chemical storage area. Protect from
freezing. Water is considered a non-regulated product, but may react vigorously with some
specific materials. Avoid contact with all materials until investigation shows substance is
compatible.

8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

Airborne Exposure Limits:
Not applicable.
Ventilation System:
Not applicable.
Personal Respirators (NIOSH Approved):
Not applicable.
Skin Protection:
None required.
Eye Protection:
None required.

9. Physical and Chemical Properties

58

Appearance:
Clear, colorless liquid.
Odor:
Odorless.
Solubility:
Complete (100%)
Specific Gravity:
1.00
pH:
7.0
% Volatiles by volume @ 21C (70F):
100
58 | P a g e

Boiling Point:
100C (212F)
Melting Point:
0C (32F)
Vapor Density (Air=1):
Not applicable.
Vapor Pressure (mm Hg):
17.5 @ 20C (68F)
Evaporation Rate (BuAc=1):
No information found.

10. Stability and Reactivity

Stability:
Stable under ordinary conditions of use and storage.
Hazardous Decomposition Products:
Not applicable.
Hazardous Polymerization:
Will not occur.
Incompatibilities:
Strong reducing agents, acid chlorides, phosphorus dichloride, phosphorus pentachloride,
phosphorus oxychloride.
Conditions to Avoid:
No information found.

11. Toxicological Information

For Water: LD50 Oral Rat: >90 ml/Kg. Investigated as a mutagen.
--------\Cancer Lists\-------------------------------------------------------NTP Carcinogen--Ingredient
Known
Anticipated
IARC
Category
------------------------------------------------------------Water (7732-18-5)
No
No
None

12. Ecological Information

Environmental Fate:
Not applicable.

59

59 | P a g e

Environmental Toxicity:
Not applicable.

13. Disposal Considerations

Whatever cannot be saved for recovery or recycling should be flushed to sewer. If material
becomes contaminated during use, dispose of accordingly. Dispose of container and unused
contents in accordance with federal, state and local requirements.

14. Transport Information

Not regulated.

15. Regulatory Information

--------\Chemical Inventory Status - Part 1\--------------------------------Ingredient
TSCA EC
Japan Australia
----------------------------------------------- ---- --- ----- --------Water (7732-18-5)
Yes Yes
Yes
Yes
--------\Chemical Inventory Status - Part 2\----------------------------------Canada-Ingredient
Korea DSL
NDSL Phil.
----------------------------------------------- ----- ------ ----Water (7732-18-5)
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
--------\Federal, State & International Regulations - Part 1\----------------SARA 302------SARA 313-----Ingredient
RQ
TPQ
List Chemical Catg.
----------------------------------------- ---------- -------------Water (7732-18-5)
No
No
No
No
--------\Federal, State & International Regulations - Part 2\----------------RCRA-TSCAIngredient
CERCLA
261.33
8(d)
----------------------------------------- ---------------Water (7732-18-5)
No
No
No
Chemical Weapons Convention:
SARA 311/312: Acute: No
Reactivity: No

60

No
TSCA 12(b): No
Chronic: No
Fire: No
(Pure / Liquid)

CDTA: No
Pressure: No

Australian Hazchem Code: None allocated.

Poison Schedule: None allocated.
WHMIS:
This MSDS has been prepared according to the hazard criteria of the Controlled Products
60 | P a g e

Regulations (CPR) and the MSDS contains all of the information required by the CPR.

16. Other Information

NFPA Ratings: Health: 0 Flammability: 0 Reactivity: 0
Label Hazard Warning:
Not applicable.
Label Precautions:
Keep in tightly closed container.
Label First Aid:
Not applicable.
Product Use:
Laboratory Reagent.
Revision Information:
No Changes.
Disclaimer:
******************************************************************************
******************
Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. provides the information contained herein in good faith but
makes no representation as to its comprehensiveness or accuracy. This document is
intended only as a guide to the appropriate precautionary handling of the material by a
properly trained person using this product. Individuals receiving the information must
exercise their independent judgment in determining its appropriateness for a particular
purpose. MALLINCKRODT BAKER, INC. MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR
WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT
LIMITATION ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE WITH RESPECT TO THE INFORMATION SET FORTH
HEREIN OR THE PRODUCT TO WHICH THE INFORMATION REFERS.
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Table( Ap.5): viscosity of glycerin.

Table( Ap.6): density of glycerin.

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Table( Ap.7): thermal conductivity of glycerin.

Table (Ap.8): Properties for Water.

63

Temperature
-t-

Absolute
pressure
-p-

Density
--

Specific
volume
-v-

Specific Heat
- cp -

Specific
entropy
-e-

(oC)

(kN/m2)

(kg/m3)

10-3 (m3/kg)

(kJ/Kg.K)

(kJ/Kg.K)

0.01

0.6

999.8

1.00

4.210

4
(maximum
density)

0.9

1000.0

0.9

1000.0

1.00

4.204

0.075

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10

1.2

999.8

1.00

4.193

0.150

15

1.7

999.2

1.00

4.186

0.223

20

2.3

998.3

1.00

4.183

0.296

25

3.2

997.1

1.00

4.181

0.367

30

4.3

995.7

1.00

4.179

0.438

35

5.6

994.1

1.01

4.178

0.505

40

7.7

992.3

1.01

4.179

0.581

45

9.6

990.2

1.01

4.181

0.637

50

12.5

988

1.01

4.182

0.707

55

15.7

986

1.01

4.183

0.767

60

20.0

983

1.02

4.185

0.832

65

25.0

980

1.02

4.188

0.893

70

31.3

978

1.02

4.191

0.966

75

38.6

975

1.03

4.194

1.016

Table (Ap.9) 14 BWG diameters

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Tube OD (in)

Thickness (in)

Tube ID (in)

1/2"

0.083

0.334

3/4"

0.083

0.584

1"

0.083

0.834

1 1/4"

0.083

1.084

1 1/2"

0.083

1.334

Table (Ap.10) Nomenclature

Symbol
Q
m
CP

heat Transfer Rate

Mass Transfer
Specific Heat Capacity

TLM

logarithmic mean temperature difference

Temperature of liquid enter the shell

Temperature of liquid exit from the Shell

Temperature enter the tube

Temperature exit from Tube

T1
T2
t1
t2
U
AS
A , B &C
F
Nt
Ac
Pt
Db
Ds
Ken
LB
Us
de
Re
Nu
Pr

kf

65

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

Surface area of heat Transfer
Regression coefficient for chemical compound
Correction Factor
Number of tubes
Cross sectional area
Tube pitch
Diameter of bundle of tube
Diameter of Shell
Constants depends on arrangements of tube and
number of passes
Baffle spacing

unit
W
kg/s
J/Kg.C
C
C
C
C
C

W/m.oC
m
m
m
m
m
m

Mass velocity
Equivalent Diameter
Reynolds Number
Nusselt number
Prandtl Number
Viscosity
Density
Thermal conductivity of fluid

m/s
m
Pa.s
Kg/m
W/m.oC

Kw
ho

Thermal Conductivity of tube wall material

Outside fluid film coefficient

W/m.oC
W/m.oC

hi

Inside fluid film coefficient

W/m.oC

h od

Outside dirt coefficient

W/m.oC

h id
j
P
Ws
Np

Inside dirt coefficient

W/m.oC

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Heat transfer factor

Pressure Drop
Fluid flow rate on the Shell side
number of tube side passes

pa
Kg/s
-

L
do
di

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Length of one tube

Tube outside diameter
Tube inside diameter
Efficiency

m
m
m
-

References:
{1}: Cengel, Y. A. 2003. Heat Transfer: a practical Approach. 2nd edition. The McGraw-Hill
companies.
{2}: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchanger. Retrieved 2012-11-15
{3}: http://www.wlv.com/products/databook/ch1_4.pdf. Retrieved 2012-11-10
{4}: http://www.aapsj.org/view.asp?art=ps040445. Retrieved 2012-11-11
{5}:http://www.eng.uwo.ca/people/aray/CBE322%20Heat%20Transfer/Shell%20and%20tube%
20heat%20exchanger%20design%20procedure.pdf. Retrieved 2012-11-11
{6}:http://www-unix.ecs.umass.edu/~rlaurenc/Courses/che333/Reference/exchanger.pdf
Retrieved 2012-11-11
{7}: Coulson & Richardsons, Chemical Engineering, Volume 6,Fourth Edition, Chemical
Engineering Design R. K. Sinnott

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