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Amplitude
Soundpath
Soundpath ss11-s
-s22,, angle
angle
crack
crack length
length
s1
angle
2
1
tip
diffraction
s2
crack
corner reflection
Time
-
Incident
wave
Diffracted
waves
Reflected
wave
CRACK
Diffracted
waves
Diffracted waves
properties:
to all directions
low amplitude
depending on
incidence angle
.
A-scan
bottom tip
top tip
1
" $
" $
" $
" $
2
2
%
" $
*3 ) -3 4
"
+
Typical set-up
through
transmission
signal
lateral
wave
17 $
Receiver
Transmitter
Lateral wave
Longitudinal wave
Diffracted waves
Backwall reflection
6
!9
" $
'
"
'
" $
97
:"
$
$
8
,
Transmitter
Receiver
Lateral wave
Diffracted waves
Backwall reflection
UT
LW
LT
BW
+
-
< %
< '
;;
Transmitter
transit time t
sound path s = ct
Receiver
d depth
d=
LW
1
2
c 2t 2 D 2
BW
t
;*
D
Receiver
Transmitter
d1
h
d2
h = d 2 d1
Since only transit time measurements are used to calculate the
height, very accurate height estimation is possible. In practice 1
mm accuracy on real cracks is achievable (0.1 mm on artificial
reflectors)
;-
&
Transmitter
Receiver
Backwall reflection
BW
No Lateral wave
Crack tip
;.
:"
:
Receiver
Transmitter
Lateral wave
Tip
No backwall
echo
;/
(
:
!
Receiver
Transmitter
Lateral wave
Reflected signal
Back-wall reflection
BW
LW
Reflection echo
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1'
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7
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Compromise
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*3
A-scan
(
LW
A-scan
D-scan
Upper
surface
BW
Backwall
**
*-
PCS
t0
T
A-scan
t0
LW
BW
PCS, thickness,
velocity, probe
delay, lateral wave
or back-wall
Not all of the parameters have
to be known
D-scan
*.
?
A-scan
d1
h
d1
t1
t2
Cursors
Build-in calculator
l
t1,t2
d1, d2 and h are
automatically calculated
P
D-scan
*/
'
9
*0
9
Non-Parallel
or D-scan or
line scan
Perpendicular
to the probe
beam direction
Weld
Most
frequently
used for weld
inspection
Detection
Initial sizing
High speed
inspection
*5
1
"
"
:
"
*6
D
Receiver
Transmitter
t0
t0
d
x
*8
Transmitter
t1
Constant time
locus
(t1+t2=t)
Receiver
t2
dmin dmax
In practice:
Maximum error on absolute depth position lies below 10%.
Error on height estimation of internal (small) defect is
negligible.
Caution for small defects located at the back-wall.
-3
,
Lateral,
transverse
or B-scan
Weld
Movement is
parallel
to the probe
beam
direction
,
Time will be
minimum
when probes
are
symmetrically
positioned
over the
defect
Lateral
wave
Upper surface
Backwall
B-scan
-*
1
7
#
17
:
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LW
BW
A-scan
D-scan
Upper
surface
Backwall
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60 SW
TOFD
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