Unit 6: Whats wrong with it?

Describing problems 1
With past participles as adjectives
With nouns
The jacket linin is torn
It has a tear in it./ There is a hole in it
The tabletop is damaged
There is some damage on the top
The vase is chipped
There is a chip in it
My pants are stained
They have a stain on them
Her sunglasses are a little scratched
There are a few scratches on them
Their new aquarium is leaking
It has a leak in it.
*Exception: is leaking is a present continuous form.

Describing problems 2
Keep + gerund
Everything keeps burning
The alarm keeps going off

Need + gerund
The oven needs adjusting
The alarm needs fixing

Need + passive voice

It needs to be adjusted
The alarm needs to be fixed

Language note: verbs ending in en or -n

Some verbs are formed by adding en or n to a noun or adjective.
These verbs mean to make more something
Noun
verb
Adjective
verb
Length
lengthen
Loose
loosen
(make something longer)
(make something looser)

Unit 7: The world we live in

Passive with prepositions
Present continuous passive
The air is being polluted
by fumes from cars and trunks
City streets are being damaged
as a result of heavy traffic
Present perfect passive
The roadways have been jammed
because of peoples dependence on cars.
Many parks have been lost
through overbuilding.
The homeless have been displaced due to overcrowding.
Infinitive clauses and phrases
One thing to do about it is
to talk to the companys management.
Another way to stop them is
to get a tv station to run a story.
The best ways to fight HIV/AIDS are to do more research and educate people.

Unit 8: Lifelong learning

Would rather and would prefer
Would rather takes the base form of the verb.
Would prefer usually takes and infinitive.

Both are followed by not in the negative.

Would you rather take a media class or a health class?
Id rather take a health class.
Id rather not take either.
Id rather take another course than study media or health

Would you prefer to study film studies or broadcasting?

Id prefer to study film.
Id prefer not to study either.

Lets join a choir

Id rather not join a choir.
Id rather not.
Id prefer not to join a choir.
Id prefer not to.

By + gerund to describe how to do things

You could improve your accent by listening to language CDs.
I learn new words best by writing them on pieces of paper and sticking them on things.
The best way to learn slang is not by reading newspapers but by watching movies.

Unit 9: At your service

Have or get something done
Use have or get to describe a service performed for you by someone else.
Active
Do you know where I can have someone fix my bike?
You can have Hazels Personal Service fix your bike.
You can get a repair shop to fix your bike.
Passive
Do you know where I can have my bike fixed?
You can have your bike fixed by Hazels Personal Service.
You can get your bike fixed at a repair shop.
Phrasal verbs.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Break up with End a romantic relationship

Come up with Think of something; develop an idea.
Look forward to (verb ing) be excited for something to happen.
Cut down on Reduce the quantity of something.
Keep up with Keep pace with someone or something.
Put up with Tolerate something you dont like.
Get along with Have a good relationship with someone.
Take care of be responsible for something.
Look up to to admire or respect somebody
Come down with [no passive] to get an illness that is not very serious
Make up with apologize; be friends again

Making suggestions
With gerunds
With modals + verbs
What about looking through the personal ads?
Maybe you could go to a chat room on the
Have you thought about joining...?
internet
With infinitives
With negative questions

It might be a good idea to check out those

Discussion groups at the bookstore.
One thing you could do is (to) go

Why dont you join a dating service?

Unit 10: The past and the future

Referring to time in the past
A point of time in the past
A period of time in the past
When did World War II take place?
How long were the Beatles together?
During the 1940s/In the 1940s/Over 60 years ago.
From 1960 to 1970/For 10 years.
A period of time that continues into the present
How long has the United Nations been in existence?
Since 1945/since World War II ended/For about the last 60 years.
Predicting the future with will
Use will to predict future events or situations.
Computers will recognize any voice command. You wont need a keyboard.
Use future continuous to predict ongoing (something that continues happening) actions.
People will be living in cities under the ocean.
Use future perfect to predict actions that will be completed by a certain time.
Within 20 years, scientists will have discovered a cure for baldness.
By 2050, we will have set up human communities on Mars.

Unit 11: Lifes little lessons

Time clauses
Before I had my first job, I was really immature.
After I got my first job, I became more mature.
Once I had a job, I became totally independent.
The moment I moved away from home, I felt like a different person.
As soon as I got my own bank account, I started to be more responsible.
Until I graduated, Id never had any important responsibilities.
By the time I graduated from high school, I had already started working.
When I was a kid, I was kind of irresponsible.
Expressing regret and describing hypothetical situations
Expressing regret
I should have studied something more practical when I was in college.
I shouldnt have waited so long to choose major.
Describing hypothetical situations
If Id been more ambitious in college, I could have learned another language.
If I hadnt waste so much money last year, I would have my own apartment now.

4 Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about the accomplishments.
Examples:
Man has walked on the Moon.
Our son has learned how to read.
Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
Scientists have split the atom.
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You
cannot mention a specific time.