Module 5

OSI Network Layer

Objectives
IPv4
Networks Dividing Hosts into Groups
Routing How Our Data Packets are Handled
Routing Process: How Routes are Learned

IPv4

Network Layer Communication from

Host to Host

Network Layer Protocols

Layer 3 uses four basic processes:
Addressing
Encapsulation
Routing
Decapsulation

Addressing (routed protocol)

The IPv4 Protocol Example Network

Layer Protocol

The IPv4 Protocol Connectionless

The IPv4 Protocol Best Effort

The IPv4 Protocol Media

Independent

IPv4 Packet Packaging the

Transport Layer PDU

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IPv4 Packet Header

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Networks Dividing Hosts into Groups

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Networks Separating Hosts into

Common Groups

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Grouping Hosts Geographically

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Grouping Hosts for Specific

Purposes

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Grouping Hosts for Ownership

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Why Separate Hosts Into Networks ?

Performance

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Why Separate Hosts Into Networks ?

Performance

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Why Separate Hosts Into Networks ?

Security

All users have access to the Internet

Each user can reach servers in its own department
Each user is blocking form reaching servers in other department
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Why Separate Hosts Into Networks ?

Address Management

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How Do We Separate Hosts Into

Networks ? Hierarchical Addressing

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Dividing the Network Networks from

Networks

This is hierarchical addressing because the network portion indicates the

network on which each unique host address is located.
Routers only need to know how to reach each network, rather than needing
to know the location of each individual host.

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Routing
How Our Data Packets are Handled

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IP Address Carrying Data End to End

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A Gateway The Way Out of Our

Network

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Confirming the Gateway Settings

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Local Router Routing Table

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A Route The Path to a Network

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A Route The Path to a Network

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The Destination Network

Packets with destination host addresses in one of the network ranges

shown will be matched with the next hop that leads to that network
The precedence of route selection for the packet going to 10.1.1.55
would be:
1. 10.1.1.0
2. 10.1.0.0
3. 10.0.0.0
4. 0.0.0.0 (Default route if configured)
5. Dropped
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The Destination Network

The routing table shows the default route 0.0.0.0

The router may also use a default route (gateway of last resort) to forward the
packet.
The default route is used when the destination network is not represented by
any other route in the routing table.

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The Next Hop Where the Packet

Goes Next

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Packet Forwarding Moving the Packet

Towards its Destination

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Packet Forwarding Moving the Packet

Towards its Destination

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Packet Forwarding Moving the Packet

Towards its Destination

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Routing Process
How Routes are Learned

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Routing Protocols Sharing the

Routes

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Static Routing

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Dynamic Routing

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Good luck with this module!

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