Analysis oflaminates after initialfailure

Accounting forthemodification
ofstiffness inthefailed layers

Commonpractice:setalllaminaproperties tozero when failure occurs

(gives aconservativeestimate oftheload carrying capacity)
forthefailed ply

Example:5mmsymmetric crossply constructed from 15identical laminae

9 li
9pliesat
0 and6pliesat
d 6 li
90 l d intractionN
90,load
i
i Nx

Step 1:Failure ofthe90 plies

Extensional stiffness matrix before failure ofthe90

of the 90 ply

Failure stresses
Step 2:failure ofthefirstply (maximumstrain theory)
Calculation ofthefailure strains

Failure strains

The90 ply will fail when x=0.00153

Theload Nx leading tothefailure ofthe90 ply is solutionof

Step 3:Behaviour
3: Behaviour after failure ofthefirstply
of the first ply
After thefailure ofthe90 ply,

Q 90 =0
Q
=0

Thefailure occurs for

Flowchart forlaminate
strength analysis

Shortfiber composites
Convenient forcomplex
for complex geometries
Canbe mixedwith liquid resin andused ininjectionmolding
(ininjectionmoulding,thefinalorientationofthefibers depends ontheflowinthemould)

Random oriented fibers arenearly isotropic

Notsuitable forcritical structures(less strength andstiffness),
butthis may changewith carbon nanotubes

Glassfiber reinforced nylonwith random fiber orientation

(Agarwall,Fig 4.11)

Stresstransfer theory foraligned discontinuous fibers composites

Matrix shear deformation inarepresentative volume(Gibson)

Equilibrium along z:

0
Thestressat the
fiber endis neglected
2

We assumearigidplasticbehaviour ofthematrix.
(theinterfaceshear stressis constanty)
For short fibers the fiber stressis
Forshortfibers,thefiber
stress is linear

Andthemaximumoccurs at themiddleofthefiber

However,thefiber stresscannot exceed thestressthat

would occur inacontinuous fiber ,forwhich
Thiscorrespondsto

Theload transfer length is the

Minimum length which allows
Minimumlength
toreach this value

Forafixed length l,ifoneincreases thecompositestressc

The fiber stresscannot
Thefiber
stress cannot exceed thefiber
the fiber ultimate stress
stress fu
Thecritical fiber length is that which allows toreach fu:

lc is also called
Ineffectivelength

Numerical results:1.Elastic analysis

r<0:frictionforces
allow
ll load
l d transfer
f in
i
caseofinterfacefailure)

Numerical results:2.Elasticplasticanalysis

Interfacial shear stressnear fiber

endis notconstant,because of3D
yield stresscriterion is used.

Modulus ofaligned discontinuous fiber composites

HalpinTsai (curve fitting onnumerical solutions)

(Same asfortransversemodulus ofcontinuous fibers with =2l/d)

(Same asfortransversemodulus ofcontinuous circular fibers : =2)

VariationofEL ofaligned shortfibers asafunction

oftheaspectratiol/d,fordiffernet valuesofEf/Em

Asymptotic valueofEL forlargel/d

(HalpinTsai convergestowards therule ofmixture)

Modulus ofshortfiber compositeswith randomly oriented fibers

Empirical formulae:

With EL andET corresponding toaligned shortfibers with

thesame aspectratiol/d andthesame volumefractionVf

Since thematerial is isotropic,

8

1.Aligned shortfibers (HalpinTsai)

2. Random fiber orientation

2.Random
9

Strength ofaligned shortfiber composites

Ifl>lc,thefibers will reach thefailure stressfu

Forvery small fiber volumefractions:thevalueforcontinuous fibers

is further lowered bylargestressconcentrations
Strength ofrandomly oriented shortfibers

Strength predictions obtained byreplacing

by replacing therandomly
the randomly oriented compositebyaquasi
composite by a quasiisotropic
isotropic
continuous laminate with thesame volumefractioncorrelate well with experiments.
Equivalentquasiisotropic laminate:
Analysis uptothefailure ofallplies
Maximumstrain theory
10

Sandwichstructures

Plateswith similar flexural rigidity EI

11

Simplified stressanalysis insandwichstructures

Bending stressesareintheskinonly,anduniform.Shear stressesareinthecore only,anduniform.

Thebending deflection is dependent onthetensile andcompressivemoduli intheskinmaterial.
The shear deflection is dependent ontheshear
Theshear
on the shear modulus inthecore.
in the core
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Sandwichpanelfailure modes(Hexcel composites)

13

http://www.hexcel.com/Resources/DataSheets/BrochureDataSheets/Honeycomb_Sandwich_Design_Technology.pdf

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