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Nikolova 2015
| |=1
=0
1 Re = r
1+
zL =
1
rL =
xL =
Nikolova 2015
1 2r
i2
(1 r ) 2 + i2
2 i
(1 r ) 2 + i2
1
rL
2
r
+ i =
1
+
r
1
+
r
L
L
2
2
1 1
2
( r 1) + i =
xL xL
1
rL
2
r
+ i =
1
+
r
1
+
r
L
L
resistance circles
1 1
( r 1) + i =
xL xL
reactance circles
i
j1
rL = 0
| |=1
rL = 0.25
short
Nikolova 2015
rL = 1
match
=0 0.2 0.5
open
i
j1
| |=1
inductive
loads
short
open
match
=0
capacitive
loads
Nikolova 2015
xL = 1
j1
xL = 1
(capacitive)
10log10 (1 | |2 )
perfect match
Nikolova 2015
1 | |2 T = 1 +
7
z=
0.4 + j 0.7
L
SWR = 3.87
| |=0.59
SWR circle
Nikolova 2015
83
0.5 + j1.0
z=
L
R
||
83
rL = 0.5
| |=0.62
1 g
j 2 L
1 + e j 2 L
1
e
+
Z in = Z 0
j 2 L zin =
j 2 L
1
e
1
e
compare with
1+
at load: z L =
1
on the Smith chart, the point corresponding to zin is rotated by
2L (decreasing angle, clockwise rotation) with respect to the
point corresponding to zL along an SWR circle (toward generator)
one full circle on the Smith chart is 2Lmax = 2, i.e., Lmax = /2;
this reflects the -periodicity of zin
Nikolova 2015
10
g
d
r
a
w
o
t
SWR circle
i
j1
for Z0 = 50 , the
quarter-wavelength TL
transforms a load of
Z L =25 j 25
to an input impedance of
zin = 1 + j1
Z in =50 + j 50
L=/4
=0
z=
0.5 j 0.5
L
tow
ard
loa
d
For a frequency-independent
load ZL, what would be the
direction of the locus of Zin as
frequency increases?
Lecture 09: The Smith Chart
11
toward generator
known load ZL
Z L =75 + j 75
known Z0
Z=
50
0
LA = 0.194
1.5 + j1.5
z=
L
measured Zin
Z in =23 j 34
B
=
zin 0.46 j 0.68
Dn = LB LA = 0.2
Nikolova 2015
LB = 0.394
12
SWRA = SWRB
rL , B 1
B =
rL , B + 1
rL , B = 2.6
1+ | B |
SWRB =
1 | B |
SWRB =
rL , B
B SWR
2.6
= rL=
,B
SWR circle
Nikolova 2015
13
1
y=
z
=
=
L
L
=
1 + 1 e j
1
()
1
y=
z
=
in
in
1 + e j 2 L
the relation between yin and yL is the same as that between zin and zL
one can get from load to generator (and vice versa) by following a
circle clockwise (counter-clockwise)
standard Smith chart gives resistance and reactance values
admittance Smith chart is exactly the same as the impedance Smith
chart but rotated by 180 [see eq. (*) ] in the complex plane
Nikolova 2015
14
y=
g L + jbL
L
YL load admittance
Y0 characteristic admittance
normalized susceptance
Y=
GL + jBL
L
conductance susceptance
normalized conductance
Nikolova 2015
15
short circuit
YL
( Z L = 0)
resistance circles
positive (capacitive)
susceptance
negative (inductive)
susceptance
open circuit
YL = 0
( Z L )
reactance circles
susceptance circles
Nikolova 2015
16
1 + e j 1
4
(
/
4)
z=
L
=
=
in
1
1 e j 1 +
zin (=
L / 4)
= = yL
1+
zL
zL =
1
in impedance Smith chart, the point diametrically opposite from
an impedance point shows its respective admittance value
Nikolova 2015
17
z=
0.5 j 0.5
L
tow
ard
loa
d
18
ZG
( , Z0 )
VG
ZL
loss-free line
Z in
for impedance match at the input terminals of the /4 TL, Zin = ZG*
1
zG = y L
Z 0 = Z G Z L zG z L =
19
4 2 f0
Z 0 + jZ L tan( L)
=
Z L 100
50
Z=
G
=
Z 0 70.71
perfect match
Lecture 09: The Smith Chart
Z in ( f ) Z 0
| ( f ) |=
Z in ( f ) + Z 0
20
VG
Iin
Vin
Z in
( Pin ) av =
Re{Vin I in }
|V
| VG |
Re
=
=
in | Re Yin
2
2
2
Z G + Z in
Z in
Rin
1 2
( Pin ) av =
| VG |
2
( Rin + RG ) 2 + ( X in + X G ) 2
Nikolova 2015
21
find the optimal Rin and Xin by obtaining the respective derivatives
Pin
= 0 RG2 Rin2 + ( X in + X G ) 2 = 0
Rin
Pin
=0 X in ( X in + X G ) =0
X in
maximum power is delivered to the load under conditions of
conjugate match
Rinopt =
RG and X inopt =
X G Z inopt =
Z G
Nikolova 2015
22
Summary
the impedance Smith chart depicts a normalized load impedance as a
point in the complex plane
the load impedance is normalized with respect to the characteristic
impedance Z0 of the TL
the admittance Smith chart depicts a normalized load admittance yL
as a point in the complex plane
the admittance Smith chart is rarely used because the impedance
Smith chart can be readily used as an admittance chart as well the
sense of rotation with increasing TL length is the same
resistance/reactance impedance values are determined from the
resistance/reactance circles
the input impedance zin of a TL loaded with a known zL is found by
following the SWR circle, starting from zL, and completing an angle
of 2L in a clockwise direction (on chart: toward generator)
Nikolova 2015
23
Summary 2
if the input impedance zin of a TL is known but the load zL is not,
zL is determined by starting from zin , following the SWR circle and
completing an angle of 2L in a counter-clockwise direction (on
chart: toward load)
the normalized admittance of a given impedance zL is found by
reading out the value of the point diametrically opposite to zL on
the Smith chart
many more applications of the Smith chart will be shown during
the tutorial
Nikolova 2015
24