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The differences between BrE and AmE will be described in terms of 4 main categories: vowels,
consonants, stress, and non-systematic pronunciation differences.
VOWELS
Q: What are vowels?
Q: What is the difference between monophthongs and diphthongs (pure vowels and gliding vowels)?
Give examples of monophthongs and diphthongs.
BrE vowel system
/ / sit
/i / meet
/ / look
/u / food
/ / dog
/ / door
/ / cut
/ / father, last
/ / about, tender
/ / turn
/e/ bed
/ / axe
/e / late
/a / my
/ / boy
/ / no
/a / how
/ / near
/e / pair
/ / sure
/e / late
/a / my
/ / boy
/o / no
/a / how
/ r/ near
/er/ pair
/ r/ sure
In BrE, vowels such as / /, /e/, / /, / / or / / are pure monophthongs they do not change in quality.
In AmE, these vowels tend to be diphthongized they slightly change their quality and some of them
are lengthened (/ / and / /).
BrE
front
AmE
central
back
close
close-mid
open-mid
open
Exercise 2. Listen to the vowels / /, /e/, / /, / / and / / pronounced first in BrE, then in AmE.
(a) / / if
(b) / / foot
(d) / / add
(e) / / off
Exercise 3. Each of the following words is pronounced twice. Indicate BrE and AmE pronunciation.
cost
1.
BrE
2.
AmE
damage
1.
2.
is
1.
shook
2.
1.
less
2.
1.
2.
BrE / / = AmE / / in words like cop, rock, not, etc. (/ / in AmE is not diphthongized).
BrE / / = AmE / / when followed by /f, s, , , / (remember that / / in AmE is diphthongized).
Examples: soft, boss, cloth, song, dog, etc. Some AmE speakers use / / in this context.
BrE / / = AmE / / in the words want, what, was, etc.
Exercise 4. Fill in the correct vowel symbol and pronounce these words in BrE and AmE.
(a) often
(b) lock
(c) wrong
(d) from
(e) atomic
(f) moth
(g) body
(h) cross
BrE
/ f( )n/
/l k/
/r /
/fr m/
/ t m k/
/m /
/b d /
/kr s/
AmE
/ f( )n/
/l k/
/r /
/fr m/
/ t m k/
/m /
/b d /
/kr s/
(i) bomb
(j) coffee
(k) common
(l) cough
(m) hotdog
(n) want
(o) hockey
(p) loss
BrE
/b m/
/k f /
/ k m n/
/k f/
/ h td /
/w nt/
/h k /
/l s/
AmE
/b m/
/k f /
/ k m n/
/k f/
/ h td /
/w nt/
/h k /
/l s/
Exercise 5. Fill in the correct symbol and pronounce these words in BrE and AmE.
BrE
/ r f/
AmE
/ r f/
(a) graph
(b) gaga
/
/
/
/
(c) target
/t
t/
/t
t/
(d) cant
/k nt/
/k nt/
(e) grandma / r (n)m / / r (n)m /
(f) staff
/st f/
/st f/
(g) argue
/
ju /
/
ju /
(h) apart
/ p t/
/ p t/
BrE
AmE
(i) laugh
/l f/
/l f/
(j) spa
/sp /
/sp /
(k) answer
/ ns /
/ ns /
(l) bar
/b /
/b /
(m) last
/l st/
/l st/
(n) parking
/ p k / / p k /
(o) glass
/ l s/
/ l s/
(p) blah-blah / bl bl / / bl bl /
Exercise 6. Which words do the following transcriptions represent in BrE and AmE?
(a) /
(b) /k
(c) /m
(d) /h
(e) /
(f) / p
k/
p/
k/
t/
d/
s bl/
British English
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
American English
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
BrE / / = AmE / / when there is no r letter in the spelling: above, sofa, testament, omit, etc.
BrE / / = AmE / / when the letter r is in the spelling, e.g. teacher, honour, permit, etc.
BrE / / = AmE / / in words like burn, return, urgent, etc.
BrE / / = AmE / / in words like up, blood, front, etc.
BrE / / = AmE / / in words like worry, hurry, curry, etc.
For example BrE / w r / = AmE / w r /, BrE / h r / = AmE / h r /, etc.
Exercise 7. Fill in the correct vowel symbol and pronounce these words in BrE and AmE.
(a) Richard
(b) dirt
(c) hurricane
(d) doctor
(e) current
(f) urban
(g) dollar
(h) oven
BrE
/ r t d/
/d t/
/ h r kn/
/ d kt /
/ k r nt/
/ b n/
/d l /
/ v n/
AmE
/ r t d/
/d t/
/ h r ke n/
/ d kt /
/ k r nt/
/ b n/
/d l /
/ v n/
(i) ever
(j) serve
(k) bucket
(l) forget
(m) scurry
(n) earth
(o) danger
(p) stomach
BrE
AmE
/ ev /
/ ev /
/s v/
/s v/
/ b k t/
/ b k t/
/f et/
/f et/
/ sk r /
/ sk r /
/
/
/
/
/ de nd / / de nd /
/ st m k/ / st m k/
Exercise 8. Listen to the following words. Are they pronounced in BrE or AmE? Circle the correct
answer.
(a) slow
BrE
AmE
(e) fragile
BrE
AmE
(b) year
BrE
AmE
(f) airline
BrE
AmE
(c) civilization
BrE
AmE
(g) share
BrE
AmE
(d) hostile
BrE
AmE
(h) coast
BrE
AmE
CONSONANTS
Q: What is a consonant? Give some examples.
In BrE (RP), the letter r is pronounced only when followed by a vowel (in pronunciation), e.g. rat,
far away, unreasonable, etc.
In AmE (GA), the letter r is always pronounced, and it can function either as a vowel or a consonant,
e.g. teacher, forget, hear, ride, etc.
The consonant /r/ has a different quality in BrE and AmE.
BrE postalveolar
AmE retroflex
AmE bunched
BrE unstressed intervocalic /t/ = AmE / t / (flapped /t/ a voiced sound between /d/ and / /) in words
like eighty, later, get out, etc.
BrE unstressed /nt / or /nt / = AmE /n(t) / or /n(t) / in words like plenty, winter, etc.
BrE sequences /tju /, /dju /, /nju /, etc. = AmE /t(j)u /, /d(j)u /, /n(j)u /, in words like tune, duty, new, etc.
Exercise 9. Fill in the correct consonant symbol and pronounce these words in BrE and AmE.
(a) atom
(b) twenty
(c) due
(d) article
(e) international
(f) residue
(g) computer
(h) enter
BrE
/
m/
/ twen /
/d u /
/
kl/
/ n n nl/
/ rez d u /
/k m pju /
/ en /
AmE
/
m/
/ twen /
/d u /
/
kl/
/ n n nl/
/ rez d u /
/k m pju /
/ en /
(i) ability
(j) dentist
(k) Tuesday
(l) matter
(m) centre
(n) metal
(o) neutral
(p) party
BrE
/ bl /
/ den st/
/ t u zd(e) /
/m
/
/ sen /
/ me l/
/ n u tr l/
/p
/
AmE
/ bl /
/ den st/
/ t u zd(e) /
/m
/
/ sen /
/ me l/
/ n u tr l/
/p
/
STRESS
In BrE, the word-final sequences -ary, -berry, -ory, and -mony are unstressed, in AmE they have
secondary stress:
military:
blackberry:
lavatory:
testimony:
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2-syllable verbs ending in -ate have stress on the first syllable in AmE, but on the second in BrE.
dictate: BrE /d k te t/ AmE / d kte t/
donate: BrE /d ne t/ AmE / do ne t/
Some words (simple or compound) have a different stress pattern in BrE and AmE:
caf:
BrE / k fe / AmE /k fe /, /k fe /
weekend: BrE / wi k end/ AmE / wi kend/
ice-cream: BrE / a s kri m/ AmE / a skri m /
Exercise 10. Fill in the missing symbols and place stress (primary or secondary) correctly on these words.
(a) ceremony
(b) ballet
(c) dictionary
(d) locate
(e) magazine
(f) category
(g) peanut butter
(h) migrate
(i) strawberry
BrE
AmE
/ ser m n / / ser m n /
/ b le /
/ b le /
/dk
r /
/dk
r /
/ l ke t /
/ lo ke t /
/m
zi n / / m
zi n /
/k t r / /k t
r /
/ pi n t b t / / pi n t b t /
/ ma re t /
/ ma re t /
/ str b( )r / / str ber /
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Exercise 11. Pronounce these words. Determine which pronunciation is British and which is American.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
leisure
either
glacier
laboratory
moustache
schedule
tomato
figure
record (n.)
zebra
progress
Moscow
/ le /
/ i /
/ l s /
/ l br t r /
/ m st /
/ edju l/
/t me to /
/f /
/ rek d/
/ zebr /
/ pr res/
/ m ska /
/ li /
/a /
/ le /
/l b r tr /
/m st /
/ sked u l/
/t m t /
/ f j /
/ rek d/
/ zi br /
/ pr res/
/ m sk /
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Key to Exercise 1.
Speaker 1: British
President Obama has announced that 34 thousand troops will be withdrawn from Afghanistan by the end of next summer.
BrE
AmE
/
/
t/
t /
/f / /f /
/f r/ /f /
/fr m/ /fr m/ / f
/fr m/ /fr m/ / f
n st n/
/ v/ / v/
n st n/ / v/ / v/
/s m /
/ s m /
Speaker 2: American
Last month President Obama asked for 80 million dollars ...
BrE
AmE
/l st/
/l st/
/ skt/
/ skt/
/f / /f /
/f r/ /f /
/et /
/et /
/ d l z/
/ d l z/
Speaker 3: British
Experts are warning that new types of bacteria are becoming a problem in hospitals.
BrE
AmE
/ eksp ts/
/ eksp ts/
/ w n /
/ w rn /
/nju /
/nu /
/ v/ / v/
/ v/ / v/
/b k t r /
/b k t r /
/ // /
/ r/ / /
/ pr bl m/ / h sp tlz/
/ pr bl m/ / h sp tlz/
Speaker 4: American
Russian scientists say theyve revived a plant that was preserved in the frozen ground of Siberia for more than 30
thousand years.
BrE
/pl nt/ /w z/ /w z/ /pr z vd/
/f / /f /
/m /
/ t/
/j z/
AmE /pl nt/ /w z/ /w z/ /pr z vd/ /f r/ /f / /m r/ / t / /j rz/
Speaker 5: British
A train driver who drank a bottle of whiskey while on duty has been jailed for 135 days.
BrE
/ dra v / / b tl/ / v/ / v/ / n/ / dju t / /h z/ /(h) z/ /bi( )n/ /f / /f /
AmE / dra v / / b tl/ / v/ / v/ / n/ / du t / /h z/ /(h) z/ /b n/
/f r/ /f /
/
/
t/
t /
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Recommended literature:
BAILEY, R.W. and GRLACH, M. (eds.) (1982). English as a World Language. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
BRONSTEIN, A. J. (1960). The Pronunciation of American English. An Introduction to Phonetics. New York: Appleton-CenturyCrofts, Inc.
CALVERT, D.R. (1986). Descriptive Phonetics, 2nd edition. New York: Thieme, Inc.
GIMSON, A. C. & CRUTTENDEN, A. (1994). Gimsons Pronunciation of English (5th edn.). London: Edward Arnold.
IPA (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
LADEFOGED, P. & JOHNSON, K. (2011). A Course in Phonetics, 6th edition. Boston: Wadsworth.
LADEFOGED, P. & MADDIESON, I. (1996). The Sounds of the Worlds Languages. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
LAVER, J. (1994). Principles of Phonetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
PAVLK, R. (2003). A Theoretical Introduction to English Phonetics and Phonology. Bratislava: Retaas.
PULLUM, G. K. & LADUSAW, W. A. (1996). Phonetic Symbol Guide, 2nd edition. Chicago London: The University of Chicago
Press.
ROACH, P. (2009). English Phonetics and Phonology, 4th edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
STEVENS, K. N. (1998). Acoustic Phonetics. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
TIFFANY, W. R. & CARRELL, J. (1977). Phonetics. Theory and Application, 2nd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
TOTTIE, G. (2002). An Introduction to American English. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
TRUDGILL, P. & HANNAH, J. (1985). International English: A Guide to Varieties of Standard English, 2nd edition. London:
Edward Arnold.
Recommended general-purpose dictionaries:
Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary
Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners
Specialized pronunciation dictionaries:
WELLS, J. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, 3rd edition. Pearson Longman.
JONES D. (2011). English Pronouncing Dictionary, 18th edition. Edited by P. Roach, J. Setter, and J. Esling. Cambridge
University Press