ERT 245 Heat And Mass Transfer in Biological Systems

Laboratory Module

EXPERIMENT 1
EVALUATE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LINEAR AND RADIAL
HEAT CONDUCTION
1.0 OBJECTIVES
1.1 To investigate the thermal conductivity and thermal contact resistance of
brass in linear direction.
1.2 To investigate the thermal conductivity of brass in radial direction.

2.0 INTRODUCTION
The Linear and Radial Heat Conduction Apparatus is designed for students to study
the principles of conduction heat transfer. The student is able to determine the
relationship between the rate of heat transfer and temperature gradient, the crosssectional area and length of the conducting path and thermal conductivity of the material.

2.1

Unit Assembly
The equipment comprises two heat-conducting specimens, a multi-section bar for
the examination of linear conduction and a metal disc for radial conduction. A
control panel supplies electrical power to the heaters and shows readings for all
relevant measurements.
A small flow of cooling water provides a heat sink at the end of the conducting
path in each specimen.

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Laboratory Module

1
7

2
3

4
9

5
6

Figure 1: Unit Assembly for Heat Conduction Study Bench (Model: HE 105)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Control Panel
Heater Power Indicator
Heater Power Regulator
Temperature Indicator
Temperature Selector

6.
7.
8.
9.

Thermocouple Connectors
Thermocouples
Radial Module
Linear Module

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ERT 245 Heat And Mass Transfer in Biological Systems

2.2

Laboratory Module

Specifications
a) Linear Module
Consists of the following sections:
i) Heater Section
Material : Brass
Diameter : 25 mm
ii) Cooler Section
Material : Brass
Diameter : 25 mm
iii) Interchangeable Test Section
- Insulated Brass Test Section with Temperature Sensors Array
(Diameter = 25mm, Length = 30 mm)
- Insulated Brass Test Section
(Diameter = 13mm, Length = 30 mm)
- Insulated Stainless Steel Test Section
(Diameter = 25mm, Length = 30 mm)
b) Radial Module
Material
: Brass
Diameter : 110 mm
Thickness : 3 mm
c) Instrumentations
Linear module consists of a maximum of 9 type K thermocouple temperature
sensors at 10 mm interval. For radial module, 6 type K thermocouple
temperature sensors at 10 mm interval along the radius are installed.
Each test modules are installed with a 100 Watt heater.

2.3

Overall Dimensions
Test Modules Assembly
Height : 0.20 m
Width : 0.34 m
Depth : 0.30 m
Panel
Height : 0.20 m
Width : 0.30 m
Depth : 0.55 m

2.4

General Requirements
Electrical
Water

:
:

240 VAC, 1-phase, 50Hz

Laboratory tap water, 20 LPM @ 20 m head
Drainage point

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2.5 Linear Module

Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction is most simply demonstrated with the linear
conduction module. This comprises a heat input section fabricated from brass
fitted with an electrical heater. Three temperature sensors are installed at 10mm
intervals along the working section, which has a diameter of 25mm. A separate
heat sink section also of brass is cooled at one end by running water while its
working section is also fitted with thermistor temperature sensors at 10mm
intervals.
The heat input section and the heat sink section may be clamped directly together
to form a continuous brass bar with temperature sensor at 10mm intervals,
alternatively any one of three intermediate sections can be fitted between these
two.
The first of these is a 30mm length of the same material (brass) and is the same
diameter as the heat input and heat sink sections and is again fitted with
temperature sensors at 10mm intervals. This section is clamped between the two
basic sections forms a relatively long uniform bar with nine regularly spaced
temperature sensors.
The second center section, which may be fitted, is again brass and 30mm long but
has a diameter of 13mm and is not fitted with temperature sensors. This section
allows a study of the effect of a reduction in the cross-section of the heatconducting path.
The third center section, which may be fitted, is of stainless steel and has the
same dimensions as the first brass section. No temperature sensors are fitted.
This section allows the study of the effect of a change in the material while
maintaining a constant cross-section.
The mating ends of the sections are finely finished to promote good thermal
contact although heat- conducting compound may be smeared over the surfaces
to reduce thermal resistance. The heat-conducting properties of insulators may be
found by simply inserting a thin specimen between the heated and cooled metal
sections. An example of such an insulator is a piece of paper.
Heat losses from the linear module are reduced to a minimum by a heat-resistant
casing enclosing an air space around the module. The interchangeable center
sections have their own attached casing pieces, which fit with those of the heat
input and heat sink sections.
The temperature sensors come with miniature thermocouple plugs. There are to
be connected to the panel for temperature measurement readings. Therefore
temperature gradients can be readily plotted from rapidly acquired data on the
computer.

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Laboratory Module

2.6 Radial Module

The radial conduction module comprises a brass disc 110mm diameter and 3mm
thick heated in the center by an electrical heater and cooled by cold water in a
circumferential copper tube. Temperature sensors are fitted to the center of the
disc and at 10mm intervals along a radius there being six in all. Again heat losses
are minimized by preserving an air gap around the disc with a heat-resistant
casing. As in the linear module, the temperature sensors are to be connected to
the panel for temperature displays.
2.7 Control Panel
Either of the heat-conduction modules may be connected to a control panel which
allows the heater input power to be set and the temperature at any of the sensors
to be shown in C on the computer. Heater power is controlled by a variable
autotransformer and displayed on a digital indicator. Power outputs from 0 to 100
watts may be obtained.
Note:
The insulation material of the test modules can withstand up to 100 C only.
Reduce the heater power immediately if the temperature nearest to the heater is
too high.

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3.0

Laboratory Module

SUMMARY OF THEORY
3.1

Linear Conduction Heat Transfer

dx

dx

dT

Figure 2: Linear temperature distribution

dT

It is often necessary to evaluate the heat flow through a solid when the flow is not
steady e.g. through the wall of a furnace that is being heated or cooled. To
calculate the heat flow under these conditions it is necessary to find the
temperature distribution through the solid and how the distribution varies with.
Using the equipment set-up already described, it is a simple matter to monitor the
temperature profile variation during either a heating or cooling cycle thus
facilitating the study of unsteady state conduction.

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ERT 245 Heat And Mass Transfer in Biological Systems

kH

THS

Laboratory Module

kS

kC

THI
TCI
XH

XS

XC

TCS

Figure 3: Linear temperature distribution of different materials

Fouriers Law states that:

Q kA

dT
dx

(1)

where,
Q = heat flow rate, [W]
W

k = thermal conductivity of the material,

Km
A = cross-sectional area of the conduction, [m 2]
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dT = changes of temperature between 2 points, [K]

dx = changes of displacement between 2 points, [m]
From continuity the heat flow rate (Q) is the same for each section of the
conductor. Also the thermal conductivity (k) is constant (assuming no change with
average temperature of the material).
Hence,
AH (dT )
A (dT )
A (dT )
S
C
(2)
(dx H )
(dx S )
(dx C )
i.e. the temperature gradient is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area.

AC
AH

AC

XH

XS

AC

XC

Figure 4: Temperature distribution with various cross-sectional areas

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3.2

Laboratory Module

Radial Conduction Heat Transfer (Cylindrical)

Temperature
Distribution

Ti

To
Ri

Ro

Ri

Ro

Figure 5: Radial temperature distribution

When the inner and outer surfaces of a thick walled cylinder are each at a uniform
temperature, heat rows radially through the cylinder wall. From continuity
considerations the radial heat flow through successive layers in the wall must be
constant if the flow is steady but since the area of successive layers increases with
radius, the temperature gradient must decrease with radius.
The amount of heat (Q), which is conducted across the cylinder wall per unit time,
is:

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Laboratory Module

2Lk (Ti To )
R
ln o
Ri

(3)

where,
Q = heat flow rate, [W]
L = thickness of the material, [m]
W

k = thermal conductivity of the material,

Km
Ti = inner section temperature, [K]
To = outer section temperature, [K]
Ro = outer radius, [m]
Ri = inner radius, [m]

Linear Heat Conduction

A = D /4, D = 0.025 m
2

Measuring Point

Distance from Heater (mm)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Radial Heat Conduction

L = 0.003 m

Measuring Point

Radius, (mm)

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ERT 245 Heat And Mass Transfer in Biological Systems

10

20

30

40

50

Laboratory Module

4.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

4.1 Experiment 1: To investigate the thermal conductivity and thermal contact
resistance of brass in linear direction.
i.

Set the power of the heater.

ii.

Wait for 25 to 30 minutes until the temperature achieved at every measuring

point is stable.

iii.

Record the respective final temperature values at every point.

iv.

Record temperatures for power input from 0 to 20 watts

4.2 Experiment 2: To investigate the thermal conductivity of brass in radial

direction.
i.

Set the power of the heater.

ii.

Wait for 25 to 30 minutes until the temperature achieved at every measuring

point is stable.

iii.

Record the respective final temperature values at every point.

iv.

Record temperatures for power input from 0 to 20 watts

6.0 RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

6.1 Data table for experiment 1

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ERT 245 Heat And Mass Transfer in Biological Systems

Power, Q
(W)
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
Distance from
heater end, x
(m)

Laboratory Module

TT1
(C)

TT2
(C)

TT3
(C)

TT4
(C)

TT5
(C)

TT6
(C)

TT7
(C)

TT8
(C)

TT9
(C)

0.010

0.020

0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.090

6.2 Data table for experiment 2

Heater Power, Q
(Watts)
5
10
15
20
Distance from
heater end, x (m)

TT1

TT2

TT3

TT4

TT5

TT6

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

0.010

0.020

0.030

0.035

0.065

0.070

6.3 Determine the thermal conductivity of both experiments.

6.4 Determine the thermal contact resistance for experiment 1.
6.5 Show the temperature profile (graph) of both experiments.

7.0 DISCUSSION
Discuss /compare the thermal conductivity values obtained for linear and radial heat
conduction.

7.0 CONCLUSIONS
Refer to experiment objectives.

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