BBA-103

1) (i) MBO is a management practice which aims to increase organizational performance by

aligning goals and subordinate objectives throughout the organization.
(ii)A) T-Chart. A T-Chart is an orderly, graphic representation of alternative features or
points involved in a decision. In one form, it can be a list of positive and negative
attributes surrounding a particular choice. Drawing up such a chart insures that both the
positive and negative aspects of each direction or decision will be taken into account.
B) Decision tree: This is a graph or model that involves contemplating each option and
the outcomes of each. Statistical analysis is also conducted with this technique.
(iii)Two-way process of
reaching mutual understanding,
in
which participants not
only exchange (encode-decode) information, news, ideas and
feelings
but
also create and share meaning. In general, communication is a means of connecting people
or places.
In business,
it
is
a
key function of
management-an organization cannot operate without
communication
between
levels, departments and employees.
(iv)
The synchronization and integration of activities, responsibilities,
and
command
and control structures to ensure that the resources of an organization are used most efficiently in
pursuit of the specified objectives. Along with organizing, monitoring, and controlling,
coordinating
is
one
of
the
key functions of management.
(v)Formal organization is a fixed set of rules of intra-organizationprocedures and structures.
As such, it is usually set out in writing, with a language of rules that ostensibly leave little
discretion for interpretation.
2) The process of planning includes the determination of objectives and outlining the future
actions that are needed to achieve these objectives. Various steps that are followed in the process
of planning are:
(i) Identifying the problem: It involves the identification of the aim for the fulfillment of which
the plan is being formulated. If a new plan is require or the modification of an existing plan
could help in achieving these aims.
(ii) Gathering information about the activities involve: An effective plan needs complete
knowledge of the activities involved and their effect on other external and internal activities.
(iii) Analysis of information: This information is then analysed minutely and the information
related with similar subjects is classified so that similar type of data can be kept together.

(iv) Determining alternate plans: There are alternate plans available for the achievement of the
objectives and ingenuity and creativeness are required as some plans are also developed at this
stage.
(v) Selecting the plan: At this stage the plan which is acceptable to the operating personnel is
proposed. The adaptability and the cost of the plan are also taken into consideration.
(vi) Detailed sequence and timing: Detailed like who will perform which activity under the plan
and the time within which the plan should be carried out is determining in this step.
(vii) Progress check of the plan: The provisions are made for the follow up of the plan as the
success of any plan can be measured by the results only.
1.

4) DIVISION OF WORK: Work should be divided among individuals and groups to

ensure that effort and attention are focused on special portions of the task. Fayol presented
work specialization as the best way to use the human resources of the organization.

2.

AUTHORITY: The concepts of Authority and responsibility are closely related.

Authority was defined by Fayol as the right to give orders and the power to exact
obedience. Responsibility involves being accountable, and is therefore naturally associated
with authority. Whoever assumes authority also assumes responsibility.

3.

DISCIPLINE: A successful organization requires the common effort of workers.

Penalties should be applied judiciously to encourage this common effort.

4.

UNITY OF COMMAND: Workers should receive orders from only one manager.

5.

UNITY OF DIRECTION: The entire organization should be moving towards a common

objective in a common direction.

6.

SUBORDINATION OF INDIVIDUAL INTERESTS TO THE GENERAL

INTERESTS: The interests of one person should not take priority over the interests of the
organization as a whole.

7.

REMUNERATION: Many variables, such as cost of living, supply of qualified

personnel, general business conditions, and success of the business, should be considered
in determining a workers rate of pay.

8.

CENTRALIZATION: Fayol defined centralization as lowering the importance of the

subordinate role. Decentralization is increasing the importance. The degree to which
centralization or decentralization should be adopted depends on the specific organization in

which the manager is working.

9.

SCALAR CHAIN: Managers in hierarchies are part of a chain like authority scale. Each
manager, from the first line supervisor to the president, possess certain amounts of
authority. The President possesses the most authority; the first line supervisor the least.
Lower level managers should always keep upper level managers informed of their work
activities. The existence of a scalar chain and adherence to it are necessary if the
organization is to be successful.

10. ORDER: For the sake of efficiency and coordination, all materials and people related to
a specific kind of work should be treated as equally as possible.
11. EQUITY: All employees should be treated as equally as possible.
12. STABILITY OF TENURE OF PERSONNEL: Retaining productive employees should
always be a high priority of management. Recruitment and Selection Costs, as well as
increased product-reject rates are usually associated with hiring new workers.
13. INITIATIVE: Management should take steps to encourage worker initiative, which is
defined as new or additional work activity undertaken through self direction.
14. ESPIRIT DE CORPS: Management should encourage harmony and general good
feelings among employees.

BBA-104
1

(i)

(ii)

Coercion is the practice of forcing another party to act in an involuntary manner by

use of intimidation or threats or some other form of pressure or force.[1] It involves a
set of various types of forceful actions that violate the free will of an individual to
induce a desired response, usually having a strict choice or option against a person in
such a way a victim cannot escape.
Unpaid Seller Is A Person :i. To whom the whole price has not been paid or tendered.
ii. And where a bill of exchange or other negotiable instruments has been accepted by
him as a condition on which it was received has not been fulfilled by reason of
dishonor of the instrument or otherwise.

(iii)

It is also declares that any person who is in the position of a seller like agent is also
considered seller.
1. Active Partner :A person who provides his share in capital and also takes active part in the
management. The development of business depends upon the active partners.
2. Sleeping or Dormant Partners :These partners only provide capital and also share the profit and loss of the business.
A sleeping partner does not take part in the management of a firm. These are not
know to public as a partner.
3. Silent Partner :A silent partner is known to the public as a partner. He does not participate in the
affairs of the management. But be is liable to pay debts of the firm.
4. Secret Partner :He takes active part in the business but public does not know him as a partner of the
firm. He is liable to pay all the debts of the firm.
5. Nominal Partner :These partners do not share the profit and loss the firm. These do not participate in the
management of a firm. A firm only uses the name and goods reputation of the
partners. So these are called nominal partners.

(iv)

Agent should follow the instructions given by the principal. If agent comes across any
complicated situation, he has to communicate that situation to principal and his
advice is to be obtained. Agent should behave in his capacity as agent, he should not
run the transaction in his own name. Agent should not make secret profits
by utilizing reputation of the principal. Agent should safe guard property of principal
particularly upon happening of events like death of principal, insolvency of principal,
etc. Agent should maintain proper accounting records to enrol the transactions run by

(v)

him. Agent has to remit amounts to principal properly. Agent has to remit amounts to
principal properly. Agent should not carry on delegation.
The National Human Rights Commission(NHRC) of India is an autonomous public
body constituted on 12 October 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights
Ordinance of 28 September 1993.
2. A contract must have two parties with legal capacity to enter a contract
(for example, they must be legally able to sell the goods the contract
relates to. Many contracts will also require the persons involved to be
adults.)
The parties must follow the general steps of offer, acceptance, and
consideration. That is, someone must present the proposed contract
terms, which may then be accepted or rejected by the other party. If they
are accepted, consideration is required: something of value must change
hands as payment for the promise.
An enforceable contract should contain as many of the terms agreed
between the parties as possible In a contract for kitchen renovations for
example, you may tell a building company that you want a new kitchen
bench installed and agree upon a price for the work which will be done in
exchange for that payment. However unless the terms of the arrangement
are fully agreed, contract law issues could then arise in the absence of
terms relating to the type of kitchen bench, or the time for completion of
the installation.
Some contracts will have a requirement of writing. Common examples of
this include guarantees and real estate sales.
Most agreements made in a business context will be interpreted as being
legally binding.

4.
1. Right to Safety:

According to this right the consumers have the right to be protected against the marketing of
goods and services which are hazardous to life and property, this right is important for safe and
secure life. This right includes concern for consumers long term interest as well as for their
present requirement.
Sometimes the manufacturing defects in pressure cookers, gas cylinders and other electrical
appliances may cause loss to life, health and property of customers. This right to safety protects
the consumer from sale of such hazardous goods or services.

2. Right to Information:
According to this right the consumer has the right to get information about the quality, quantity,
purity, standard and price of goods or service so as to protect himself against the abusive and
unfair practices. The producer must supply all the relevant information at a suitable place.
3. Right to Choice:
According to this right every consumer has the right to choose the goods or services of his or her
likings. The right to choose means an assurance of availability, ability and access to a variety of
products and services at competitive price and competitive price means just or fair price.
The producer or supplier or retailer should not force the customer to buy a particular brand only.
Consumer should be free to choose the most suitable product from his point of view.
4. Right to be Heard or Right to Representation:
According to this right the consumer has the right to represent him or to be heard or right to
advocate his interest. In case a consumer has been exploited or has any complaint against the
product or service then he has the right to be heard and be assured that his/her interest would
receive due consideration.
This right includes the right to representation in the government and in other policy making
bodies. Under this right the companies must have complaint cells to attend the complaints of
customers.
5. Right to Seek Redressal:
According to this right the consumer has the right to get compensation or seek redressal against
unfair trade practices or any other exploitation. This right assures justice to consumer against
exploitation.

The right to redressal includes compensation in the form of money or replacement of goods or
repair of defect in the goods as per the satisfaction of consumer. Various redressal forums are set
up by the government at national level and state level.
6. Right to Consumer Education:
According to this right it is the right of consumer to acquire the knowledge and skills to be
informed to customers. It is easier for literate consumers to know their rights and take actions but
this right assures that illiterate consumer can seek information about the existing acts and
agencies are set up for their protection.
The government of India has included consumer education in the school curriculum and in
various university courses. Government is also making use of media to make the consumers
aware of their rights and make wise use of their money.
Apart from the above six rights two additional rights are recommended by the UNO.