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Cop)right C
20ll
?012 - DerlalDecls
When border molding a mandibular custom tray that will be used for a final dmture impression:
. The distobuccal extension is determined by the position and action ofthe masseter muscle.
. The distolingual extension is limited by the action ofthe superior constrictor muscle.
. The buccal vestibule: proper extension into this area provides the best support for the mandibular denture. This area is refened to as the buccal shelf.
. Lingual frenum: the proper borders must be established with movements ofthe tongue when border molding. The genioglossus muscle influencs the lengdr ofthe flange during normal movements
of the tongue.
. The mentalis muscle will elevate the mandibular antrior labial arer unless this border is established by accurate border molding.
. The retromol.r pad: marks the distal termination ofedentulous ddge. This structure needs to be covered for support and retention.
. The mylohyoid area: the flange in this ara must accommodate the movemnt ofthe mylohyoid
muscle in swallowing.
. The retromylohyoid area: this area is limited posteriorly by the action ofthe palatoglossus muscle
and inferiorly by the lingual slip ofthe superior constrictor muscle.
Remember: The palatoglossus, superior pharlalgeal constrictor, mylohyoid, and genioglossus muscles
are influential in molding the lingual border ofthe mandibular impression for an edentulous patient.
Import.nt:
The most important consideration in checking custom trays for accurate border molding is
The primary difference between border molding with a ZOE impression matcrial and border molding
with modeling plastic is that the zoE impression material must be border molded during one inseropposed to two insertions with modeling comtion and within the setting time of the mate al
oound.
-as
To increase the capacity of the underlying structures to withstand the stress due to
biting force and to increase the effectiveness ofthe seal
Coplrighr
@ 201
***
Key point
undcrcxtcnsion ofthc pcriphcral bordcr ofa complctc mandibular dcntrrrc dccrcascs tissuc-bear- affccting dcnturc stability. Merked ridge resorption will occur ifa mandibular complctc dcning surfaccs, lhcrcby
turc base terminates short ofthc rctromolar padThc underlying basal bote (be eath lhe retromoldrpdd) is rcsistant lo rcsorption. Covemge ofthis arca will also
provide some bordcr seal- An overload ofthe mucosa will occur iflhc bascs covcring thc area are too smali in oulRemember: Mandibular denn[cs do not rely on suction from a pcriphcral scal for retention /ds do marillary den|r,"es, but rather on dcnturc stabiljty in covcring as much basal bonc as possiblc $ithout i'rpinging on thc musclc
attachmcnts. Thc active bordrmolding perfonned bythc lips, chccks, and tonguc determines the peripheral areas
ofa mandibular arch, thus establishirg ma{imal basc bonc covcrage.
Limiting structurcs ofthc mrndibular dcnturc:
. Mandibular lnterior labial area: thc action of the mentalis musclc and the mucolabial fold dctcrmincs thc cxtcnsion ofthe denture flangc jn lhis arca.
. Mandibular labial frenum: lhis band offib.ous conncctive tissue hclDs attach thc orbicularis oris musclc. Thc
sizc ofthis s(ructurc limits thc cxtcnsion ofthc dcnturc bordcr. thc thickncss oflhc dcnturc basc, and aflects thc
position olthc mandibular tccth.
. Buccal vestibule: is infiucnccd by the buccinator musclc which has musclc fibcrs that run in an obliquc dircction and thcrcforc bave littlc displacing aclion- Propcr cxtcnsion into this arca provides the best support for thc
mandibular dcnturc. Tlis arca is rcfcrred to as thc buccrl shelf.
. :|Iasscter area: thc dcnturc is limited in a latcral dircction by lbc action ofthc massctcr musclc.
. Retromolar padi marks thc distal termination ofcdcntulous ridgc. This structurc nccds to bc covcrcd fbr suppon and rctcntion. By doing lhis thc intcgrity ofbonc in lhis arca is maintaincd and allows for support.
' Lingurl frenum: thc proper bordcrs must bc cstablished with movemcnts ofthc longuc whcn bordcr molding.
Thc gcnioglossus musclc inlluenccs lhe length ofthc flangc during normal movcmcnts ofthe tongue.
. Sublingual gland sreai maximum cxtcnsion dcsircd without ovcrcxtcnsion.
' \ll lohtoid area: thc flangc in this arca must accommodatc the movcmcnt ofthc mylohyoid musclc in swallowing
. Retromllohloid area: this area is limitcd posteriorlyby thc action ofthc palatoglossus musclc and inferiorly by
rhr lingual slip ofthc superior constrictor musclc. Ifthcsc musclcs arc impingcd upon, thc paticnt may dcvclop a
sora throat. Notei This is often ahc most diflicult are to manaqc.
Recontouring of the healing ridge progresses rapidly for four to six months and does
not become stable in fonn until l0 -12 months post extraction. Due to this, immediate
dentures become progressively more ill-fitting. They should be relined five months and
ten months after delivery in order to compensate for contour changes. Note: This is a general timeline; each case needs to be evaluated monthly and, if necessary, relines
performed.
A reline is indicated on any denture when the diagnostic information indicates that a re-
Note: When
. Gagging
. Cheek biting
. Reduced taste
Speech aberrations
This is done for the purpose of correcting undetected enors. Tissue trauna attributed to
denture function manifests as h)?eremia, inflammation, ulceration, and pain.
The basic sequence ofthe clinical procedure for a 24 hour recall appointment is:
l. Remove the dentures from the mouth.
2. Thoroughly examine the mouth.
3. Ask the patient about the areas oftissue trauma which have been obseryed.
4. Pemit the patient to describe additional complaints.
ill
ofocclusion
Biting comers of the mouth
\otes
l. Lip biting may be due to reduced muscle tone and/or a large anterior horizontal overlap.
2. Tongue biting may be caused by having posterior teeth too far lingually.
Cop)righl O
201
. lncisive foramen
. Palatal mucosa
. Hamular notch
. Posterior palatal seal
7
Coplaight O 20ll-?012 - Denral Decks
Setting anterior teeth directly over the ridge usually causes poor esthetics of dentures.
Also, it is important to have accurate adaptation ofthe border seal and adequate bulk of
the maxillary facial flange for good esthetics. Vertical dimension ofocclusion affects the
lip support as well.
For most patients, the labial surface ofthe central incisor should be approximately 8 mm
anterior to the center ofthe incisive papilla. The labioincisal onethird ofthe maxillary
central incisors should support the lower lip when the teeth are in occlusion.
Important: The long ares of the maxillary central incisors should be perpendicular to
the occlusal plane; the long axes of the maxillary lateral incisors should have an asyrnmetric mesiodistal inclination.
Remember: Maxillary central incisors are the most important teeth when esthetics is
under consideration. Their placement controls the midline, speaking line, lip support and
srniling line composition. Note: Placement of maxillary anterior teeth in complete dentures too far superiorly and anteriorly might result in difficulty in pronouncing "f'and "v"
sounds.
Some
1.
,,Note{,
Residual ridges can be ruined by the use of denture adhesives and home-reliners.
Therefore. patients should be specifically warned about their uses. These agents can modifl the position ofthe denture on the ridge and result in change ofboth vertical and centric relations.
The trNtment plan for a patient indicates thst both manilibular and maxi.llary
immediate dentures are to be fabricated. The ideal wav to do this is:
8
Coplright O 201
I 201?,
Denial Decls
. Fabricate
tissues
I
Cop)righr C
201
The main reason for this is to avoid setting the maxillary teeth to the likely malpositions
Important: Ifthe master casts are altered in an immediate denture procedure (e.g., elimination ofgt"oss undercuts), it is advisable to construct a second denture base that is transparent (called a surgicol stent or template). This surgical stent is placed over the ridge after
the teeth are exhacted. Pressure points and undercuts are readily visible and surgical ridge
conection can be performed.
Remember: The duplication ofthe master cast used for the construction ofthe surgical
template to be used at the time of immediate denture insertion is best rnade after wax
elimination and after the cast is trimmed.
Note: A major advantage with immediate dentures is being able to duplicate the
position of the natural teeth.
Important: The patient should understand both the cause ofthe tissue deterioration and
the eventual outcome ifthe process is not arrested.
Treatment plan for tissue rcovry from abused tissues:
. Remove the dentures: at least for 24 hours or until the tissues retum to normal size,
shape, color, consistency, and texture. Note: Ifthe constant wear ofunacceptable dentures is the cause of the tissue abuse, the most efficient preliminary treatment is removal ofthe dentures. However, business and social commitments may not permit
removal for extended periods. In such patients, resilient tissue conditioning materials may be used to assist in the tissue recovery program.
the patient clean the dentures: with a sofi brush and no abrasive agents. They
should be instructed to soak the dentures for at least 30 minutes in a commercially
available denture disinfectant solution.
. Ifpatient has a Candida albicans infection (either generalized or angular cheilitis):
should be treated by using nystatin oral rinses for generalized infection and nystatin
h|ith tridmcinolone acetonide) cream for angular cheilitis.
. Resilient tissue conditioning materials may be needed to assist in the tissue recovery program.
. Have
Other procedures recommended as aids in the treatment ofabused tissues include massage and warm saline rinses.
The continuous functional feedback for the neuromuscular system from proprioceptors
in the periodontal membrane
10
. B, P, and M
as
f,
v, or ph)
sounds
'11
The overdenture is a denture whose base is constructed to cover all ofthe existing residual ridge and selected roots. Retained roots help to prevent resorption of the alveolar
ridges. These roots also improve retention and afford the patient some proprioceptive
sense
It is not always necessary to cover a root beneath an overdenture, however, ifa root is
not covered, the exposed surfaces are highly susceptible to decay, The oral hygiene of
the patient must be impeccable to prevent the decay ofthese roots.
Note: Retained roots are the most common findings when taking routine panoramic
radiographs of patients who wear complete dentures (rol necessarily overdentures).
Important: The general rule for retained root tips with no radiolucency and the cortical margin ofbone intact is that they can remain in place; however, the patient should
be informed oftheir presence. They should be removed if the cortical plate is perforated
and/or the PDL or radiolucent area is getting larger
mine the position ofthe incisal edges ofthe maxillary anterior teeth.
. Linguoalyeolar sounds or sibilants (s, z, sh, ch, and j): arc made with the tip of the
tongue and the most anterior part ofthe palate or lingual surface ofthe teeth. Note: These
sounds help determine the vertical length and overlap ofthe antedor teeth. Important: A
whistling sound with dentures is indicative ofhaving a posterior dental arch form that is too
narrow or high.
. Linguodental sou nds (this, that, and those,),' the tip of the tongue should protrude slightly
between the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth. Note: These sounds help determine
the labiolingual position ofthe anterior teeth.
. The b, p, and m solnds: are made by contact of the lips. Not: Insuficient lip support
by the teeth or the labial flange can affect the production ofthese sounds.
Note: The two most probable causes of a patient complaining that whenever he/she tries to
make an "s" sound. it sounds like "th" are:
have the patient pronounced the s sound; the inas the closest spaking space.
Remember:
. Ifthe teeth are positioned too far lingually, the "t" will tend to sound like a "d." Ifthe teeth
are positioned too far labially, the "d" will sound more like a "t."
. An increased occlusal vertical dimension can result in clicking ofteeth.
The
. To incise food
. Occlusion
. Esthetics
12
Coplright O 201l-2012, Denral Decks
. Fibrous tuberosities
. Too great a vertical dimension ofocclusion
. A lack ofposterior occlusion
Coplrigh O 20ll-2012
- Dental Deck!
Spaces, lapping, rotation, and color changes can bejudiciously used to create a natural
Whistling when
a patient speaks
Note: In general, functional needs overshadow those ofesthetics when selecting posterior teeth. Do not set mandibular molars over the ascending area ofthc mandible
because the occlusal forces in the area will dislodse the mandibular denture.
The patient's chiefcomplaint will be looseness ofthe maxillary denture. Thcy will also state thal they
can no longer see their upper teeth on the denture. These signs and symptoms are caused by a lack of
postcrior occlusion.
Important: A patient wearing a maxillary complete denture and a mandibular bilateral distal-extension removable partial may show:
. Decreased vertical dimension ofocclusion
. A prognathic facial appearance
\ote: \\ftcn
a complete
maxillary dcnture opposes natural mandibular anterior tecth. the marillary tn-
.
)-oter,.
*'
tion.
l. D"ntu." ."tertion
. Adequate coverage of tray borders with the material used for border molding
14
Cop)right O 201l-2012 - Dental Deks
. Residual ridges
. Palatal rugae
. Incisive papilla
. Maxillary tuberosity
. Buccal vestibule
15
Cop)'righr O
20ll-2012,
Dental Decks
Border molding is completed in two stages. In the lirst stage the molding should approximate the borders but should be slightly overextended. Excess compound is trimmed
from inside and outside ofthe tray. The remaining modeling compound is then refined by
repeating the process. The final form ofthe border molding should represent an accurate
impression ofthe peripheral tissues. The modeling compound should have a smooth, almost polished appearance.
After border molding is cornpleted, some areas ofthe modeling compound should be relieved because the tissues are extremely displaceable and have probably been distorted
during the border molding process. These areas include around the maxillary labial
frenum and over the retromolar pad areas.
***
The primary support areas of the maxillary complete denture are thc residual ridges (the
ntatillan
and
palatine bones),
Remember:
. The secondary peripheral seal arca for a mandibular complete denture is thc anterior lingual border
. Ifyou are labricating a mandibular complete denture for a patient with a knife-edge ridge,
you need maximal extension of the denturc to help distribute the forces of occlusion over a
Iarger arca
Important: The most important factor for providing retention for complctc
ripheral seal.
\-
. Zygomaticus
. Orbicularis oris
. Temporalis
. Masseter
'|6
Coplaighr
e 20ll'2012
- Dental Decks
CoDright O
201
I 2012,
Denial Decls
very common area ofoverextension and should be checked very well when delivering the mandibular denture.
This is
The buccinator muscle lies under the denture flange in this area but the fibers run anteroposterior in a horizontal plane and their action is weak; the anterior fibers of the
masseter muscl pass outside the buccinator at the distobuccal comer ofthe mandibular
denture and will push against the buccinator during function causing dislodgement.
Important: When the posterior maxillary buccal space is entirely filled with the denture flange, the coronoid process may interfere with the denture upon opening of the
rrouth. This will cause dislodgement olthe maxillary denture.
L The superficial layer ofthe masseter muscle originates from the zygomatic
process of the maxilla and inserts at the angle and lower lateral side of the
ramus of the mandible.
2. The pterygomandibular raphe lies between the buccinator and superior
constdctor muscles.
Dislodgement indicates overextnsion and the border molding process should be refined
in the offending area. Common areas ofoverextension ofthe mandibular impression are
the labial and the truccal. This is suspected when the impression raises as the mouth is
opened.
The most critical area in the border-molding procedure for a maxillary denture is the
mucogingival fold above the maxillary tuberosity area. This area is extremely important
for maximal retention. Other critical areas are the labial frena in the midline and the
frena in the bicuspid area. Overextension in these areas often leads to decreased reten-
\ote:
. Centric relation
. Location ofthe hinge axis point
t8
Copyright O2011,2012 - Dental Dcks
'|9
Coptrigir
@ 201 1,201 2
, Dnral Decks
A face-bow is a caliper-like device used to record the patient's maxilla / hinge axis relationship (opening and closing axis).It is also used to transfer this relationship to the articulator during the mounting of the maxillary cast. Ifthe face-bow tratsfer procedure is
properly done, the arc ofclosure on the articulator should duplicate that exhibited by the
patient. This hinge-axis face-bow transfer enables alteration in vertical dirnension on
the articulator
Note: When altering vertical dimension (either through restorations or with dentures),
casts should be mounted on the hinge axis.
When the maxilla,4ringe axis relation is transfened to the fully adjustable articulator, it
may be necessary to obtain the precise tracing of the paths followed by the condyles. A
pantograph is an instrument which carries out this task with the help of two face-bows.
One is attached to the maxilla and the other to the mandible using a clutch that attaches
the teeth in their resDeclive arches
When fabricating dentures, there are two methods used to preserve the face-bow
transfer:
l.Taking a plaster index ofthe occlusal surfaces of a maxillary denture before removing the denture from the articulator and cast (see picture below).
2. Placing a piece of 10x wax on the occlusal surfaces of the mandibular teeth and
closing the articulator in centric relation. Chill the wa.x, drop the incisal guide pin to
touch the incisal guide table (do not change).
Important: The plaster index method is the preferred method due to possible distortion
ofwax.
[tlaxillary Oenture
Plastor lndex Cast
20
Cop}tiSh O
. The
newness
ofthe denture
base
21
Coplaighr O
201
Spcech problcms due to faulty tooth position can be avoided by placing thc dcnturc tccth as close as possible to thc
position ofthc natural tccth. Note: Thc most cffcctivc timc to lcst for phonctics is at thc timc oflhc wax try-in oithc
t.ial dcrture frlrr rs l/s!d f thefourth appointmett). Faulty palatal contours can bc co.rcctcd by trial and crror Add
wax to incrcasc contours and rcducc as nccdcd to improvc articulation ofsounds. Note: Paticnts who have becn edentulous for many years oficn havc more distorted spccch than thosc \r'ho havc bccn cdcntulous lbra shorllimc. This
is usually duc to a loss oftonus ofthc tonguc musculaturc.
& "1f'lomds
are
'
nade
At the first appointment after insertion ofcomplete dentures, the presence olgeneralized
soreness on the crest of the mandibular ridge is most likely due to improper occlusion
(premature occlusdl contqcts). To identify these, the best method in the mouth is to use
disclosing wax that is slightly warmed. Insert the wax bilaterally and bave the patient
close into centric. The prematurities will show up as windows in the wax' Once centric
is complete, be sure to check eccentric movements.
Important: Acrylic spicules, inaccurate denture bases and trapped food can all cause ulcers as rvell. Ifan acrylic spicule is found, it should be reduced. Ifan inaccurate denture
base is suspected, it should be relined.
-.;:.iot{]
r
'@f
1.
After relining dentures, ifa patient constantly retums for adjustments due to
sore spots on the ridge, check the occlusion. The relining procedure may have
Remember: Casts mounted with an interocclusal record are mounted more accurately if the material used is selected according to the accuracy of the casts
bing articulated (casts produced with iteversihle hydocolloid are more accurateb) mounted with wtu records, and casts obtained with elastomeric materi'
sls are more accurately mounted with elsstomeric registration materials or
zinc and eugenol paste).
. Frankfort's plane
. Camper's line
. Fox plane
. Horizontal condylar inclination
22
Copright O 20l l-2012 - Dntal D4ks
. Insufficient
23
Coplrighr O20ll-2012 - Dental Dcts
Occlusion rims are the resultant product after adding base plate wax to a record base
in order to approximate the tooth position and arch form expected in the completed denture,
sion rirn should be attached to the completed partial denture framework in-
Acrylic resin used for denture repairs should be under 20-30 psi air pressure while being
processed to help eliminate porosities. These porosities, ifpresent, will usually occur in
the thickest part ofthe denture. Self-cured resins are generally used for repairs instead
ofheat-cured resins because the risk of distorting the denture is less.
l. When there is a rapid elevation in temperature causing vaporization ofthe liquid, the vapor is then trapped as gas bubbles.
2. Porosities will also occur if the packing and processing ofthe powder and
liquid resin is too pllstic (stringl or sandy/. This permits the liquid to vaporize
and, at the same time, does not allow sufficient pressure during closure of the
flask.
. Increased post-insertion
care
. Increased post-insertion
soreness
21
Cop).righr O 201 l-2012 - Denlal Decks
The face-bow is a caliper-like device used to record the patient's maxilla,/hinge axis
relationship (opening and closing axis)
. If
the transfer is done properly, the arc of closure on the articulator should duplicate
that exhibited by the patient
. The face-bow transfer is used to transfer the maxilla/hinge axls relationship to the
articulator during the mounting ofthe maxillary cast
25
Coplriglt
C 201
l-2012 Dmtal
Decks
.Increased post-insrtion care, including relining or remaking the denturcs. Contour changes occur in
the healing residual ridge for 8-12 months.
.Incrersed post-delivery soreness. The combination of post-extraction pain and denture related trauma
often produces greater discomfoit during the first few days following insertion.
. Greater complxity ofclinical procedures. Forexample, bordermolding and final impressions are more
difficult when natural teeth remain.
. Higher total cost of treatment Ther is an increased expense due to the need for relines and repeated equilibration of the occlusion.
Advanlags of immediate dentures:
. Continuously acceptable esthetics. Immediate dentures are esthetically advantageous in that the palient
is never without either natural or artificial teeth.
. Improved speech adrption. Immediate dentures rcquire only one period ofspeech adaptation, whereas
conventional denture trcatment requircs two; one afierthe teeth are extracted and anothcr after thc dentures
are delivered.
'
as a typ
ets.
. Continuously acceptabl masticatory function. The patient retains some semblance ofchewing ability
during the healing process.
. Prevention oftongue enlirgement. When naiural teeth are lost and not replaced, the tongue tends to expand into the available space.
To help the patient get through the fiIst day ofwearing immediate dentures, instruct him to do the following:
dentures
. Retum in 24 hours
***
This is false; it is a record used to orient the maxillary cast to the hinge axis on the
articulator.
"",f
{.
;
"t
T = Tragus
ofear
Several varieties of arbitrary face-t ows are available. All are based on an average location ofthe hinge axis and will yield an enor of2 mm or less in the majority ofpatients.
Arbitrary rotational centers are generally located over measured points on the face or by
some type of earpiece. One average measurement (above picture) places the rotational
point 13 rnm anterior to the distal edge of the tragus of the ear' along a line from the
superior-inferior center ofthe tragus to the outer canthus of the eye. The condylar styli
of the face-bow are then placed directly over the dots.
. Is not
necessary
ifa
. Will vary in outline and depth according to the palatal form ofthe patient
26
CopriShr C
201 I
'l0l:
- Dental Decks
. Pterygomaxillary notch
. Vibrating line
. Hamular
process
. Fovea palatinae
27
CopFighr O 201l-2012 - Dnlal Deks
The posterior palatal se|l is completed before the final arangement ofthe posterior teeth because this firal
arrangement is a laboratory procedure and is done in the absence of the patient. The anterior lilre that indi_
cates the location ofthe poste or palatal sealis drawn on the cast in fiont ofthe line indicating the end ofthe
denture. The width ofthe posteriorpalatal sealitselfis limited to a bead on the denture that is I to 1.5 mm high
and 1.5 mm broad rt its base. A greater width creates an area oftissue placement that will have a tendency
ro push the denture downward gradually and to defeat the purpose ofthe posterior palatal seal ln other words,
rhe posterior palatal seal should not be made too wide.
A !'-sh|ped grcove I to 1.5 mm deep is carved into the cast at the location ofthe bead. A large, sharp scmper
is used to carve it, passing through the hrmuler notches and across the palate ofthe cast. The $oove will form
a bead on the denture that prcvides the posterior palatal seal. The bad will be I to 1.5 mm high, 1.5 mm
wide at its base, and sh|rp tt its apex. The depth ofthe grooves will be determined by the thickness ofthe
soft tissue against which it is placed and will establish $e height of the bead.
Remember: The posterior palatal seal will vary in outline and depth according to the
palatal form of the patient.
Functions of the Posterior Palatal Seal:
. Completes the border seal ofthe maxillary denture
. Prevents impaction of food beneath the tissue surface of the denture
. Improves the physiologic retention of the denture
. Compensates for shrinkage of the denture resin during processing
2A
Cop}Tighr O 201 1,2012 - Dertal Decks
r ln rhc nnraaloin
. In the metal
29
Copyrighl O 20ll-2012, Dent.l Decks
It must bc emphasized that one or more of these items are also frcquently encountered in persons with intact dentitions because the compromised facial support of the edentulous state is
not the cxclusive cause of thc morphological changes. Patient's weight loss, age, and hcavy
tooth attrition manifest orcfacial changes suggestive ofcompromised, or absent, dental support
for the overlying tissues.
Pre-extraction guides for selecting afiificial teeth from edentulous patients include:
. Diagnostic
1. Degenerative joint disease is frequently scen in denture wearen but this may be
age related rather than the state ofthe dentition.
2. The recording of centric relation is considered as an essential starting point in
the design ofthe artificial denture.
3. ln complete denture prosthodontics the position ofthe maximum planned intercuspation of teeth or centric occlusion, is established to coincide with the pa-
One of the major reasons for the acceptance ofporcelain fused to metal restorations is
its greater strength and resistance to fracture. The combination of porcelain and metal,
fused together, is stronger than porcelain alone. Because true adhesion occurs, the bond
strength is such that failure or fracture will occur in the porcelain farther than at the
porcelain-metal interface.
Remembr: Porcelain is much stronger under compressive forces than it is when subjected to tensile forces by the opposing teeth. Porcelain fracture in all-ceratnic restorations
can be avoided by keeping the angles ofthe prparation rounded.
. Porosity
. Thickness
Surface area
CopFight C
201
30
l-2012 - Dental Decks
. A limited number ofedentulous areas which would not otherwise be more satisfactorily restored with a removable partial denture
The need to prevent the over-eruption ofopposing teeth and the ddft of teeth neighboring
the edentulous space
. Esthetics
. Patient motivation, including time availability
. Clinical
.
All ofthe
above
31
CopFiSh C
201
l,l0l2
- Dertal Dcks
Soldering is used in dentistry to connect bridgework and in fabricating orthodontic appliances. Gold solders are generally used for fixed bridgework and silver solders for orthodontic appliances. It is important that the solder melt at least 150oF below the fusion
temperatures ofthe metals or alloys being solders (for obvious reasons).
A good solderjoint between 2 castings requires clean surfaces and fre electrons present on the surfaces.
Note: The bonding ofthe solder is contingent upon wetting ofthejoined surfaces by the
solder, and not upon melting ofthe metal components.
Cleanliness is the most important prerequisite ofsoldering, since the soldering process
depends upon wetting ofthe surfaces to achieve bonding. Fluxing is the oxidative cleaning ofthe area to be soldered. Fluxes are used to dissolve surface impurities and to protect the surface from oxidation while heating. Note: Fluxing is also performed on molten
metal alloys during the casting ofa crown or partial denture framework.
. Unacceptable occlusion
. Bruxism
\ote+
'.;** .
l. If the clinical and technical skills ofthe dentist do not match the demands
ofthe case, fixed bridgework should not be undertaken because a failed bridge
is likely to be more detrimental to dental health than a failed removable partial
dnture.
2.Unless specifrcally contraindicated, fixed restorations are always the treatment of choice.
3. Fixed bridgework can be used in conjunction with removable partials. Example: A patient with a couple ofmissing anterior teeth and no posterior teeth.
Treatment could be fixed bridgework in the anterior and a partial denture replacing posterior teeth.
4. Although somewhat controversial, the literature recommends that you should
not splint natural teeth and implants in a fixed partial denture. Implants
have no periodontal ligament and so do not have the same capacity to ab-
sorb shocks as do natural teeth (they have dffirent mobilityb). When this
bridge is subject to occlusal loading, the difference has been shown to be
detrimental to the natural teeth as well as cause bone loss around the imDlants.
. Periodontal disease
. Recunent caries
. Vertical root fracture
. The need for an apicoectomy
32
Coplrigh O
All of the following are indications for porcelain veneers EXCEPT one,
Whieh one is the -EXCEPZOfr?
vitality
-hypoplasia
-tetracycline
of the enamel
be inappropriate
of
***
The main symptom will almost always be pain when biting. The radiograph usu-
. Ifthe endodontically treated tooth is to serve as a bridge abutment, it is not necessary to make the root canal preparation parallel with the line of draw ofother preparations
it can be treated as an independent abutment
The post and core, when used, is made separate from the final restoration. The crown is
then fabricated and cemented over the core just as a restoration would be placed over a
preparation done in tooth structure.
For teeth with little or no clinical crown that have roots with adequate length, bulk, and
straightness, a post and core can be utilized. For posterior teeth with less extensive destruction ofcoronal tooth structure, or for those possessing less favorable root conhgurations. a pin retained amalgam or composite core can be used.
***
Other contraindications to porcelain veneers include: traumatic occlusal contacts, unfavorable morphology, insufficient tooth structure, and insumcient enamel.
. The veneer should be tried in wet with either a drop of water or glycerine to check
for fit. A reliable estimate for the possible post-cementation appearance with try-in
pastes can also be performed.
. The veneer fit surface should be cleaned to rernove any saliva contamination or try-
in composite
. Ifthe fit surface has not previously been treated with silane and protected with lightcured unfilled resin, this should be done at this stage
. The enamel surface should be cleaned with pumice and water
. While protecting adjacent teeth with matrix strips, the enamel is acid-etched with di-
luted hydrofluoric acid. Note: The etched surface is washed and dried and a layer of
unfilled bond resin is applied and thinned with oil-free air
. An appropriate shade oflight-cured composite is applied to the fit surface ofthe veneer which is "puddled" into place on the tooth surface
. Gross excess of composite should be removed and light-curing completed
. Remaining excess composite is removed with finishing diamond burs, discs, strips,
etc., and the margins finely polished
. The patient should be seen in approximately one week
. One
. Two
. Thiee
. Four
34
Cop,.righl O2011,2012 - Denral Decks
. Maxillary premolar
. Mandibular premolar
. Mandibular molar
. Maxillary molar
35
Coplright
@ 201 I -20 12
- Dental
Deck
Important: One factor that limits th length ofthe pontic span is the abutmnt teeth's ability to accept the additional occlusal load while providing adequatc support to the cemented fixed partial denturc. Ant's law stales
that the root surface arca ofthe abutment tcelh supported by bone must equal or surpass the root surface area
ofthe teeth being replaced with pontics.
An edentulous spacc involving four adjacent teth otherthan four incisors is usually best treated lvith a removable partial denlure. [f more than one edentulous space exists in the same arch, even though each of
thcm could be individually rcstorcd with a bridge, it may be dcsirable to restore them with a removabie partial denture. This is especially true ifthe spaccs arc bilateral and each one involves two or more missing teeth
be used as abutments, sinc they fiequently display incomplete eruption; shon, fused
roots; and a marked mesial inclination in the absence ofa second molar Note: Diverging multirooled, curvd,
and broad labiolinglal roots are prefened over fused, single, conical, and round circumferential roots.
Remember:
. Splinling adjacent abumlent teeth in a fixed bridge is primarily done to improve the distrit ution ofthe
occlusal load,
. In order to maintain and protect the health ofthe gingival tissues and prcvent recession, lhe correct contour of the cro$n's gingival one-third to one-fifth and interproximal areas are most impofiant in the final
restoratioD,
hrklge).
This design preserves the lingual surface and is indicated for restoring mandibular molars with damaged buccal surfaces and intact lingual surfaces. It is also useful on teeth with
severe lingual inclinations where large quantities oftooth structure would be destroyed if
a full veneer crown were to be used.
The standard thre-quarter crown is a partial veneer crown in which the buccal surface is left uncovered. It is the most commonly used form ofthe partial veneer crowns.
A patient with a high caris index, short clinical crowns, and minimal horizontal overlap would not be a candidate for partial veneer crowns. The restoration ofchoice would
be a
Note: Rtention and resistance forms in full coverage preparations on short molai:s can
be enhanced by placing several vertical grooves or boxes.
. Have
of
2 600lo
. Have
of
> 45%
of )
[ 50%
36
Copyright O 201l-2012 - Dental Decks
. \\'ithin
the sulcus at least 1.0 mm and away from the free gingival margin without
encroaching on the biologic width
Supragingival whenever possible (at least 0.5 mm from the free gingival ntargin) to
37
Cop)righr O
20ll-2012
Dental Decks
content.
Porcclain adhercs to mctal primarily by a chemical bond, A covalent bond is cstablished by sha;ng 02 with thc clcmcnts prcscnt in thc porcelain and the mctal alloy. These clemcnts includcsilicon dioxidc (SlO, in lheporcclain and
oxidizing clcmcnts such as indium, tin, and gallium in thc mctal alloy.
***
There is general agreement among dentists and researchers that optimum fixed prosthetic restorations will display supragingival finish lines.
Such positioning is quite often not possible because ofesthetic or caries considerations.
Subsequently. the margin must be placed subgingivally. Ifa margin needs to be placed sub-
gingivally, the major concem is not to extend the preparation into the attachment apparatus. Ifthe margin does extend into the attachment apparatus, a constant gingival irritant
has been constructed and ultimatety the crown will fail. In this case, the tooth should
have had crown lengthening performed on it prior to final crown preparation.
Remembr: It is important to maintain the biological width (the combined width of the
connective tissue attachment and thejunctional epithelium, which averages approximately
2 mm).
The most important criterion for a gingival margin on a crown preparation is that its
position is easily discemible
be able to recognize it easily. Note: The most com-must
regarding a PFM prosthesis is improper margins in the
mon complaint oflab technicians
impression.
with
a nearby
bulk of
metal. This acute edge or angle can be easily bumished to improve its fit.
as
Silica-bonded investments
. Phosphate-bonded investments
. Gypsum-bonded investments
The metal and porcelain must have compatible melting temperatures as well as compalible coe{ficient of thermal expansions
. The metal coping should preferably have sharp surfaces to prevent shrinkage of the
porcelain
. In function,
39
Coplright O 201 l-2012, Denral Decks
A dental inyestment is a refractory material that is used to surround the wax pattern during the
procedure of fabricating thc metallic prmanent restoration. It forms the mold into which the
alloy is cast after the wax has been eliminated.
a casting
compensate for the shrinkage of molten metal as it solidifies. Metal casting alloys have diffcrpure metals and alloys of eutectic composition have a melting point.
ent melting ranges
Ti pe I is used when casting base metal alloys for rnetal-ceramic crowns and Type II is used
for removable partial denhrre frameworks. Are capable of withstanding high temperatures
/abote 1,100"C).
. Silica-bonded investments: binder is ethyl silicate. Not used much today.
The refractory material for thcse invcstments is either quartz or cristobalite. This material prolides the thermal expansion for the investment. Note: The expansion of the investment provides a larger mold to compensate for the subsequent contraction ofthe alloy.
***
This is fals; the metal coping must have all of its surfaces smooth and rounded to prevent porcelain shrinkage.
Note: The purpos ofthe metal coping is to ensure the
strength ofthe porcelain veneer.
Important points to remember conceming the metal coping or substructure ofa metal-ceramic ctown:
Important: If your margins were all closed at the metal try-in appointment and when the
crown came back from the lab they are all open, check the contacts. They are probably too
ttght (over-bulked porcelain).
' ' . -.
;'Note{
I . Porcelain that is baked onto a high-fusing gold alloy may exhibit a green discoloration due most likely to contamination of the metal by copper traces.
2. The best measure ofthe potential clinical performance ofa casting alloy is its
ADA crtification.
are applied
Provides space
occlusal contact
40
Copynghr O 201
l':012
- Detual
Deks
The preparation for a full veneer crown is begun with occlusal reduction. There
should be
clearance on the functional cusps and rbout _
on the non-functional cusps.
. 0.5 mm;
1.0 mm
. L5 mm;
1.0 mm
.2.0 mm;
1.5 mm
41
The functional cusp bevel is an area ofreduction over the functional cusps that allows for cxtm
thickness ofmetal in this area ofhealy occlusal contact in centric occlusion as well as in lateral
movcments. The functional cusps are those that oppose thc ccntral fossae ofthe teth in the oppostte arch (buccal cusps on mandibular teeth, lingual cusps on ma-tilldry teetu.
Thc primary reason for choosing a r/4 crown over
full
cast crown is
&
seven-eighths
crowns).
. A great deal ofthc margin is in an area accessible to the dentist for finishing and to the patient for cleaning.
. Less ofthe restoration margin is in close proximity to the gingival crevice, thus lessening
the opportunities for periodontal irritation.
. Can be more easily seated completely during cementation.
. with at least part ofthe margin visible, complete seating ofa partial veneer crown is more
easily verificd by direct vision.
. Ifit is evernecessary to conduct an electric pulp test on the tooth, a portion ofenamel is unvcneered and accessible.
..
,\orec
,"-;*
The path ofinsertion ofan anterior three-quarter cro*'n parallels the incisal l/2
to 2/3 of the labial surface, not the long axis of the tooth. For a posterior threequarter crown it parallels the long axis ofthe tooth.
2. A pin modified three-quarter crown can preserve the facial surface and one proximal surface. This is preferred in cases which require repairing of severe lingual
abrasion on incisors and canines, avoiding other more destructive options like full
veneer metal-ceramic restorations.
1.
Thjs reduction is done to eliminate undercuts and create space for suffcient metal to ensure adequate
strength ofthe crown.
Remember: In preparing a tooth for a metal-ceramic crown, it is necessary to create space for 0.5 mm
ofmetalpfus at lcast 1.0 mm ofporcelain lpreferably 1.5 mu) to cnsure adequate strength and optimum
esthetics of the ceramic material. Snpporling (fuhctiotlal) cusps require 2 mm of the reduction The
opposing walfs should convcrge no more than lO degtecs (6 degree tapet is reconmended). A chamfer
finish line /0.i
l?r,
The same amount ofoverall tooth reduction is needed for a metal-ceramic crown as for an all-cerarnic
cro*n / L 5-2.0 nn). Howevet for all-cersmic restorations, the preparation needs to be well-rounded
\\ irh no
The most frequent causc of failure of a crown (reganlless ofa,hich ,*pe) is the lack of attention
Important: For gingival health, the conect contour ofinterproximal gingival areas and the gingival third are most important.
\ote:
is regarded as a more favorable material for the occlusal surface as its wear characreristics are more in harmony with enamel; porcelain is considered to bc the cause ofaccelerated wear
of the opposing dentition. Gold would certainly be preferred for the restoration ofocclusal surfaces in
rhe presence ofa tooth-grinding h.bit.
Important: Gold
..
:{oteCl
ja*
l. Axial contours should correspond to the emergence prolile (usually flat or concave) of
the tooth.
2. The buccolingual dimension of a cast restoration is usually determined by the occlusal
morphology oflhe opposing tooth.
3. Occlusal point contacts between opposing teeth arc preferred to broad, flat occlusal contacts to Dlevent weaf.
4. Type I and II gold alloys are uscd for inlays.
5. The most commonly used type ofgold for all-metal crowns and bridges is TyPe III.
at room temperature
. Softening
42
Coplright O
. A metal is elevated to
20ll
length of time
43
Coplrishr O 20ll'2012 - Dental Decks
In polycrystalline metal, dislocations (defects) tend to build up at the grain boundaries. Also, the banier action to slip at the grain boundaries causes the "slip" to occur
on other intersecting slip planes. Point defects increase and the entire grain may
eventually become distorted. Greater stress is required to produce further "slip" and
the metal becomes stronger and harder. The process is known as strain hardening
or work hardening. The latter term is derived from the fact that the process is a result ofcold work ( i.e., deformation at room temperature, in contrast to the effect of
working at a higher temperature, such as in forging). The ultimate result ofstrain
hardening, with further increase in cold work, is fracture.
The phenomenon ofcold work and strain hardening is familiar to everyone. For example, one way to cut a wire is to bend it back and forth rapidly between the fingers.
When all the slip possible has occurred, the wire fractures.
and proportional limit of the metal are
increased with strain hardening, whereas the ductility and resistance to corrosion are
..
'rote*. wire
'*-i.".
a microscope,
a softened condition for a Type III dental gold alloy, the casting
should be quenched in water immediately or within 30-40 seconds ofbeing made.
Important: To achieve
. l
}-oa3'.
'.9."
and cooling afier fabrication to relieve intemal stresses and improve their phys-
44
Cop)righr O 20ll-2012 - Dental Decks
of the tooth
. Be parallel to the incisal one-halfto two-thirds ofthe labial sudace rather than the long
axis ofthe tooth
. Be parallel to the cervical one-third ofthe labial surface rather than the long axis of the
tooth
45
Cop)'righr C 201 l'2012 - Dental Dcks
The substructures for metal ceramic crowns ard Type IV Gold requires heating above
2100'F. These are invested in phosphate bonded material. Any alloy with a casting
temperature in excess of 2100'F (115f" C) shouldbe cast in an invesfinent with a binder
other than gypsum. High temperatures cause decomposition of calciurn sulfate in the
gypsum binder with the resultant release ofcontaminating sulfur into the mold.
Magnesium phosphcte reacts with primary ammonium phosphate to produce magnesium ammonium phosphate which gives the investment its strength at room temperature.
At higher temperatures, silicophosphates are formed which give the investment its great
strength.
The metal-ceramic alloys must have a high melting range so that the metal is solid well
above the porcelain baking temperatures to minimize distortion (sag) ofthe casting during porcelain procedures. A high sag factor will lead to distortion of bridge spans when
the porcelain is fired. Remember: When casting a cedain alloy, make sure you use a crucible that has not been used for other allovs.
*** Important: If the path of insertion is made parallel to the long axis ofthe tooth, the
labio-incisal comer will be sacrificed and an unnecessary display of gold will result.
Two factors that must be dealt with successfully to produce an anterior % crown with a minimat display ofgold:
Proximal extensions must be done with thin diamonds and hand instruments from a
lingual approach to minimize the display ofgold. They should be extended facially to a
cleansable area without destroying the facial contour ofthe tootlt.
Note: The anterior three-quarter crown is not used as fiequently today as it once was. Unsightly and unnecessary displays of gold in poor examples of this restoration have made it
less popular with the public and dentists alike. However, the standard three-quarter crown
on a maxillary anterior tooth need not show large quantities ofgold ifprepared correctly.
leeth
46
CopFight O
. With regard to the ease of cleaning and good tissue health; proper pontic design is
more important than the choice of material used in fabricating the pontic
. The contour and nature ofthe pontic contact with the ridge is very important
. The area ofcontact between the pontic and the ridge should be small
. The portion ofthe pontic approximating the ridge should be
as concave as possible
.The pontic should exert no pressure on the ridge (pdssive contact with no blanching
ofthe tissue)
17
Cop)righr (, 201I -2012 - Dental Decks
*** Important:
The presence ofperiodontal pockets and the crown-to-root ratio ofpotential abutment teeth cannot be determined by studying diagnostic casts. You need to do an exam and have
x-rays in order to obtain this information.
. It allows an unobstructed view ofthe edentulous areas and an acaurate assessment ofthe span
length, as well as its occlusogingival dimension.
. The curvature ofthe arch in the edentulous region can be determined, so that it will be possible to predict whether the pontic(s) will act as a lever arm on the abutment teeth.
. A thorough evaluation ofwear facets, their number, size, and location is possible when they
are viewed on casts. Excessive wear on occluding surfaces ofteeth usually results from a dishar-
tic casts.
2. Tray adhesive should always be used to prevent distortion at the time ofremoval.
3. The greater the bulk that the alginate has, the more favorable the surface area:volume ratio and the lower the susceptibility to water loss or gain and, thercfore, unwanted
dimensional change.
4. The tlay should be removed 2 to 3 minutes after gelation.
5. The irnpression should be rinsed and disinfected with glutaraldehyde oriodophorbefore pouring.
6. Pouring with ADA type IV or V stone is recommended.
7. Do not disturb poured impressions until they are set, the time varies between 30 and
60 minutes depending on which type ofstone is used.
***
This is false; the portion ofthe pontic approximating the ridge should be as convx as possible.
Pontic design and selection directly impact periodontal health. Pontics should contact keratinized attached tissue and rest passively, free ofpressure, to prevent ulcerations and plaque
buildup. Pontic designs with concayities (such as the saddle-shaped pontic), are difiicult to
clean because oftbe depression on their inner surface is inaccessible to conventional methods
oforal hygiene. Egg- or bullet-shaped pontics are the easiest to clean because they are convex in all aspects and contact the residual ridge at a single point.
Most important: Whatever pontic is used, it must be properly designed to prevnt an unhealthy response to the underlying ridge mucosa. The pontic must:
.
.
.
.
.
ofthe major
causes of failure
of
fixed bridges.
Glazed porcelain, polished gold, unglazed porcelain, and polished acrylic are prefened in
that order for their acceptability to the soft tissue.
. J:
.l:l
1:2
.l:l
a8
Cop)nght
@ 201 1,201 2
, Dntal Decks
Sodium pyroborate
. Alum
. BoraK
. Silica
49
Coplright O 2011,2012, Dental Deck
This high a ratio is rarely achieved, however, and a ratio of 2:3 is a more realistic
optimum. A ratio of l:1 is the minimum ratio that is acceptable for a prospective abutment
under normal circumstances.
The crown-to-root ratio alone is not adequate criteria for evaluating a prospective abu!
ment tooth. Root configuration is an important point in the assessment ofan abutment's
suitability from a periodontal standpoint. Roots that are broader labiolingually than they
are mesiodistally are preferable to roots which are round in cross section. Multi-rooted
posterior teeth with widely separated roots will offer better periodontal support than
roots which converge, fuse, or generally present a conical conhguration. Single-rooted
teeth with an irregular configuration or with some curvature in the apical third ofthe root
are preferable to the tooth which has a nearly perfect taper. Root surface area of the
prospective abutments should also be evaluated.
. Root configuration
. Crown-to-root ratio
. Axial alignment of teeth
. Length ofthe lever arm (span) Note: Rplacing three teeth is maximum!l!
Remember: Parallelism ofabutment preparations is best determined by the long axis
of
the DreDarations.
Soldering flux dissolves surface oxides and allows the melted solder to wet and flow onto the
adjoining allow surfaces. It is composed of sodium pyroborate (5 5%.), borax (35%.), and silrca ( 10%)
In addition to the usual reducing and cleaning agents incorporated in a flur, a flux used for
soldering stainless steel or cobalFchromium alloys also contains a fluoride to dissolve the
passivating film supplied by the chromivm (chromium osidey'lz). The solder will not wet the
metal $ hen such a film is present. Potassium fluoride is the most common agent.
Soldering is thejoining ofmetal components by a filler metal, or solder, which is fused to each
ofthe pans beingjoined. To be biologically and mechanically acceptable, a solderjoint should
be circular in form and occupy the region ofthe contact area. The strength ofthe solderjoint
is increased by increasing the height ofit (as opposed to the wldlr. Not: The recommended
distance /i|ldrlr/ between the parts to be joined should be 0.25 mm.
Cleanliness is the prime prerequisite ofsoldering. Corrosion products, such as oxides and sultides that are present as a result ofthe casting process, interfere with bonding. Flux is placed
on the surfaces to be soldered before they are heated. When it melts, the flux displaces gases
and removes conosion products by either combining with them or reducing them. The flux
in tum is displaced by the solder, which can now form an interface with and bond to the surface being soldered.
Note: Antiflux is
material used to outline the area to be soldered in order to restrict the flow
of solder. The most common antiflux is a soft graphite pencil. Iron oxide (rouge) may also
be used.
. A conical pontic
50
Coplright O
5t
20ll 2012,
Dental Decks
esthetic,
if indicated.
Olat pontic:
ofthe
ridge hllicl is eilher ptesent or surgically made)that gives the appearance that it is growing from the tooth.
"t
li.rcasins
a cement's
. Zinc phosphaae cement: onc ofthc oldesr and most widcly uscd ccmcnts, zinc phosphatc ccmcnt is thc stanJrd rlirinst $hich nc$ ccmcnts arc mcasulcd. Advantages: Iong rccord ofclinical acceprability, high compres-
.:':
strcngth. acccptably thin film thickncss. Disadvantages: low initial pH which may lcad to poslccmentation
rtr'. lack ofan abilily to bond chcmically to tooth structure and lack ofan anlicariogenic cflcct.lmportant:
Z:n. phosfhatc ccmcnt is mixcd using thc "frozen slab" rcchniquc which grcarly cxtcnds thc working timc fb.t,
J ' .ak h as 340'i;). Note: Tlc pH of ncwly mixcd zinc phospharc ccmcnt is |ndcf 2 ( tbo lalers ol vtnish m sl
.:rr:trr
;.)ep!ieloraftlertoprotectthepulp)blJtnscslo5.9within24boursandisncarlyneutralat.l8hours.Thcfilm
25 !rm-
as zinc polyacrylarc ccmcnq was one of the first chemically adhesite denial mate.ials. Thc adhcsivc bond is primarily to cnamcl although a wcakcrbond io dcntin aiso forms. This
:. Ju. ro rhe faci that bonding appcars lo be the rcsult ofa chelation rcaction bcrwccn the carboxyl groups of rhc
.J:x.nt and calcium in thc tooth structure; hencc, tlrc more highly mincmlizcd Ihc tooth structure, rhe sronger the
:{nd.\drsntsges:kindlothepulp,chcmicallybondslotoorhstrxchrre.Disadvantagestshortworkingtimc,rc,
;urrss scparalc tooth conditioning stcp prior to ccmcnlation. Note: il is more viscous whcn mixed and has a shorle.
\rrking timc than docs zinc phosphate cement.
. Class ionomercement: Advantages: chemical bond ro cnamcl and dentin, anticariogenic cflcctlrcleases
Iu,
,rr,1r. cocllicicnt oftbcrmal cxpansion similar to that oftooth structurc, high comprcssivc strcngth, low solubil:n Disadvantages: low initial pH which may lead to postccmentation scnsiriviry. scnsirivity ro both moisturc
.onramination and dcsiccation. Notet Its mcchanical propcrties arc supcrior to zinc phosphatc and polycarboxy. Resin-modified glass ionomerluting agents; have propcnics similarto glass ionomcrccmcnts. but have higher
5trenglh and lower solubility. Note: Thcy should not bc uscd wilh all-ccramic rcstorations dues to rcports ofccr3nlic fracturc, most likcly thc rcsult ofcxpansion from watc. absorprion.
. Resin luting agentsr arc unfillcd resins that bond to dentin, which is achicved with organophosphonatcs,
/2-1,)dro]reth\ I ttrcthacrylate IHEMAII, or 4-mcthacryloyloxycthyl trimellirarc anhydridc (4-Mf,TA). Advanrrges:
hr!h comprcssivc strcnSth, low solubility. Disadvant.ges: irritating cfl'ects on thc pulp, high film thichcss p -?J
1]r'l. Note: As a gcncml nrlc, rcsin cements are thc bcst choice for luting ccramic rcstorarions_
Important: Thc film thickncss at thc margins shouid be minimizcd to rcduce the solubility of the luting agenr.
Tl.ough c|rcful tcchnique, a marginal adaptation below l0 pm can bc obrained consistcntly. Noter Factors that in,
.r.asc the cement spacc for crowns include (l) thc usc ofdic spacers (2.)incrcased expansion ofthc investmcnt mold.
. Zinc phosphate
. Zinc polycarboxylate
. Glass ionomer
. Resin-modified
glass ionomer
. Shoulder
. Shoulder with a bevel
. Chamfer
. Bevel or feathered edge
12 -
Ddtal
Decks
Ide.l
Zinc
Glasr
Resin-
Resin
Material
Poly-
Iotromer
modified
luting
Glass
rgents
crrboxylete
Ionomer
<25
<25
<25
>25
>25
Long
1.5-5
L75-2.5
2.3-5
2-4
3-10
Setting time
(nt r)
Short
5-14
6-9
G9
Pulp irriration
Low
Modelate
Low
Hieh
Iligh
High
High
Low
(rn)
Solubility
Hich
Iligh to very
high
Microleakage
Very low
High
Retenlion
High
Modrate
High to very
high
Low to moder-
Moderate to high
lligh to very
high
High
Moderate
ate
l.
Cemenrs do not rdd to the retentive chamcteristics ofa crown. Ccmcnts act by increasing the frictional rcsistance between tooth and restoration. Thc ccmcnt prcvcnts two surfaccs from sliding. Although they do not prcvcnl onc surtacc from bcing liftcd from another
2. A toolh should bc wiped dry before cementation ofa crown as opposcd to drying the tooth with alcohol and warm airto dccrease the possibility ofpulp damagc.
3. Always apply cement to both the rcstoration and tooth.
4. One way to rcducc thc potential for post-cementation sensitivity with zinc phosphate and Slassionomcrccmcnts is to use a resin based descnsitizeron thc prcparcd tooth p.ior to luting.
5. Cement film thickncss is dependent upon powder-to-liquid ratio, powdcrparticle sizc, and pressure
However, in practice this finishing line is difficult to read on both the impression and die and may lead
to inaccurate extension and also distortion ofthe wax pattem, and subsequent casting, as a result ofthe
thin wax. It also offcrs the least margid.l strength to the castingThe chamfer prepamtion is the preferred linishing line for cast gold restorations. The resultant casting has sufficient marginal strength; at the same time it allows the slidingjoint at its periphery to minimize the gap between the tooth and preparation, thus rcducing the thickness of the cement. A
well-prepared chamfer margin combines the advantage of an easily definable margin, on both the impression and die, with minimal tooth prcparation.
The shoulder preparation is the finishing line of choice for porcelain jacket and tll-ceramic crown
preparations, The edge strength of porcelain is low; therefore, a butt joint is required. The shoulder
provides resistancc to occlusal forccs and minimizes stresses in the porcelain. The margin can be easily
read on both the impression and die. The main disadvantage is that any inaccuracies in the fit ofthe
cro$n Nill be reproduced at thc margin, resulting in an increased thickness ofcement.
sliding fit to occur at the margin and therefore may be used on thc
proximalbox ofinlays and the occlusal shoulder ofthe mandibular three-quarter crowns ltmayalsobe
used for the labial margins ofmetal-ceramic crowns. Providing these margins are placedjust in the gingival crevice, little display ofmetal will be noted.
Four Tlpes of High-Gold Alloys:
l. ADA t-ype I highest gotd content, 83o/o noble metals. Intended for small inlays. Easily bumished
due to high ductility.
2. ADAtype II: $eatcrthan 78olo noble metals. Intended for larger inlays and onlays. Can also be burnished.
75o%
heaFtreated.
Iv: greatcr than 7570 noble metals. Intended for bridges and removabJe partial dentAlso capable ofbeing heat-treated. Hardest ofhigh-gold alloys.
4. ADA type
ures
. The diameter of the sprue pin should be equal to or greater than the thickest portion
of the pattem
. The diameter of the sprue pin should be equal to or smaller thar the thickest portion
ofthe pattem
ofthe pattem
. The diameter of
the sprue pin should be equal to or smaller than the thinnest portion
ofthe pattem
54
Cop'.righr O 2011-2012, Dental Decks
.Akey
. A keyway
Copltigh
The sprue is a small diameter (10-12 gauge) pin made ofwax or plastic.
A 10 gauge sprue pin can be used on most patterns, while the l2 gauge is used on small
premolar pattems. The sprue should be attached to the wax pattem at its point ofgreatest
bulk and at an angle (45) that will allow the incoming gold to flow freely to all portions
of the mold. Spruing at a thin area of the pattem can produce the same result as using a
back porosity. This is caused by turbulence in the flow
sprue that is too small
-shrink
in tum creates a shrinkage void, or suck-back porosity.
ofthe molten metal which
Note: Low investment permeability and insullicient wind-up of the casting machine
may also cause this shrink back porosity.
A nonrigid connector is
Its use is restricted to a short span bridge, replacing one tooth. It is indicated when retainers cannot be prepard to draw together without excessive tooth reduction. Prostheses rvith nonrigid connectors should not be used ifprospective abutment teeth exhibit
significant mobility.
Important: When abutment teeth are in normal alignment and have good bone support
tcanine and /irst molar.r), the connectors of choice are solder joints.
. 90 degree,
1.0 mm shoulder
. Bevel
. Chamfer
. 45 degree, .25 mm shoulder with
bevel
56
Copraight
e 20ll-2012
- Dental Decks
is present
57
CopFiglu O
201 I
provisional crown
Unlike thc metal-ceramic .estoration, which will accept any marginal design (a bevel, chamfer, or
shoulder), marginal tooth prepamtion for the all-ceramic crown or porcelainjacket crown must
be a shoulder foptrn ally 90 degrees and 1.0 mm).
There are indications and contraindications for all-ceramic crowns, and violating these will compromise the success of a restoration. All-ceramic crowns generally are accepted to be superior
esthetically, but their lack ofa metal substructure makes them inherently weak, As a result, they
are rarely indicated for use on posterior teeth, and are not indicated at all for anterior teeth in a
Class III edge-to-edge relationship, where the occlusal forces can subject them to fracture. There
are few acceptable instances where all-ceramic crowns may fuuction as irxed partial denture abutments, such as during the replacement ofanterior teeth when a favorable anterior guidance occlusal
scheme exists.
The main reason for the use of porcelain jacket crowns and all-ceramic crowns is superior esthetics. These tlpes of crowns have the capability to mimic the optical properties ofthe natural
tooth. However, the guidelines for usage, such as tooth preparation, are more critical and in general more complicated than for the metal-ceramic restorations. ln general, it is advisable to use
these more esthetic crowns only in the anterior segment, where esthetics is the dominant factor.
Dilferent materials used in the fabrication ofa full crown require dilferent marginal designs:
. All-ceramic or porcelain jacket crowns
. \Ietal ceramic with porcelain extended -shoulder
to maryinal edge
. Vetal ceramic with metal collars shoulder with beYel-shoulder
or chamfer
. Full gold crown
bevel (feather edge) or chamfer
-gingival
of
Objectives of electrosurgery:
. Coagulation
. Hemostasis
. Access to cavosurface margin
.Reduction ofthe inner wall ofthe gingival sjulcts (removal ofa thin layer ofcrevicular gingiwl tissue)
Electrosurgery, although considered by many to be a more radical means ofrefiaction ofgingival tissues. is an acceptable method. It functions by passing small curents ofelectricity through the gingival
rissue, causing the cells to desiccate, or scorch. Electrosurgery usually results in sorne delayed healing
because ofthe lack of proper clot formation. It is very good at stopping hemorrhage. Note: Too low a
current in an electrosurgical electrode can be detected by tissue drag.
instead of metal to prevent buming and tissue destruction of the surface contacted.
. Rapid, single, light strokes should be used with the electrode
. 5 secotrd intervlls should be used when cutting
. The electrode should not contact metallic restorations or tooth skucture (may cause ineversible
pulp damage).
Great care must be employed when performing electrosurgery as the potential exists for
serious damage to the PDL and surrounding bone, resulting in loss ofattachment ofthe tooth.
Note: elechosurgery
as cardiac pace-
make$, a trancutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) :urit, or an insulin pump, and in patients
with delayed healing.
. Equate
. Contract
. Expand
. None ofthe above
59
Cop)'right O 201
.
.
.
.
.
l.
Setting expansion: results from normal crystal growth. In air, it is about 0.4% but
it
crystals. Allows continued expansion outward rather than restricting them. This
expansion ranges from
1.2%o
to 2.2o/o.
3. Wax pattern expansion: the wax pattem is warmed while the investment is still
fluid. The heat may come from the chemical reaction of the investment itselfor the
s'ater bath in which the casting ring is immersed.
4. Thermal expansion: occurs when the investment is heated in the bum out oven. It
also serves to eliminate the wax pattem and to prevent the alloy from solidifing before it comoletelv fills the mold.
. Mesiobuccal margin is positioned slightly distal to the middle ofthe buccal surface
. Distobuccal margin is positioned slightly mesial to the middle ofthe buccal surface
. Mesiolingual margin
. Distolingual margin is positioned slightly mesial to the middle ofthe lingual surface
60
Cop)right
coplrishr
@ 201
. Predominantly glass
. Particle filled
glass
. Polycrystalline
61
A partial crown is a cast restoration made entirely from metal and covers more than half
but not all ofthe tooth's clinical crown. A partial crown is named according to the fractional amount ofthe clinical crown it covers. Examples are the half, three-quarters, foulfifths, and seven-eighths crowns. In most instances, the facial surface ofthe tooth is not
disturbed for esthetic reasons.
The seven-eighths crown design is especially effective either as a single tooth or an abutment restoration on maxillary molar teeth where both proximal surlaces are involved as
well as the distal buccal suface ofthe tooth. In many instances, the mesio-buccal cusps
of maxillary first and second molars can be preserved for esthetics and still provide adequate extension to include extensive areas ofdestruction.
Seven-eighths crown:
. Distobuccal finish line is easy to access, which makes preparation easier to do. It also
makes cleaning ofthe margins easier for the patient
. \4ore coverage than the standard 3/4 crown which improves its resistance
. Especially useful when the distal surface has caries or decalcification
. Serves as an excellent abutment for a bridse
Metal ccramic restorations have been available for more than three decades. This type ofrestoration has gained popularity from its predictable perlomance and reasonable esthetics. Despite its
success, the demand for improved esthetics and the concems regarding the biocompatibility ofthe
metal has lead to the introduction ofall-ceramic restorations.
Two concepts help in simplifying the understanding of dental ceramics: First, ceramics fall into
three main composition categoriesl
. Predominantly glass
Predominantly glass: have a high content ofglass making this type of dental ceramic highly esthetic. This type is the best ir mimicking the optical properties ofenamel and dentin. Optical effects are controlled by manufactures by adding small amount of liller paniclcs.
Particle-filled glass; filler particles are added to the glass matrix to improve the mechanical propenics. Fillcrs can be crystalline particles ofhigh-melting glasses.
Polycrystalline: this type ofce.amic contains no glass. Atoms are packed into regular crystalline
arrangement making it toughcr and less susceptible to crack propagation. lt is important to understand the lact that highly esthetic ceramics are predominately glass, and ceramics that exhibit high
strength are generally crystalline.
Note: It is important to understand the fact that highly esthetic ceramics are predominately glass,
and ceramics that exhibit high strength are generally crystalline.
. Nickel
. Cobalt
. Chromium
. Silver
62
Cop).righl O 20ll-2012 - Dental Decks
tr'irrad Drtrs*lr,
CS
. Polymethyl methacrylate
. Polyethyl methacrylate
. Pol)'vinyl methacrylate
. Polyacryl methacrylate
. Bis-acryl composite resin
. Msible light-cured (ltLC) urethane dimethacrylate
CoplriShr q
***
Metals are classified as noble elements based on their lack of chemical reactivity. The
noble metals include gold, platinum, palladium, and other inert metals. Alloys with less
than 25olo noble elements are called base metals. Note: Silver is not considered noble;
it is reactive and improves castability but can cause porcelain "greening."
Remember: Noble metals are precious, but not all precious metals
re
ver).
Base metal (nickel, chromium and cobalt) alloy advartages are principally found only
in their strength and low density.
Remember: The nickel in the composition ofbase metal alloys is responsible for ductiliq of the alloy. It is also measured as a percentage of elongation and determines how
much margins can be closed by bumishing. Chromium produces a passivating film for
conosion resistance and cobalt increases the rigidity ofthe alloy.
Provisional restorations:
Requirements:
. Provide pulpal protection
. Positional stability
. Occlusal function
. Type I
. Type II
. Type
III
. Type IV
54
Copyn8hr O 20ll-2012 - Denkl Decks
. This process results in better powder mixing and reduced chance for air bubbles
. The powder is added to the water to avoid using more than one bowl
Cop)riglr
llTe lf Gyps[rn:
"Modeling Plastca'
. Comprcssion strength: 1300 psi
' Pcrccntagc of cxpansion: 0.307;
. Uses: orthodontics diagnostic casts
Type
{1so
Dental gypsum products are made up of hemihydrate particles whose size' shape, and
porosity differ for each material. These gypsum-based powders require different
amounts ofwater for mixing because the different particle shapes produce different packing efficiencies that affect the amount ofexcess water required for making a suitable mixture.
llixing:
. lVater/powder ratio:
a function
ofcalcium sul-
. Gamma-hemihydrate
66
Cop"iSh O20ll-2012
- Dental Decks
. Minimize distortion
. Reduce setting time
67
Cop)'righr O
20ll'2012, Dertal
Decks
The principal constituent of the dental plasters and stones is the calcium sulfate
hemihydrate. Depending upon the method of calcination, different forms of the
hemihydrate can be obtained
alpha or beta hemihy&ate. The beta-hemihydrate
Note:
as a reaction Droduct.
I hour
If nodules of stone appear in the occlusal pits ofa stone cast, it is most likely
entrapment ofair during the insertion and seating ofthe tray.
due to the
lrJote: All types of gypsum products are weaker in tensile strength than compressive
strength.
68
Copr.right C 201 l-?012 - Dental Decks
'
Dr. Lozier rquested that you mix alginat and take an imprcssion,
Whil measuring the water, you got involved in a conversation with
your patient and did not notice how cold it was. This oversight will:
69
Cop)'right O 201l-2012 - Dental Decks
inegularly
shaped. Note:
It
is
Heating gypsum under steam pressure in an autoclave at 120'C - 150'C produces dental
stone. This process produces particles that are uniformly shaped and less porous.
Boiling glpsum in a 30o% aqueous solution olcalcium chloride and magnesium chloride
produces high strength (improved) die stone. This process produces the least porous
and strongest particles.
All gypsum products come ftom the mineral gypsum, which is the dihydrate form of
calcium sulfate. During heating, (the manulircturing process), water is lost and g)?sum
is converted to the hemihydrate form of calcium sulfate (p owder). When water is added
to the powder, a chemical reaction takes place and the hemihydrate is converted back to
the dihydrate form of calcium sulfate.
liotel
l. When mixing gypsum products always sprinkle the powder into the water.
This results in better powder mixing and reduces the chance for air bubbles.
2.When gypsum products are mixed with water, heat is given ofl This is called
an exothermic reaction.
3. Exposure ofa stone cast to tap water should be minimized because eroding
***The best method to control the gelation time ofalginate impression materials is to alter the tempemture ofthe water used in thc mix. The higher the tempemture, the shorter lhe gelation timc,
the lower the temperature, the longer the gelation time. The mix is usable regardless ofwater tempenture as long as there is adequate ['orking tim.
Changing thc water/powder ratio and the mixing time will alter the gelation time, but thesc mcthods also impair ce ain properties ofthe matcrial. Too little ortoo nuch waterwill weaken the gel.
Undermixing may prcvent the chemical action from occurring evenly; overmixing Inay break up
the gcl.
Calcium sulfate (/re reactol in alginate), is not so soluble in watcr that is entircly consumed before gelation is con'lpleted. Therefore, the set mass becomes an entanglcment of calcium alginate
fibrils around residual sodium alginate sol, filler and water. The residual sodium alginate has thc
nasty habit ofreadily giving up water /.t),reresis) or gaining water (imbibitiotl). For accurate results,
thc cast should be poured imrnediately.
.
\ores
'
L When taking an alginate impression fo. a partial denture, it is best to apply somc alginate directly on the teeth to eliminate bubbles and saliva from the rest seat prcparations.
2.lnaccuracies in imprcssions can be caused by fracture ofthe fibrils during gelation.
.3. Tray adhesivc should ahvays be used to prcvent distortion at the time ofremoval.
4. The greater the bulk lhat the alginatc has, the more favorable the surface area:volume ratio and the lower the susceptibility to water loss or gain and, therefore, unwanted
dimensional change.
5. The tray sltould be removed 2 to 3 minutes after Selation.
6. The impression should be rinscd and disinfected with glutaraldehyde or iodophor
befbre pounng.
7. Pouring with ADA type lV or V stone is recommended.
. Irreversible hydrocolloids
. Polysulfides
. Polyethers
. Condensation silicones
70
Copyright O
201
. Polysulfides
. Condensation silicones
. Polyvinyl siloxanes
. Polyethers
71
Polyether materials are dimensionally unstable in the presence of moisture. These materials are the most
rigid frt,r?s, and most dillicult to remove fiom the mouth. Note: Whcn removing the impression, break the
seal and rock slightly to prevent tearing.
*** Polyeth$ are two-component materials. The base includes apolyether, silica filler and a plasticizer The
accelerator contains a crossJinking agent. When mixed, a nrbber is formed by a cationic polymerization
process. Cationic polymerization is very similar to addition polymerization, except that instead ofa free radical, a cation fporirlyc ior, is the reactive molecule. \o reaction by-product is produced. Polyethers have excellent dimensional stability. They ar also t.uly hydrophilic, resulting in superior wettability.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Excellentdimedsiolal
stability whell dry
Short settirg tirne
Dimensionally stable
more lhan one cas! is poured
Slable evn ifpoured 24
hours after taking impresaion
Automix available
if
.
.
.
.
.
.
Most imprssion6
from mouth
Tears easily
Limited shelflife
May adhere to teeth
Demonstmtes imbibi-
tions
Unpleasant taste
Short working time
These materials record surlace detail well and have excellent elastic propenies but a low tear strength. They
arc less expensive ihan polyvinyl siloxanes fdddition silicones) ard polyethers.
. Fillers: silica
or calcium carbonate
ofthis material, is
condensation reaction and hence called condensation silicone. It occurs by elimin tior (evaporation) of
eth) l or methyl alcohol. This is also responsiblc for shrinkage ofthe material and resultant poor dimcnsional
a
itabilit\'.
Plea-sant to use
.
.
r
.
.
.
Hydtophobic
Poor wetting
Low stability
Limited sbelflife
Wait 20 to 30
minutes before
pouring lbr sbess
relaxauon to occur
l. Reaclion is sensitive to heat and moisture f'eill reduce working snd setting times).
2. Do not mix initially by haod (allergic rcaction to catalyst may occur).
. Dimensionally unstable
Sets quickly
Sets hard
72
CopFighr
'\
the:
^teriz.l
is timited by
Oevercible hyfuocalloid)
73
Cop).riglft C2011,2012 - Dmtal Dcks
ZOE impression materials were once very popular. Today, however, ZOE materials have been
replaced by newer materials, such as polywinyl siloxanes, condensation silicones and polyethers.
irritant
. Rosin:
nous mix
The setting reaction that occurs is a typical acid-base reaction to form a chelate. This reaction
can take place either in solution or at the surface of the zinc oxide particles. The chelate is
thought to form as an amorphous gel that tends to crystallize, imparting increased strength to
the set mass.
'
. --.... 1. The dimensional stability ofa zinc oxide-eugenol impressionis most likely tobe
..'Note{,; affected by failure to use a custom-made impression tray.
',i*tl: 2 . The setting time of a zinc oxide-eugenol impression paste may be acclrated by
adding a drop ofwater to the mix.
3. The setting time of a zinc oxide-eugenol impression paste may be rtardd by
adding inert oils (olive or mineral oils) during mixing.
4. Ifthe paste is too thin or lacks body before it sets, a filler----such as a wax or an
inen powder (lanolin, kaolin, etc.) may be added to one or both of the original
pastes
The use of agar impression material does require special equipment. The rcproduction is excellent, and the im-
Reversible hydocoltoid is an impression material that changes its physical state ftom a sol to a gel and then
back to a sol.
85% water
. l2'.I5r/.
***
from seaweed)
ofbomx fbr rtrerglr), potassium snlfate (improves gvsum r&r/dce/ and sodium tetrabomte
Conditioning bath for reversible hydrocolloid:
Traces
. Three compartments:
. The first bath is for liquefying the semisolid material. A specialwater bath called a "hydrocolloid conditioner" at212"F (100'C) liq\refies the material. After Iiquerying, the preset thermostat cools the tempcrature to 150oF /65.5"C/ automatically.
. The second bath becomes a storage bath that cools the matedal, readying it for the impression.
At this temperature, the tubes are waiting for use.
. A third bath is kept at 110" F (43.3'C) for tempering the material aller it has been placed in the
trav
. Zinc oxide
. Calcium sulfate
. Potassium titanium fluoride
. Diatomaceous earth fsilrca)
. Potassium alginate
. Tri-sodium phosphate
. lt will
be grainy
. It will
be distorted
75
Coplrighr O 2011,2012 - Dntal Decls
Alginate materials (incversible h,vdt'ocolloid) are the most widely used impression materials. They are termed irreversible impression materials because they will not reverse
to a sol once they react and become a gel. Indications: diagnostic casts, not suitable for
final impressions. Examplcs: Ieltrate (Dentsply / Caulk), COE Alginare (GC Americal
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
DiatomaceousfsrTical
Potassium alginate
Calcium sulfate
Zinc oxide
Potassium fluoride
Sodium phosphate
.
.
.
.
Low cost
Straight forward technique
Rapid set
Tearing
Distortion
(fillcr)
16o/a
7rA
(reactot)
lpla.ttici:er)
60A
Unstablc
---)
Tears casily
Cause
Problem
Grainy material
50%
r
.
.
.
.
.
r
.
o
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
o
.
.
Improper mixing
Prolonged mixing
Undue gelation
Water/powder ratio too low
Inadequate bulk
Moisturecontamination
Premature remoratfrom mouth
Prolonged mixing
lmproper
man
ipulation ofstonc
. Polyether
. Polysulfide
. Reversible hydrocolloid
. Vinyl polysiloxane
76
Coplrighr O 201l-2012 - Dental Decks
. Polyether
. Polysulfide
. Hydrocolloids (reversible and irreversible)
. Polyvinyl siloxane
77
copyright o 201 l -20 l2 - Denral Deck
Polyvinyl sifoxanes (addition silicohes.) are the most widely used and are the most accurate of the
elastic impression materials. They have less polymerization shrinkage, low distortion, fast recovery from
deformation and a moderately high tear strenglh. Most ofthe pol;vinyl siloxanes can be pourcd up to
one week after impression making and are stable in most sterilizing solutions. Important; Tle sulfur
in latcx glovcs and in ferric and aluminum sulfate retraction solution will retard the setting ofaddition
in temperature will
silicone materials. Also, addition silicones are temperature sensitive
-increases
shorten the working and sefting times.
.
.
.
.
Dimensional stabilig
Pleasant to use
.
.
.
Hydrophobic
Poorwetting
Hydrcphilic formula-
for
Delay pouring of
some materials to
allow thc release
ofhydrcgen gas
\otes,
:
1. The addition reaction that occurs with pol''vinyl siloxanes is terminated with a vinyl group
and crosslinked with hydride groups activated by a platinum salt catalyst No reaction byproducts are developed, but hydrogen gas release may occur ifa reaction betwem moisture
and rcsidual hydrides ofthe base polymer occurs. The result is a cast with small voids ifthe
impression is poured too soon after removal from the mouth.
2- Stiffness ofthc matcrial makes removal ofthe trav difficult.
- lowest to highest
. alginate, agar, polysulfide, condensation silicone, poly'vinyl siloxanes,
polyether
- best to worst
- best to worst
. hydrocolloids, polyether, hydrophilic pollnr'inyl siloxanes, polysulfi de,
hydrophobic pol)'vinyl siloxanes, condensation silicone
- best to worst
hydrocolloids, hydrophilic polyvinyl siloxanes, polyether, polysulfide,
hydrophobic pol)'vinyl siloxanes, condensation silicone
- most to least
polyether, polyvinyl siloxanes, condensation silicone, polysulfide,
hydrocolloids
- greatest to least
polysulfide, polyvinyl siloxanes, polyether, condensation silicone
hydrocolloids
. Polyether
. Polysulfide
. Reversible hydocolloid
. Pol)'vinyl siloxane
7a
Cop)righr O 201l-2012 - Dental
Dek
. Polyethers
. Polysulfides
. Silicones
. Irreversible hydrocolloids
79
Coplright C 201l-2012 - Denial Decks
Reversible
Irreversible
Hydrocolloid Ilydrocolloid
Boil, temper,
Polysulfide
Pourder, urater
2 pastes
Pollainyl
Silicor.
Siloxane
Polyether
2 pastes
2 pastes
2 pastes
or
paste/liquid
slore
Conderrsador!
Technique
sensitive
Good
Fair
Fair
Excellent
Good
Pstient
Reactlon
Thermal
shock
Pleasant
Unpleasant,
slarns
PIeasant,
Pleasant
Unpleasant
cleln
Erse of
Removal
Very easy
Very easy
Easy
Moderate
Modrate
Difficult
se
of use
cleat
clea1r
to
Working
2.5
-15
difficult
2.5
Time (min")
Settirg
8-
l2
6-E
4.5
3-7
Time (min.)
Stability
I hour
Immediate
100% RH
pollr
I hour
lmmediate
I week
Poured
r/ithin
pour
few
hours
Weftebility
Excellent
Excellerlt
Fair
Fair
Fair to
good
Good
Low
Very low
Low
Moderate
High to
very high
Very high
& Castlbility
Cost
\ote:
Reversible and irreversible hydrocolloids have the advantage of wetting oral surfaces
limited dimensional stability because they include as much as 85%
EN;"po;-l +
F""r-t."d
Ec,sql-
+ lZaso;l
Ia",Go;l + l3-N"-sql
1. Fast removal ofimpression from the mouth increases both the compresstve
Iotn''
,\
Today wae a very busy day for Ashley, the dental hygienist in our olllce. Ashley
took alginate impressions on her lirst patient in the morning, who needed a
nightguard. Since she was so busy, Ashley left the alginate impressions in the
lab most ofths morning. Ashley decided to place the impressions in a bowl
of water so that they would not dry up before she had a cbance to pour
them up in dental stone. Which ofthe following was the result ofAshly
Ieaving these inpressions immersed in water for a few hours?
.
. Gelation
. Hysteresis
. Syneresis
. Imbibition
80
Copright C
201
81
Cop)right O
201
Imbibition occurs when the impression absorbs water, which expands the dimensions of
the impression. When this occurs, the impression is no longer accurate. Shrinkage will
occur in alginate impressions, even when they are placed under 100% relative humidity.
The shrinkage and exudation of water is called syneresis.
Since shrinkage is undesirable (causes distortion ofimpressions), alginate impressions
should not be left either inwater (v,ill expard) or exposed to air 6vill shink). They should
be poured in.rmediately after they are taken to ensure accuracy. When immediate
pouring is not possible, they may be stored briefly in a rnoist paper towel.
Important: While taking an impression with alginate, it is advisable that the tray be
placed in the mouth after all critical areas are wiped with alginate. Critical areas are
buccal to the maxillary tuberosities and retromylohyoid space. Rest seats and guide planes
should be covered with alginate as well as any other soft tissue undercuts.
Gefation is the term given to the setting process (c/rrrglng afrom sol to a gel)
of hydrocolloid material.
2. Hysteresis refers to a material's characteristic ofhaving a melting temperature different from its gelling temperature.
1.
Iotes
set.
Mixing the alginate material rapidly will cause setting to occur more rapidly.
Decreasing the water to powder ratio will cause alginate to set up more rapidly (affects
is much thicker v'hen less v'ater is used).
consistenc.,^ of the mit
-mix
Note: The mandibular alginate impression is taken first since gagging is more likely to
occur when taking the ma"xillary impression. For the maxillary impression, the posterior
portion of the tray is seated first, then the anterior portion. This helps to prevent the
alginate material from being squeezed out of the tray, back torvard the patient's throat
hrhich may cause gagging).
Alrvays remove alginate impressions in one quick movement, with a snap. This helps to
decrease permanent deformation.
l. The setting reaction of alginate is a "double decomposition" reaction be.\-ores tween potassiurn alginate and calcium sulfate. Also remember that casts must
damp.
. , - -,,,. be poued within 24 hours and the impression must be kept
impressionofthe
can
reduce
the
strength
2. Both under and over-mixing
(minimum)
of alginate should remain
0.25 inch
3. Do not over-seat the tray
over all critical strucl]tj'es (especially occlusal surfaces).
Elastomers are rubbery polymrs that are capable of elastic deformation from
undercut arcas to produce a complete impression for dentate situations.
is true
. Both
a2
Copyrighr O 201 1,201 2 - Dental Decks
1.0 mm
1.5 mm thick
thick
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Copltighr O 20ll-2012 - Dental Decl6
The simplest method ofclassifoing impression materials is by key properties: rigid' water-basd, and elastomeric. Of the rigid rlpes, impression plaster was the first material usd for both edentulous and denolous
imprcssions, it is no longer used for impressions. Impression compound is used for single tooth impressions
where there are no undercuts. zinc oxid eugenol (ZOE) is used for edentulous impressions.
Water-brsed systems include alginate fil,"e1,ersible lrydrocolloid) and ag^r-^g r (reversible hydrocolloid).
Both types ofmatrials are inherently unstable because watr is 85oZ ofthe composition. They are vry easily distortd during syn eresis (loss of$'ater to lhe air or surrounding envirokmenl) or ifibibition (ahsorption
ofwaterfron
the air).
Elastomrs are rubbery polymers that are capable ofclastic deformation fiom undcrcut areas to produce a
complet impression for dentate situations. There are four major types (pollsullide, condensation silicone,
pol),ethe\ and pol\'ri nll si loxane).
Characteristics of elastomeric impression malerials:
as a
cartridge, or
as a
liquid
. Light-bodid:
also referred to as syringe q!e, or wash O?e. This material is used because ofits ability
to flow in and about the details ofthe prepared tooth.Aspecial slringe, or extnrder, is used to place the lightbodied material on and immediately around the preparcd tecth.
. Regular and heavy-bodied: often referred to as tray-typc matcrials, they are much thicker As the names
imply, they are used to fill the tray. Their stiffness helps to force the light-bodied material into close contact 1\ ith rhe prepared teeth and surrounding tissues to ensure a more accurate impression ofthc details of
a prepamdon.
ofihe
With all elastomers, a custom tray should be fabricated with a plastic material. This tray
should be rigid, have occlusal stops to avoid permanent distortion during polyrrerization
and be coated with an adhesive. With hydrocolloid impre ssiors (ctlginate),a greater bulk
of material produces greater accuracy, however, the thickness of rubberlike materials
should not only be less, but should be evenly distributed. lmportant: Let adhesive that
is applied to the tray dry completely. If it is wet, impression material may pull away.
. Poured immediately
. Poured within
15 minutes
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CoplriSh O
. Dimer
.Initiator
. Polymer
. Monomer
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Polysulfides have good flow properties and high nexibility and tear strngth. These materials show the
strongest resislance to tearing, but as a result, impressions can distort when removed from areas where deep
undercuts are prcsent. They have a long working time and a relatively long polymerization time, which may
add to patient discomfort. Their rcsistance to deformation is low. Generally, the use ofthis material demands
the construction ofa specialllray (custom tray) in order to control polymerization shrinkage by thc use ofa uniform thickness ofimpression matrial. Note: The polymerization ofpolysulfides is exothermic and is accclerated by an increase in the temperature or humidity.
.Powder: Pofymethyl meth,,cryl^te (PMMA) polymer, benzoyl peroxide initiator, and pigments.
. Liquid: Pure methyl methg,cryl^te (MMA) monome., hydroquinone inhibitor, crosslinking agents, and
chmical activator fdi methrl-ploluidine). Not: This activator is only present in self_cured resins to bring
about polymerization.
the
Degree of cross-linking (need difunctional monomers which contain tu)o areas for reaction) is direclly
proportional to lhe degree ofpol)rnerization. A polymer with a greatcr molecular weighl is formed if more
crosslinking occurs.
. Tle composition ofthe mororner ( prepares lhe polymer)
: '. - - .. . 1. Acrylic resins will expand when immersed in water and become distorted when dried out
:NoteJ;2.shrinkageofanacrylicrsinoccu$butxcessiveshrinkagemayoccuriftoomuchmonomer
i tliqurll is added to the polymer lpov'derJ. The volumetric monomer-to-polymer ratio is l:3.
,
..&1
out heat
3. The polynrerization reaction of methyl methacrylate is xothermic
-gives
4. Inhibitors are added to the monomen to aid in preventing polymerization during storage.
5. Cross-linking contributes greatly to the strength ofthe polymer
6. Hal-cured materials: heat is used as an accelemtor to decompose benzoyl peroxide frre
t alol) into fre radicals, These fiee radicals initiate the polymerization ofMMA into PMMA Th
pol]'rnerization process continues as new PMMA is formed as a matrix around residual PMMA
powder particles.
7. Self-cured (auto-cured, cold cureA materials: a chemical activator such as dimethyl-p_
tofuidine flvri., is a lertiory amine) is ?dded to the monomer fMM,'r' This chemical activator
causes decomposilion of the bnzoyl peroxide (lhe initiator) into free mdicals. These f.ee radi_
cals initiate the polymerization ofMMA and PMMA. Tle polymerization process continues the
same as in heat-curing materials.
8- The pofymerization range is the temperaturc mnge, approximately 60"C (l1f F) to 77"C
f17rP-F), at which the major part ofpollmerization occurs in a heat-cured resin.
9.The heat-cured resins have less residual monomer and a higher molecular weight than the selfcured resins; therefore, they are stronger. They also have superior color stability.
,ri
Z\
An edentulous patient has slight undercuts on both tuberosities and also on the
faclal ofthe &nterior maxilla. To construct a satisfactory maxillary complete
denture, you should reduce which ofthe following?
. All undercuts
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tuberosities.
The maxillary sinus appears to enlarge throughout life if it is not restricted by natural
teeth or dentures. As the sinus enlarges, the tuberosity moves downward. Ifthere is no contact with the retromolar pad at the vertical dimension ofocclusion, the tuberosity must be
reduced.
If a fow tuberosity is not removed before constructing new dentures (C/C), an accidentally underextended mandibular denture will probably be made and limited space to position posterior teeth will occur.
A submucosal vestibuloplasty is usually performed on the maxillary arch to improve
the available denture base area. This procedure is favored because no raw tissue
surface remains to granulate and re-epithelialize.
The temporomandibularjoints are considered to be the most complex joints in the human
body because they must provide for rotational movements, sliding movements (trqnskrto\) motion) and an infrnite range ofcombined movements and functions, unlike any other
joint in the body.
When the mouth opens, two distinct motions occur at thejoint. The first motion is rotation around a horizontal axis through the condylar heads. The second motion is translation. The condyle and meniscus move together anteriorly beneath the articular eminence.
ln the lower (condyle - articular disc) compartment, only a hinge-type or rotary motion can occur. This rotational or terminal hinge-axis opening oflhe mandible is possible only when the mandible is retruded in centric relation with a conscious effort by the
patient or by the dentist's control. Note: A pure hinging movement is possible only in the
terminal hinge position.
sion), or can move backwards together (retrusion) during opening and closing of the
mouth, respectively.
Remember: The TMJ is a ginglymoarthrodial joint fn eaning that it glides and rotates),
permitting both hinge-like rotation and sliding (gliding) movements. Ginglymus means
rotation, and arthrodial means freely movable.
. Arcon articulator
. Nonarcon articulator
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. Epinephrine
. .Llurn (aluminum potassium sufatu)
. Zinc chloride
. Any ofthe above
Copright
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Thc capability of the articulator to closcly simulatc the movcments ofthc mandiblc is dcpcndcnt upon thc ajustability ofthc articulator elemcnts.
f,lements of an articular;
. Horizontal axis of rot|tion: variability ofthc position ofthc horizontal a\is ofrotation in rclationship to thc max-
Epinephrine causes local vasoconstriction, which in nrm results in transitory gingival shrinkage Epincphrine
impregnatd cord has been shown to produce minimal physiologic changes uhen placed in an intact gingival
sulcus. Howeve( there is evidence ofincreased heart rate and elevated blood pressure when the cord is applied
ro the severely lacerated gingival sulcus. For those patients with medical conditions such as certain tlpes of
cardiovascular disease or hyperthy'roidism, or a kno\r'n hyPersensitivity to epinephrine, a cord impregnatcd
. Control bleeding
. Refiact the gingival tissues slightly away from the margins
. Allow imDression material to flow into the sulcus
. Expose all gingival margins
Modes to achieve tissue displacement whn taking impressions:
. Mechanical modes
- Cords: which stretch the circumferential periodontal fibers. They can be rwisled, braided, or knitted
These cords can be impregnaled with chemicals such as aluminum, iron salts or epinephrine which
cause transient ischemia and shrinkage ofthe gingival tissue, and absorb seepage ofgingival fluid They
are supplied in different diametcrs.
. Surgical modes:
- Elctrosurgery: when cord will not produced the desired gingival displacement, this method can be
used.
. Mchanical means:
. Hamulus
. Hamular notch
. Maxillary tuberosity
. Fovea palatini
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2olo
ofthe population
50olo
ofthe population
91
*** It is a thin,
curved process that serves as the superior attachment of the pterygomandibular raphe. This raphe is a tendon between the buccinator and superior
constrictor rnuscles.
The hamular notch is a thin cleft between the maxillary tuberosity and the hamulus. The
vibrating line is an imaginary line drawn across the palate that marks the begiming of motion in the soft palate when an individual says "ah". It extends from one hamular notch to
the other. At the midline, it usually passes about 2 mm in front ofthe fovea palatinae.
Remember: The distal end ofthe maxillary denture must cover the tuberosities and extend into the hamular notches. Overextension at the hamular notches will not be tolerated
because of pressure on the pterygoid hamulus and interferences with the pterygomandibular raphe. When the mouth is opened wide, the pterygomandibular raphe is pulled
forward. Ifthe denture extends too fff into the hamular notch. the mucous membrane covering the raphe will be traumatized.
The fovea palatinae are indentations near the midline ofthe palate formed by a coalescence of several mucous gland ducts. They are always in soft tissue, which makes them
an ideal guide for the location ofthe posterior border ofthe denture.
Palatal tori are bony enlargements located at the midline ofthe hard palate. They occur
in approximately 20% ofthe population and are more prevalent in women than men. They
usually reach maximum size in the third or fouth decade. Because the torus is usually covered by thinner and less resilient mucosa than the residual ridge, it may act as a fulcrum
and cause rocking ofthe ma"rillary denture.
Because the soft tissues over the torus are generally thin and have a poor blood supply,
post-operative healing is slow. It is best to cover the opemted site with a surgical stent lined
with a sedative dressing. Ifa patient is having all oftheir maxillary teeth out at one time,
it is best to also remove the tod at the same time.
Note: Palatal tori are usually not removed for denture fabrication whereas mandibular
tori are usually removed prior to denture fabrication. The following conditions warrart removal ofpalatal tori, ifit: (1) impinges on the soft palate (2) is so large that it fills the vault
and prevents the formation ofan adequate dentue base (3) is undercut (4) extends so far
posteriorly interfering with the posterior palatal seal (5) is psychologically disturbing to
the patient (cancetphobia)
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When
. A vitamin B deficiency
. A sudden increase in body weight
base
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fu
most
technique that:
. Affords placement and control ofthe impression material in recording border tissues
(bonler molding)
Results in minimal displacement oftissues under the dentLre (registers the tissue in
Its passive
position)
\ote: The best impression technique for a patient with loose hyperplastic tissue is to register the tissue in its passive position. There must be intimate contact of the
impression material with the tissue.
The hyperplasia is produced in respons to ifiitation from movement ofthe denture and from accumulating food debris. The masses prescnt as painless,Iirm, pink, or red nodular pmliferations ofthl] mucosa. Candida albicans may contribute to the inflammation.
Conditions that compromise the optimal function ofcomplete dentures:
. Frenectomy; common for labial, less for buccal, rare for lingual. Surgery is usually Z-plasfy which
must include fibrous attachment to bone.
. H;-permobile ridge: ifinflamed. trcat with a tissue conditioner. Lascr suryery may bc needcd
. Epulis Iissuratum: a hyperplastic tissue reaction caused by an ill-fitting or overextended flange in
a denture.
Fibrous maxillary tuberosity: common occurrence when largc maxillary tuberosities contact
. Paget's
disease of bone: a denture or RPD in a patient with this disorder may have to be remade
periodically due to bone expansion
1.
Noled,2.Palataltorishouldberemovedonlyif(l)itissolargcthatitfillsthevaultandprcvents
,....,
:.
r&a;-
the formation of an adcquf,te denture base when it is undercut, (2) it interferes with the placement ofthe posterior palaral seal, or (3) ifthe patient is canccr phobic.
3. Vestibuloplasty: this tcchnique increases the relative height ofthe alveolar process by api.
cally repositioning the alveolar mucosa and the buccinator mentalis, and mylohyoid muscles as they insert into the mandible.
4. Augmentation: (l) Bone gmfts l'rources include anleior iliac crest ofthe hip or the rib)
(2) Hy&oxyapatite (3) Freeze-dried bone
. Agrng
. Alcoholism
. Vitamin A or Vitamin B deficiency
. The use ofdrugs to manage chronic diseases
. Diabetes
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. Vemrcous lulgaris
. Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
. Stomatitis nicotina
. Epulis fissuratum
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Xerostomia is a possible side effect associated with more than 400 drugs including antihlpertensives, antidepressants, antihistamines, bronchodilators, anticholinergics, and
sedatives. Mouthwashes, alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine may alter salivary flow or cause
dryness ofthe oral mucosa.
Even though xerostomia is not a disease, it can be a symptom ofcertain diseases. It can
cause health problems by affecting nutrition as well as psychological health. It can contribute to and increase the chances ofhaving tooth decay and mouth infections.
. Saliva substitutes
. Sugarless hard candies
. Glycerine-based cough drops and lemon flavored glycerine mouthwash
. Medications may
florv
Remember
. \vashes away food debris and plaque from the teeth to help prevent decay
. Limits the growth ofbacteria that cause tooth decay and other mouth infections
. Bathes the teeth and supplies minerals that allow remineralization ofearly cavities
easier
The cleft-like lesions ofepulis fissuratum result primarily from overextension ofdenture flanges. The overextension may result from long-term neglect or settling subsequent
to residual ridge resorption. Trar.rmatic occlusion of natural teeth opposing an artificial
denture may also cause this condition.
likeh
causes
of denture stomatitis.
. Addison's
disease
. Paget's disease
. Hashimoto's disease
. Multiple sclerosis
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. Delayed healing
. Rapidly progressing periodontal disease with marked alveolar bone loss
. Mucosal bleeding
. Increased calculus formation
. A predilection for periapical abscesses
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Paget's disease (also called osteitis deformans) ofthebone is a chronic bone disorder in
which bones becorne enlarged and deformed. The exact cause is not known. It is
characterized by excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone
formation. The new bone is shucturally enlarged, but weakened with healy calcifications.
Important: Involvement of the skull may enlarge head size and cause hearing loss and
blindness if the cranial nerves are damaged by the bone growth.
the tissue surface of the dentures and relining with
-relieving
resilient materials can extend
the life of the dentures. However, remaking the dentures
freouentlv is unavoidable.
Dental Considerations
Children who wear dentures and patient's with acromegaly who wear dentures also often need to have their dentures relined or remade to allow for bone
growth.
2. Diseases ofbone growth or expansion are much rarer than those ofbone
1.
Not"* l
loss.
Just as studies have shown that controlling blood sugar levels lowers the risk of major
so too can
such as eye, heart, and nerve damage
organ complications of diabetes
good diabetes control protect against the development oforal health problems.
Even controlled diabetics present problems for the prosthodontist. The oral mucosa is
prone to the development of sore spots which heal poorly and often become secondarily
infected.
Principles to keep in mind when constructing denturs for patients with any debilitating
drsease:
.
.
.
.
Maximum extension
Narrow occlusal table
. Masseter muscles
. Medial pterygoid muscles
. Lateral pterygoid muscles
. Temporalis muscles
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closed relation in
normal positions
. An occluding
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Cop)right O 201l'201? - Denral Decls
. Closing
muscles.
Important:
. The lateral pterygoid muscles are mostly responsible for positioning and translating
the condyles.
be
Interocclusal distance: also called "freeway space" is the vertical distance or space between the incisal
and occlusal surfaces ofthe maxillary and mandibular teeth with the mandible in the physiological rest
position. The average interocclusal distalce is about 3 mm. Too much interocclusal distance may result in muscuiar imbalance.
as measured between two arbitrarily
selected points, one above and one below the mouth, when the teeth or any substitute ma1e'rial (occluJiorl ,'rrril are in contact in centric relation. Excessive vertical dimension may result in trauma to thc
underlling supporting tissues (in a derlrtre patient) and strrir'jng ofthe closing muscles as well as
ad\erseft affecting the interocclusal distance (decreasedfreewal, space).
is the vertical length of the face as measured between two arbitrarily selecred points. one above and one below the mouth, when the mandible is in the rest position; in the
phlsiologicalJy healthy individual, there will always be a vertical space between the teeth (freewal' space)
\hen the mandible is in the rest position. This position is important in complete dentute fabrication because it p.ovides a guide to the vertical dimension ofthe occlusion.
Notesi
**
Thc vcrtical dimension ofrest is always greater than the vertical dimcnsion ofocclusion.
A protrusive record registe$ the anterior-inferior condyle path at one particular point
in rhe translatory movement ofthe condyles. Some clinicians use this q?e ofrecord to detemine the amount of space between maxillary and mandibular teeth or occlusal rims in order
to maintain balanced occlusion throughout the mandibular functional range of movement
$'hen aniculating teeth.
4. Thc space that opens between the posteriorteeth during anterior movemcnt ofthe mandible
is called Christensen's PheDomenon. This posterior separation is increased if the incisal
guidance is increased. Tte amount of posterior separation is affccted by both the incisal
guidance and the horizontal condylar guidance. The separation is increased as both IG and
effect ofIC is greater anteriorly and the effect ofHCG is greater posHCG increase
-the
teriorly.
2.
l.
. Curve of
Spee
. Compensating Curve
. Curve of Wilson
. Curve of Pleasure
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. Tooth-to-tooth relation
. Occlusal relation
. Bone-to-bone relation
. Balanced relation
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The lorm ofthe compensating curve is entirely under the control ofthe dentist, For example, ifduring a try-in evaluation, a dentist notes that a protrusive excursion movement
results in the separation of posterior teeth, the problem can be corrected by simply increasing the compensating curve. The value of the compensating curve is that it allows
the dentist to alter the effective cusp angulation without changing the form of the manufactued denture teeth. The function ofthis curve is to help provide a balanced occlusion.
Not: As the condylar inclination increases, the compensating curve must increase to
keep a balanced occlusion. A prominent compensating curve is required when there is a
steep condylar path associated wilh a low degree of incisal guidance.
Orientation of the occlusal plane: The occlusal plane is an imaginary surface which is
related anatomically to the cranium and which theoretically touches the incisal edges of
the incisors and the tips ofthe occluding surfaces of the posterior teeth. lt is not a plane
in the true sense ofthe word, but represents the mean curvature ofthe surface. The anterior point of the occlusal plane is determined by the position of the anterior teeth. The
the height of the retroposterior determinants are anatomical lanalmarks
-two-thirds
ofcontrol the dentist may exercise
molar pads. Therefore, it is debatable as to the extent
over the orientation ofthe occlusal plane.
Cusp inclination is the angle made by the slopes ofa cusp with a perpendicular line bisectin-q the cusp, measured mesiodistally or buccolingually. This is under control of the
dentist (choosittg j0" degree teeth or cuspless teeth, etc.).
Centric refation (CR) (also called the retrudecl contact position) is considered a trminal
hinge position and is defined as "the maxillomandibular relation in which the condyles articulate with the thinnest avascular portion oftheir respective discs with the complex in the
anterior-superior position against the shapes ofthe anicular eminences". This position is independent of tooth contact. This position is clinically discemable when the mandible is directed superiorly and anteriorly. It is restdcted to a purely rotary moyement about the
trans\ierse horizontal axis. Important: This is a relationship of the bones of the upper and
loserjarvs without tooth contact.
lmportant points about centric relation:
. The mandible cannot be forced into centric relation fiom the rest Dosition because the
Da-
Important point:
The current concept about centric relation: it occurs when the condyles are
in their most superoanterior position, resting on the posterior slopes of the articular eminences rvith the discs properly interposed.
Whl
do we ned to know this? This position is considered to be an optimum relative position between all ofthe anatomic components. And more importantly, it is a repeatable reference position to mount the casts on the articulator.
Helpful hint: Having the patient swallow, tuming the tongue upward towards the palate, relaxrng the jaw muscles, or protruding and retruding the mandible can be effective ways to
help in recording centric relation.
if
. Grind only the cusp tips of the upper buccal and the lower lingual
they are premature in centric, lateral or protrusive movements
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. Lingual
. Facial
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Coplrighl O
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. Grind the inner inclines ofthe mandibular buccal cusps functional cusps
. \ever gind the maxillary lingual cusps (primary centric holding cusps)
\ote:
ifit
For the National Board Exam questions, you can reduce the maxillary lingual cusp
reality, you should not.
is high in centric as wll as othr occlusal positions
-in
Working side interferences generally occur on the innr aspects ofthe lingual cusps of
maxillary molars.
Protrusive interferences generally occur between the distal inclines of the facial cusps
of maxillary posterior teeth and mesiat inclines ofthe facial cusps ofmandibular posterior teeth. The proximity ofthe teeth to the muscles and the oblique vector ofthe forces
make contacts between opposing posterior teeth during protrusion potentially destructive.
The purpose of making a record ofprotrusive relation is to register the condylar path
and to adjust the condylar guides ofthe articulator so that they are equivalent to the condylar paths of the patient.
-{ centric interference (fot'wqrd slide) can be corrected by grinding the mesial inclines
of maxillarv teeth and distal inclines ofmandibular teeth.
qDn
(wwR
\C] IJ V
wk
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. It
. It
is the hne (plane) running from the inferior border of the ala of the nose to the
,!05
Coplrighi O
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Anteriorly the facial surface of the lower incisors will contact the guiding inclines /lzgual) of the tpper incisors and canrnes.
In any restorative case involving all teeth in the mouth, the protrusive condylar path
inclination will have its primary influence on the same inclines (distal ofmaxillary and
mesial ofmandibular).
The pathway followed by the anterior teeth during protrusion may not be smooth or
straight because ofcontact between the anterior teeth and sometimes the posterior teeth.
Signilicance of the Camper's line: the plane of orientation for complete denture construction is established in the anteroposterior direction with the rnaxillary occlusal wax rim
parallel to Campers line, which is an imaginary line traced from the ala ofthe nose to the
tragus of the ear, and with the interpupitlary line in the transverse plane, which is an
imaginary line drawn between the eye pupils.
l{ote: The posterior determinants ofocclusion (two-thirds the height ofthe retromolar
pa&./ have the greatest effect on the setting ofthe mandibular second molars.
Remembr: The Frankfort horizontal plane extends from the outer canthus ofthe eye
to the tragus ofthe ear. It is commonly used in orthodontics for cephalometric analysis.
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Examples:
The mesiolingual cusp of the mandibular first molar opposes the lingual
\ote:
Remember: The lingual cusp ofpermanent mandibular first premolars does not occlude
* ith anlthing.
Important: During mandibular movements (working, non-working, e/c.) the outer aspects of the lingual cusps of the mandibular molars will not contact their maxillary anusonists. All other areas of buccal and lingual cusps may contact during mandibular
mo\ ements (this is assuming that all occlusal reletionships are normal).
\ote: In unilateral balanced occlusion, contact between mandibular buccal cusps and
maxillary buccal cusps, along with simultaneous contact between mandibular lingual
cusps and maxillary cusps will most likely occur in laterotrusive movements.
. Premolars
. First molars
. Incisors
. Canines
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. The central
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This is called canine or cuspid protected occlusion. It is an occlusal relationship in which the
vertical overlap ofthe maxillary and mandibular canines produces a disclusion (separation)
of all ofthe posterior teth when the mandible moves to either side. All other teeth, once they
move from centric relation, do not contact. If there is contact of other teeth. it is termed a
"working side" or "non-working side" interference depending on which side the mandible
moves towards. Note: When placing a crown on a maxillary canine, if you change a canine
protected occlusion to group function you increase the potntial for a "non-working side" interference.
-\otes II or end-to-end
^:.
_.
Remember:
side
Balancing side
. The facial embrasure between their class counterpart and the tooth mesial to it
. The facial embrasure between their class counterpart and the tooth distal to it
. The opposing central fossae
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. The interproximal marginal ridge area between the maxillary second bicuspid and first
molar
. Central
. Cenfal
fossa
. The interproximal marginal ridge area between the maxillary first molar and second
rnolar
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***
Examples:
1. The facial cusp tip of a maxillary first premolar opposes the facial embrasure
between the mandibular first and second premolars (see note below).
2. The facial cusp tip of a maxillary second premolar opposes the facial embrasure
between the mandibular second oremolar and mandibular first molar.
\ote: During lateral excursive movements, the facial cusp ridge of the maxillary first
premolar on the working side opposes the distal cusp ridge ofthe first premolar and the
mesial cusp ridge of the second premolar.
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.Pr
.E
.T
. RCP
.ICP
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Important:
. A protrusive movement requires the condyles to move downward and forward
direction.
. In latral movements, the working condyle moves down, forward, and laterally. condyle of working side
. In lateral movements, the non-working condyle moves down, forward, and medi- condyle of non working side
ally.
Remember: In complete dentures, the path ofthe condyle during free mandibular movements is governed primarily by the shape of the fossa and meniscus (articular disc) as
well as the muscular influence.
The inclination of th condylar path during protrusive movement can vary from steep
to shallow in different patients. It forms an average angle of about 3ff with the horizontal reference plane. Ifthe protrusive inclination is steep, the cusp height may be obviously
longer. Similarly, if the inclination is shallow, the cusp will be shorter. This factor is the
most important aspect of condylar guidance that affects the selection of posterior teeth
with appropriate cusp height.
Anterior guidance (vertical and horizontal overlap of anterior teeth) also affects the
surface morphology ofposterior teeth. The greater the overlap, the longer the cusp height.
Important: Anterior guidance must be preserved, especially when restorative procedures change the surfaces of aaterior or posterior teeth that guide the mandible in excursive (lateral, protrusiv) movements.
ICP
ais
opening)
R-T = the translational moyement ofthe mandible retuming to where the condyles are
in centric relation
Togther these line segments (RCP-R and R-T) make up the posterior border movements of the mandible.
. Intercuspal position
f1P)
111
Copyright O 20ll-2012 - Denhl Decks
. Maximum
. Not present
. Premature
. qli ohr
1t5
Coptright O 201l-2012, Dental Decks
occlusion.
Remember: When the teeth are in centric occlusion, the position of the mandible in
relation to the maxilla is determined by the intercuspation ofthe teeth.
Empty mouth swallowing occurs frequently throughout the day and is an impofiant
function that rids the mouth ofsaliva and helps to moisten the oral structures. The hourly
rate of non-masticatory swallowing is apparently related to the amount olsalivary flow
and, in most instances, may be an involuntary reflex activity.
.,
l.
The masseter muscles contract and the tip ofthe tongue touches the
roofof
.r
there is wide variation in frequency and duration from one person to another.
This position results when the mandible and all of its supporting muscles (eight muscles
o-/'ntastication plus the supra - and inf'ahyoids) are intheir restingpostve (there is a rel-
atie
mandibular movementsThe retruded contact position (also called centric relation) is a "ligament-guided"
position. It is the closing end point ofthe retruded border movement (the terminal hinge
nlol en1enu.
. Offer a maximum resistance to the patient's jaw closure and have high flow at
mixing
. Offer a marimum
resistance to the patient's jaw closure and have low flow at mixing
. Offer a minimum resistance to the patient's jaw closure and have low flow at mixing
. Offer a minimum resistance to the patient'sjaw closure
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. Modeling plastic
. Wax
. Quick-setting impression plaster
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- Dental Decls
In recent years, polyvinyl siloxane (addition silicones) impression materials have dominated the IOR (interocclusal record) market. These materials have very low flow when
mixed and become rigid after setting.
In the past, an interocclusal record was made by placing the IOR material into the mouth
usualla wax
and closing the patient's jaws into the material at the desired relationship. Although this
act of closing
may produce a relatively accurate IOR
concept is acceptable
-and of its lack of viscosity, often causes-the
a deviation of the
into any material, regardless
mandible away from the desired contact position.
ofsilicone
. Let silicone set for about two minutes
. Remove IOR and him with a sharp knife
. Mount casts with IOR material present only in areas of tooth preparations
a matrix for the lingual aspect
Materials used to record jaw relationships have varied widely over the years An ideal
recording medium would be characterized as easy to handle, uniformly soft while the
record is being made, rapid setting, and totally rigid but not brittle when set. Rapid setting plastet zinc oxide and eugenol pastes, and modeling plastic all approach the ideal.
Avoid soft waxes as a recording material. They never become rigid and are likely to be
distorted during the cast mounting procedure.
exists, the mandibular cast may be mounted in
reinforced wax bite. In the case ofthe disa
zinc
oxide-eugenol
using
centric occlusion
plates
partial
base
and
occlusion rims should be placed on the
denture'
tal extension
framework ard the patient closed into softened recording wax or zinc oxide-eugenol
pxste (preferred). Whether this record will be in centric occlusion or centric relation will
depend upon the individual case and is dictated by the presence or absence of any natural posterior occlusion in the patient.
A retiable method is to use a record ofall remaining occluding surfaces in a wax wafer
with the mandible in the terminal hinge position ard the teeth just out ofocclusion.
Primary requirements for making
dentue:
118
Copyrighl
@ 201 t
. Horizontal overlap
. Vertical overlap
. Horizontal and vertical overlap
119
Non-supporting Cusps
Supporting Cusps
Maxillary
Right
First Molar
Mandibular
Right
First Molar
Non-supporting Cusps
Anlerior guidance (sometimes called anterior coupllng) is a tightly overlapping relationship ofthe opposing maxillary and mandibular incisors and canines, which produces
disclusion of the posterior teeth when the mandible protrudes and moves to either side.
-{nterior teeth have a mechanical advantage over posterior teeth, due to the fact that they
are fanher away from the fulcrum (condyles), giving them better leverage to offset the
closing musculature. This apparent is apparent when one tries to occlude maximally with
anterior teeth as opposed to occluding maximally in the molar region. The further away
lrom the site of muscle action, the less force is exerted.
Important point ofall this: ifanterior guidance can be accomplished, the least amount
of tbrce u'ill be placed on the teeth during muscular contraction.
Incisal guidance is a measure of the amount of movement and the angle at which the
lo* er incisors and mandible must move from the overlapping position of centric occlusion to an edge-to-edge relationship with the maxillary incisors.
It is the second end-controlling factor in articulator movement. It is, to some degree, under
the control ofthe dentist. Influencing factors include: l) esthetics, 2) phonetics, 3) ridge
relations, 4) arch space, and 5) inter-ridge space. Esthetics and phonetics are the primary
factors limiting the dentists control of incisal guidance. The incisal guidance on the articulator is the mechanical equivalent ofhorizontal and verlical overlap.
Note: The right and left condylar mechanisms are the other end-controlling factors in articulator movement.
.Unilateral balanced occlusion or "group function" calls for all teeth on the working side
to be in contact during a lateral excursron
. Mutually protected occlusion, also called "canine guided" or "organic" occlusion is the
one in which anterior teeth protect posterior teeth in all mandibular excursions
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, Dntal Decks
Important: In bilateral balanced occlusion the maximum number ofteeth should contact during mandibular excursions. This concept ofocclusal arrangement, though ideal, is
very difficult to achieve.
The determinants of occlusion include the right and left TMJ, the occlusal surfaces of
the teeth and the neuromuscular system. The concepts of occlusal arrangement aim to
place the artificial teeth in harmony with the TMJ and the neuromuscular system. If this
is done properly, it will result in minimum stress on the teeth and only a minimum effort
will need to be expended by the neuromuscular system when performing mandibular
movements.
There are four features ofthe human dentition which directly affect the health ofthe PDL
The four theoretical determinants needed for restoring a complete and functional oc-
clusal surface
However, the jaw relationship most frequently used in the actual design of restorations
is the acquired centric occlusion.
Note: The anterior determinant of occlusion is the horizontal and vertical overlap
relationshio of anterior teeth.
teeth
surface-to-surface contact
Cop]righr
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201l-2012 - Dental Decks
. The developmental groove between the distobuccal and the distal cusps of
mandibular first molar
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Cop).right O 20ll-2012
' Dertal
Decks
the
***
,w'-w
Surface-to-surlace point-to-suface
Important:
. The mesiobuccal cusp ofthe maxillary ftrst molar opposes the mesiobuccal groove
ofthe mandibular first molar. This relationship is a key factor in the definition of Class
I occlusion.
. The distobuccal cusp ofthe maxillary first molar opposes the distobuccal groov of
the mandibular first molar. Note: This distobuccal groove also serves as an escapeway
fol the )IL cusp ofthe maxillary first molar during non-rvorking excursive movements.
. The oblique ridge ofthe maxillary first molar opposes the developmental groovebet\\'een the distobuccal and distal cusps ofthe mandibular first molar
Remember: The maxillary buccal (facial) and the mandibular lingual cusps are guiding cusps. The inner occlusal inclines leading to these cusps are called guiding inclines
because in contact movements they guide the supporting cusps away from the midline.
Thus. there are the bucco-occlusal inclines (lingual inclines oJ the buccal ctrsps) of the
maxillary posterior teeth and the linguo-occlusal inclines (huccal inclines of the lingttol
c u.rp.s) ofthe mandibular posterior teeth.
. Both
124
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I 2012,
Denral Decls
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Coplrigh O 201l-201? ' Dental
Dec16
In a lateral movement, the non-working side condyle moves downward, forward, and
medially. The working side condyle moves laterally. Since the mandible is a solid bone,
the amount that the non-working condyle moves medially determines how far the working side condyle moves laterally. The Bennett movement is sometimes called the lateral
shift of the mandible or immediate side shift.
Important: This movement influences the lingual concavity of the maxillary anterior
teeth and directional placement of the ridges and grooves on the mandibular posterior
teeth as well as the mesiodistal position ofthe cusps of posterior teeth. Note: The Bennett angle is the angle formed by the sagittal plane and the path of the non-working
condyle during lateral movement ofthe mandible, as viewed in the horizontal plane.
These cusps are also called balancing, non-supporting, non-centric or shearing cusps.
These cusps do not occlude or fit into fossae or marginal ridge areas on the opposite arch
They allow the dentition to move apart, out ofocclusion. They allow the teeth to'.llnlock" and move back and forth and side to side.
Supporting cusps
are the maxillary lingual cusps and the mandibular buccal cusps. These
working, stamp or centric cusps. Centric stops are areas ofcontact that a supporting cusp makes with opposing teeth. For example, the mesial lingual
cusp ofthe maxillary frst molar (a supporting cusp) makes contact with the central fossa
lcentric stop) of the mandibular first molar.
cusps are also called
Supporting cusps contac! the opposing teeth in their corresponding faciolingual center
on a marginal ridge or a fossa. Non-supporting cusps overlap the opposing tooth without contacting the tooth.
the supporting and guiding cusps are opposite.
lingual would be supporting and the maxillary
and
the
mandibular
The maxillary buccal
lingual and the mandibular buccal would be guiding.
. An
126
Coplright C 20ll-2012 - Dental Decks
127
Cop"ighr
patient
occluding
Five significant factors that govem the establishment ofbalanced articulation are:
. Inclination ofthe
Some ofthese,
ifnot all,
are
contolled by
the dentist.
Recommended occlusion for complete dentures: Recommended practice is to develop maximum intercuspation of complete dentures to coincide with CR at an acceptable OVD. Failure to
achieve that can lead to intolerance, usually because of instability of the dentures or because of
pain ofthe alveolar mucosa as a result ofuneven load disftibution and high stress concentralions.
It is also recommended that a balanced occlusion is provided in order to help give occlusal stability.
Note: Balanced occlusion requires that the maxillary lingual cusps of the posterior teeth on the
non-working side contact the lingual incline of facial cusps ofmandibular posterior teeth in conjunction with balanced contact ofteeth in the working side.
Balanced centric occlusion in partial dentures is necessary for the stability ofthe appliance. Design ofthe framework and the relationship ofthe teeth to the ridges also influences the stability of
the partial. Bilateral ecceltric balance is not an objective in partial denture construction unless
the partial prosthesis is opposed by a complete dentur. The vertical relation for RPD'S is usually
determined by the remaining natural teeth (unlike complete dentures).
fiotei.
=;jji
I . Eccentric occlusion is defined as protrusive and right and left lateral contacts of the
inclined planes of the teeth when the jaw is not moving.
2. Articulation can be defined as the relationship ofteeth during movements into and
awav from eccentric Dosition while the teeth are in contact.
***
This is done to prevent duplicating the deflective occlusal contacts in the final restoratron.
Note: One cornmon case in which it would be prferable for selectiv grinding to be
completed after the fixed bridge or partial dentue is in place is when a fixed or removable partial denture is to be constructed for a space over which the opposing tooth has ex-
truded slightly. The bridge or partial is frequently constructed to the ideal plane of
occlusion and the opposing tooth is adjusted after insertion.
The most common complaint after cementation of a fixed bridge is sensitivity to hot /
cold and is an indication ofa deflective occlusal contact. The teeth involved may also be
sensitive to touch and this may be noticed by the patient while brushing. In these cases,
an immediate correction ofthe occlusion must be made.
The purpose of selective grinding is to remove all interferences without destroying
cusp height. With such an objective in mind, whenever interferences exist in centric but
not in lateral excursions, the fossa or marginal ridge opposing lhe premature cusp is deepened. It is important that whenever a prematurity is found, the occlusion be checked in all
centric positions before any adjustment is performed. Ifcusps are found to interfere with
one another in excursions, then only the non-holding cusps should be ground to prevent
a decrease in vertical dimension.
. Recurrent decay
. A periodontal problem
. Occlusal trauma
. An open margin
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Coplright O 201 I -20 l2 - Dental Deck
If centric relation occlusion is high, patients will complain of cold sensitivity and pain
upon biting down hard. All patients should have an appointment specifically to check the
occlusion on all crowns and bridges. Excursive movements should also be evaluated.
Many times patients will complain of pain on chewing soft foods, which indicates improper balancing or working contacts. The occlusion ofgold restorations is best checked
with silver plastic shim stock.
Important: Initial sensitivity can be caused by acid irritation accentuated by dehydrated
dentin from prolonged drying ofthe tooth before cementation or incorrect liquid / powder ratio ofthe cement.
Radiographic signs ofocclusal trauma include hypercementosis, root resorption, alteration ofthe lamina dura, and alteration of the periodontal space.
Note: If a marginal ridge is left higher than an adjacent marginal ridge, an interference
in retrusive movement may occur.
***
Remember: The success or failure of a bridge depends mostly on the design of the
pontic. The design is dictated by function, esthetics, ease of cleaning, patient comfort,
and the maintenance by the patient ofhealthy tissue on the edentulous ridge.
Proper dsign is more important to cleanability and acceptable tissue well-being than is
the choice of materials (porcelain, gold, etc.).
Note: Multiple adjacent pontics on an anterior fixed bridge have reduced facial embrasures to enhance esthetics.
r30
Coprighr O
. A loss of interocclusal distance when the mandible is in the rest positton (decreased
free*^ay space)
. Neither ofthe above, vertical dimension ofocclusion does not affect interocclusal distance
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201
Condylar guidance is the mechanical device on an articulator which is intended to produce similar guidances in articulator movement that are produced by the paths of the
condyles in mandibular movements.
Note: When restoring the entire mouth with crowns, the protrusive condylar path
inclination influences the mesial inclines ofthe mandibular cusps and the distal inclines
of the marillarv cusos.
A classic example of a decreased vertical dimension: People with no teeth or people who have wom
dentures fora long time present with the lower portion ofthe face scrunched up or do not show their lips
anymore (poor facial proftle).
Solution: Make new dentues and increase the vertical dimension ofocclusion. By doing this, you will
decrease the introcclusal distance and decrease freeway space.
Some effects ofexcessive vertical dimension ofocclusion:
. Exccssive display ofmandibular teeth
. "Muscle-guided" position
. "Ligament-guided" position
. "Tooth-guided" position
132
Coptright O
Denial Decks
A prerequisite for the use of this technique for the restoration of a single tooth is the
presence
20ll-2012
ofa
Class
III occlusion
This technique allows the cuspal movements of the dentition to be recorded in wax
intra-orally and transferred to the articulator in the form ofa static plaster cast
This static plaster cast is also called the ftnctional index
t33
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Ci
2011,2012 - DentalDecks
-..
-.
3. Woelfel leaf gauge method of recording CR: a thin flexible wafer is customized. Used
with its leafgauge it helps to guide the mandible superiorly and posteriorly and to maintain
the desired rninimum vertical opening. The recording material ofchoice is polyether, next is
***
This is false; a prerequisite for the use ofthis technique for the restoration
gle tooth is the presence ofan optimal occlusion.
ofa sin-
A major difficulty for any dental laboratory technician is to determine the cuspal movements ofthe dentition using hand-held casts or casts mounted on a simple hinge articulator. The functionally generated pathway technique allows these movements to be recorded
in wax intra-orally and transferred to the articulator in the form ofa static plaster cast (the
functional index).
The involved tooth should be immobile and the recording material (low-fusing hi-Ji wax)
retained on the prepared tooth, not moving separately, during the generation ofthe FGP
wax record. The involved tooth should have unprepared teeth anterior and posterior to it
to act as refernce surlaces for checking the complete seating ofthe functional core ofthe
$,orking cast. There should be no occlusal interferences pre-operatively and the opposing surfaces should be properly restored.
I
,,
Notedt
Wi
of
(A) A
of occlusion
refers
to
excessive interocclusal
di stance (i n cr e a s e d fre ew ay sp a c e)
. Poor esthetics
. Expansion
. Brittleness
. Radioactivity
'|
Copyrigh O
201 I
35
The following must be considered while verifying the vertical dimensions of the
occlusion:
. Pre-extraction records
. The amount ofinterocclusal distance (freeway space) to which the patient was previously accustomed to
. Esthetics
harmony should be noted along with facial expresston
. Phonetics -facial
sounds
-speech
. Length ofthe
lip in relation to the teeth
. The condition and amount of shrinlage ofthe ridges
The compressive strength ofceramic bodies is greater than either their tensile or their shear strength The
tensile strength is low because ofthe unavoidable surface defects. The shear strength is low because of
the lack ofductility or ability to shear, caused by the complex stluctule ofthe glass ceramic materials.
The shear and tensile strengths of the fired porcelain are so low that the slightest imperfection in the
preparation ofthe cavity in the tooth may cause thejacket crown to ilactue in service.
Remember;
. Tle tooth preparation reduction for the mettl-ceramic restorations (1.5-2.0 nn) must provide
space for the metal f0. 5 ht ) and porcel^in (1 .0- 1.5 nm)
. The metal substructure provides support and increases the strength ofthe porcelain
. All intemal line angles where porcelain is veneered should be rounded to prevent shess concen-
tration
. The metal-porcelain junction should be at a right atrgle to avoid porcelain fracture
. Occlusal contacts must be at least 1.5 mm away from porcelain/metal junctton
. The coefficient ofthermal expansion ofthe porcelain must be slightly lower thafl that ofthe metal
to place the porcelain in slight compression when cooled
. Porcelain is stronger under compressive forces than it is in tensile forces
. Metal oxide formation is necessary for the metal-cemmic bond
Many porcelains rust at a temperature over 2000pF.
firing is the last firing and it produces a smooth, translucent surface.
3. Denlal porcelain has good biocompatibility. but is very brinle.
4. All-porcelain crowns are superior to ceramo-metal crowns in esthetics oriy (as compared
wilh stre gth, hanlness and toughness).
5. In a ceramo-metal unit, the porcelain surfacc should be under slight compressive stress
(it should not be under tensile or shear stress).
6. The core material in an all ceramic crown is usually a high strength sintered ceramic.
7. Porcelain substrate alloys, when comparcd to faditional alloys, melt at a higher tem1.
,.
*-o6g]
e_
ry _ i
2. The glaze
perature.
136
Coplrighr O 20ll-2012 'Denial Decks
. Hue
. Chroma
. Value
.Intensity
137
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Porcelain attaches to metal substrates by mechanical and chemical bonding. Roughness from sandblasting the cast metal restoration allows porcelain to mechanicaliy bond to metal. The mixing ofoxidized metal layers with porclain oxides allows the porcelain to chemically bond to metal. Note: Tle
elements Sn,In, Fe, and Cr all conhibute to metal oridation for chemical bonding to porcelain. Important: (l) Fe is key in PFM bonding to gold b.sed alloys (2) Cr is key in PFM bonding to gold-substitute alloys.
. The opaque porcelain must mask the dark oxide color as well as provide the porcelain-metal bond
. The body porcelain makes up the bulk ofthe restolation, providing most ofthe color or shade
. The incisal porcelain is
The opaque is applied lirst to mask the metal and to give the restoration its basic shade. Body porcelain is then added overthe opaque. Incisal porcelain is added to the incisalone{hird to give translucency.
The restoration is bufked out (overcontoured) to compensate for the 20yo shrinkage, which occurs during firing.
Opaque porcelain showing through on the facial surface ofa metal-cemmic crown may be caused by
the following:
. Inadequate tooth reduction
fault ofthe dentist
- ofthe lab
. The metal is too rhick fault
. The opaque porcelain is too thick
of the lab
-fault
. Inadeouate thickness ofthe bodv Dorcelain
ofthe lab
-fault
L All ofthe following can lead to "pop-off' ofporcelain from PFM crowns:
. Contamination of the porcelain-to-metal interface
. Thick layers ofsurface conditioners on the metal
. Under-firing ofthe opaque layer
2. Surface mic.o-cracks in porcelain are caused by cooling stresses related to thc poor thcrmal conductivjty of porcelain.
3.Built-in strcsscs in the Dorcelain contributcs most to PFM failure.
l. Chroma: is the saoration or sffength ofa color fdegree ofsaluration ofthe lue)
2. y^hte (or brightness): is the relative amount oflightness or darkness in a color
3. Hue: refels to color tone (e.g., rerl, hlue, vellov, etc.) and is synonymous with the term coLor.
Characterization is the ar! ofreproducing natural dcfects. This can be particularly successful in making a
cro\\ n btend \\'ith the adjacent natural teeth
. T}e addition ofyellow stain increases the chroma ofa basically yellow shade. Addition oforange has the
same effect on a crowl as ayellow-red hue. Too high a chroma is impossible to decrease in hue or increase
tn |aluc.
. The only two modifications that usually are done to hue are: pink-purple will move yellow toward yqllo\l'red. whereas yellow will decrease the red content ofa yellow-red shade. Note: This is because a natural tooth always lies in the yellow-red to yellow rangc.
. Adding a aomplimentary color can reduc value. Violel is used on ycllow restorations, which has the
added effect of mimicking translucency.
. Stains are metallic oxides that fuse to the porcelain during a predetermined firing cycle
. Staining a porcelain restoration will reduce the value fas t1,i11 ll sing 4 complementarv color). It ls
almost impossible to increasc the value
\ote:
In esthetics, the value ofa denture tooth depends upon the relative whiteness orblackness of its color
The surface characteristics ofporcclain can affect the perceived form ofthe final restomtion in the following ways:
. A smooth
surface
will give
the impression
. Changes in contour can be used to alter the apparent long axis inclination of
tooth
. Fluorescence
. Metamerism
.
Opaqueness
. Opalescence
138
Cop),righr O 201 I -20 l2 - Dental Dcks
. Obtained by heating
the previously fired body very slowly for 60 minutes at its fusing
temperature
. Not
.
as durable
(in
139
Cop)'right O 20ll-2012 - Dental Deck
the
Note: The production of color sensation with a pigment is a physically different phenomenon from that oblained by optical reflection, refraction and dispersion. The color
a pigment is determined by selective absorption and selective radiation (scattering).
of
Remember: The light source affects the perception of color, because the light source
must contain the wavelensth ofthe color to be matched in order to see that color.
At least three stages are generally recognized in the firing of dental porcelain: 1) low
bisque firing 2) medium bisque firing and 3) high bisque firing. The temperature at which
each occurs depends upon the type ofporcelain used.
A natural glaze occurs when the porcelain restoration itselfis glazed by a separate firing
(this process is referred to as "the glaze firing'). Ifthe body, previously fired as a high
bisque, is heated rapidly (10- I 5 ninutes) to its fusion temperature and maintained at that
temperature for approximately 5 minutes before it is cooled, the glass grains flow over the
surlace to form a vitreous layer, which is called a glaze. Note: This type ofglaze is much
more permanent than the overglazes.
Overglazes (or applied glazes) are ceramic powders that may be added to a porcelain
restoration after it has been fired. A transpa:ent, glossy layer forms over the surface of the
porcelain restoration at
Note: Glazed porcelain (either type) is the least irritating to the gingival tissues compared with polished cast gold, polished direct filling gold and polished acrylic resin.
. Denture teeth
.
. Metal-ceramic crowns
. All ofthe above
140
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Deks
. Quenching
. Pickling
. Degassing
. Investing
111
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The difference beween low- medium- and high-fusing porcelains is the firing temperature used to fuse
the glass. Today's low-fusing porcelain was developed to be less abrasive to opposing dentition by incorporating finer leucite crystals in lower concentrations.
Classifi cation based or\ fusion (vitrif ic a t io n ) temperature:
. High-fusing: 1288 to 137l"C (2350 to 2500"F): wed for denture teeth
. Medium fusing: 1093 to 1260'C (2000 to 2300"F): $ed fot all-ceramic and porcelain Jacket crowns
. Low fusing: 8'71to 1066"C (1600 lo /950'F): uesd for metal-ceramic crowns
Remember:
I. The compressive strength (350-550 MPa) of a porcelain testoration is greater than its tensile
(20-60 MPa) or shear strengths, which is typical ofa brittle solid.
2. Aluminous porcelain uses alumina instead ofquartz as a strengthener. This type ofporcelain is
considerably stronger than conventional porcelains.
3- Dental porcelain restorations are brittle and are not capable ofmuch plastic deformation.
Ceramic Properties:
L Physical Properties:
expansion
(l-l5 ppmfC)
Chemical Properties:
Biftle
BiologicalProperties:
. Relatively inert
It is necessary for all gold-porcelain systems. Degassing ofthe metal at too low a temperature will effect the formation of the oxide layer, which is important in bonding ofthe porcelain. The number ofbubbles formed at the interface decreases as the time and temperature of
degassing are increased.
the casting is ready for porcelain addition. The metal liamework must not b
contaminated by handling prjor to porcelain addition. Ifit is, the bond ofthe opaque will be
After degassing
veakened.
\ote: Both
is the process ofremoving surface oxides from a casting prior to polishing. The casting is placed in an acidic solution which reduces the surface oxides. To prevent injury safety
goggles should always be wom when pickling.
Pickling
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143
CoptlighrO 20lt 2012, Denral Decks
. SiO2 62-62
"'t
%)
'Al2O/ll-16fl!/o)
. Na2O (5-7 wt %)
. Slip Casting: This techniquc involves forming a mold ofthc desired framework gcomctry and pouringa slip inlo
rhe formcd mold. Gypsum is usually utilized to form thc mold due to its ability ofcxtracting somc ofthe watcr
from ihe slip. Thc slip thc bccomcs compactcd against thc mold forminga fiamcwork. Thc frameq,ork is thcn remolcd from the mold by partial sintcring. Thc rcsulting ccramic is vcry wcak and porous and must be infiltcred
$ith glass or fully sinlcrcd bcforc application ofthcvcnccring porcclain. Matcrials processed by this tcchniquc tcnd
ro halc tcwcr defects from proccssing, and cxhibit highcr toughncss lhan thc convcntional fcldspathic porcclain.
Thc usc of this tcchnique in dcntistry has been limited to one ofthrce products. This limitation might bc duc thc
complicatcd stcps, which makcs achicving an accuratc fit diflicult. Slip cast all-ceramic materials include: alumina brscd. sDincl zirconia-based. and machined all-ceramic material.
Firing porcelain causes the powders to become "sintered." Sintering changes the porcelain from a powder to a solid. The powder is not melted, so the general shape is maintained. Sintering porcelain is the same process that is used to fire clay pots, china, and
ceramic tiles. Reducing the porosity of the resulting product is very important. The less
porous (more dense) the product is, the greater the strength of the final product will be.
After sintering, the final shape ofthe restoration is refined by grinding.
l. When porcelain is fired too many tirnes, it may devitrify. This appears as a
state" and makes glazing very difficult.
:.;Xot"J;.':. "milky
2. Aluminum oxide is added to low-fusing dental porcelains (during its mantufacture) in order to increase its resistance to "slumping down" during firing.
3. Glass, which is a prevalent phase in dental porcelain is arnorphous and fragile.
4. The strength ofa ceramic decreases with flaw size.
5. Ceramic restorations are severely damaged by acidulated fluoride.
6. All-ceramic restorations are more prone to fracture ifthe preparation line angles are not rounded.
7. Machine grinding of ceramics induces surface cracks.
144
Cop}Tighl O 20ll-2012 - Denral Decls
. The connecting tang between the denture and other units ofthe prosthesis
. The part of the denture base which extends from the necks of the teeth to the border
of the denture
. The unit of a partial denture that connects the parts of the prosthesis located on one
side ofthe arch with those on the opposite side
145
Cop).righr O
20ll-2012,
Dental Decks
A distaf extension removable partial dentve (either bilateral or unilateral) receives its
suppoft ftom the residual ridge, tissue-bearing areas, selected abutment teeth and the fibrous connective tissues overlying the alveolar process.
The most important factor in detemining the success of distal extension removable partial dentures (bilateral and unilalera, is proper coverage over the residual ridge. Coverage of the free-end should extend over the retromolar pad to create stability of the
RPD and to minimize the torquing forces on the abutment teeth.
,:
.
iiote3'rl
::;:i:::,.:l
sion.
2. When relining a distal extension panial denture, apply finger pressure to the
rests and indirect retainer.
3. Ifthe indirect retainers are not seated as the extension bases are depressed. the
bases need relining.
The major connector must be rigid so that stresses applied to any one portion ofthe denture may be effectively distributed over the entire supporting area. lt connects other components ofthe prosthesis and provides cross-arch stabilization.
They should be designed and located with the following guidelines:
tissues
.
.
.
.
.
.
Palatal plate
Single palatal strap
Anterior-posteriorpalatalstraps
Single palatal bar
Horseshoe design
Anterior-posterior palatal bars
.
.
o
Lingual plate
Lingual bar
Labial bar
Note: A minor connector is the connecting link (or tang)between the major connector
or base ofthe partial dentue and other units ofthe prosthesis, such as clasps, indirect retainers and occlusal rests.
. 2-4 mm wide
. 6-8 mrn wide
. 8-10
mm wide
. At least 12 mm wide
146
CoplriSh O
Decl!
.9
ofthe mouth
mm ofvertical height between the gingival margin and the floor ofthe mouth
147
Copyrighr
201
Structurally, this combination of major connectors exhibits many ofthe same disadvantages as the single palatal bar To be sufficiently rigid and to provide the needed support
and stability, these comectors could be too bulky and could intefere with tongue functron.
Pllrt
l plrt: is a thin, broad conueclor ihat is indicated when all posterior teth are missing bilateratly. when used the portion contactiDg the teeth rnust have positive lupport hom adequate rest
sea6.
Slngle prlstaf strrp: is indicated in tooah-bot[ e &PDs (Keknedy Class 1,4, s'ith bilatral, short
span edentulous areas,
Anterlor-posterior p.lrtd strapsi structumlly, this is a rigid palatal major connector; it lnay be
used in almost any maxillary partial denture design.
Sirgle palrtal brr: are objctiomble because they lack rigidity. Their use is limited to tooth-bome
restorations for bilateml short spar edenlulous areas. The wide, thirr bar 6tdp) is more riSid with
less bulk compared 10 a narow bar.
Horsshoe designi is the le.st rigid maxillary connertor; should only be l]sed when a large,
inopemble palalal torus prvenls the use ofo$er desigts.
Antrior-posterlor pslatal baft: to b sufficieDtly rigid to pfovide required suppon and stability,
these majoi connector must be excessively bulky, which ofien irterteles with the tonglle.
Remember: The major and minor connectors must be rigid in order for the functional
stresses that are applied to the partial dentures to be distributed evenly throughout the
mouth
used when the depth ofthe lingual vestibule is less than 7 mm; when lingual
are present and when al1 posteiior teeth are to be replaced bilaterally. Contraindication is
severe anterior crowding.
Linguoplrte:
tori
Lingual bar: requires a minimum of 7 Inm of vertical heiglt between the gingival margin and
the floor of the mouth. Lingual bars should be placed so that the upper border is a minimum of
3 mm below the gingival margins 8nd at least 4 mm is required for ihe vertical height ofthe
lingual bar; simplest and most commonly used major cormector.
Labial bar: is .srly indicared. It can be used satisfactorily when large mandibular tod interfere with conventionat lingual bar placement or when lower teeth are severely lingually tipped
and placement ofthe lingual ba! is aot possible.
\ote: Lingually
. Resistance to tamish
. Low material cost
. Low densiry (weight)
. High flexibility
. High modulus of elasticity (stffiess)
ta8
CoplriSht O2011,2012 - Dental Decks
't4t'
Cop)'right O
201 I
-2012 - Dental
Drck
A high yild strength and low modulus ofelasticity produce higher flexibility' The gold alloys are approximatly twice as {lexible as the chromium-cobalt alloys, which is a distinct
advantage in the optimum location or retentive elements ofthe framework in many instances.
Note: The std?ess ofthe chromium-cobalt alloys can be overcome by including wroughtwire retentive lments in the framework.
The popularity of chrcmium-cobalt alloys for fabrication ofcast frameworks for removable
partial dentures has been attributed to their low density (weight), hrgh modulus ofelasticity
(stffiess),low material cost and resistance to tamish. Note: Chromium-cobalt alloys are more
rigid in comparison to gold or palladium alloys.
. Chromium:
ensures that the alloy will resist tamish a\d corrosion (due
of a complex chromium oxide Jilm)
. Cobalt: contributes strength, rigidness and hardness
to
formation
Surveying is generally perfomed at right-angles to the occlusal plane in the first instance, as this is the
likely path ofdisplacement. Sun'eying will identiry three principal factors: (1) The pfesence ofundercuts (2) The contour ofthe undercuts rclativc to the gingival margin and (3) The depth ofthe undercuts
Extracoronal retainers are the most common type ofdirect retainer that is used for removable partial dentures. They arc called clasps. The purpose ofthe clasp is fetain the RPD by means ofthe abutments. To prevent horizontal movement of the clasp, this should encircle the tooth more than 180
degrees or one-halfthe circumference ofthe tooth. Their ability to provide retention is based on the resistance of metal to defotmation. Note: Retentive clasps should beoome active only when dislodging
forces are applied to thcm. There are two basic categories ofextracoronal retainers: suprabulge and
in-
fr.bulge retainers.
Requirements ofa properly designed clasp:
l. Support - against vertical forces
2. Bracing - against horizontal forces
3. Retention - resist forccs in a occlusal direction
4. Encirclement - of more than halfit's circumference
5. Rcciprocity - equal and opposite forces by clasp arms
6- Passivity - at rest when seated
Intracoronal retainers (precisio attuchmettlt are the other tlpe ofdirect retainer that is somctimes
used for removable partial dentures. These are attachments which are built into the contour of a crown
/c.rs,ingl to produce mechanical and frictional retention. By eliminating the need for a visible retentive
clasp, these retainers give optimtl esthetics. They provide vertical support through the rest seat located
lmportanti Intracoronal
retaineas are not used when a partial denture depends upon an edenfulous area
for support /distdl eiter.slorl. These retainers may provide a rigid con[ection between the denture and
the abrltment (line for looth-bone pdrlials). However, in distal extensions, functional motion must be
permitted without torquing the abutment teeth.
origin only
. Above
150
Copyrighr O2011,2012 - Dental Decks
. Cleaner
.
adjustability
cases
151
12
- Denral Decks
Clasps that originate from above the survey line, usually liom an occlusal rest, and angle downward across
the cfinical cro\rn until the tip is located in a prescribed amount ofundercut are suprabulge ret^iners (clasps).
. Circumlerentirl clasp:
is composed ofa buccaland lingual arm originating from a common body. Usually one arm is retentivc while thc other functions in bmcing. This clasp is used to engagc underculs locaicd
on the side /merrdl-disr.r// ofthe tooth opposit to the site ofthe rest.
. Ring clasp: encircles nearly all ofa tooth in order to ngage an undercut located on the same side of the
tooth as the rcst. It should not be usd where the caries rate is high orwhere esthetic considerations are dom-
inant.
. Embrasure clasp: is used when no edenlulous space exists at the clasp assemblysite.
. Reverse-action clasp or hairpinchsp: may be used to engage an undercut located on the
same side of
the abutment as the rst. It may be used on any posterior tooth, but it covers a lot oftooth surface and may
be esthetically objectionable.
. Extended ,rm clasp: is a circumferential clasp which extends to neighboring teeth in order to provid
increased splinting and to engage a more favombly located undercut.
. Halfand halfclasp: consists ofone circumfrential clasp emanating liom the rest area and another arm
from the minor connector on the opposite side.
I Bar - 2.5 mm liom gingival margin, crosses at right angles in a .01" undercut at the greatest M-D prominence to permit it to disengage during function
Adrantages of the R.P,I.:
l. Proximal plate and I bar move away from the tooth during function to reduce torque.
2. \Iesial minor connector and proximal plate provide reciprocation and eliminate need for a lingual arm.
-i. I bar more esthetic.
,1. \linimal contact alters contour less, advantageous on caries p.one individual.
5.. Mesial rest eliminates Class I lever.
***
Infrabulge retainers are clasps that originate from below the survey line. They are metal
projections emanating from the denture base struts in the framework. They course tluough
the denture base and project parallel to the mean plane ofthe gingiva until they make a
gentle right angle tum. Then they cross the gingiva and come to rest upon the abutment
tooth in a specified undercut area.
Infrabulge retainers must not be placed into tissue undercuts, nor should they contact the
abutment at any place except at the specified undercut.
The bar clasp arm has been classified by the shape of the retentive terminal. These include the T, modified I I, or Y. These bar clasp arms and circumferential clasp arms (a
suprabulge retainet), both provide retention by the resistance of metal to deformation,
rather than frictional resistance created bv the contact ofthe clasD arm to the tooth.
The one located the closest to the clasp tips which is located furthest from the
edentulous area
The one located the furthest from the clasp tips which is located nearest to the
edenfulous area
The one located the furthest from the clasp tips which is located furthest from the
edentulous area
152
Copltish
I
. Class I
. Class II
. Class
III
. Class IV
Coplriehr O
201
153
l-2012 - Dertal Decks
III lever
system. Moving the fulcrum line still further from the clasp tips improves the mechanical advantages ofthe lever arm system. By maintaining this position, the most distant
rests augment the retentive action ofthe clasp and indirectly contribute to retention. Thus,
the term indirect retainers Dertains to rests. which ausment mechadcal retntion.
the rests located furthest from the retentive clasp tips acts as the fulcrum in a Class
As the denhrre base moves upward, the most anterior rcst (lrhich is the indirect
retainer) rcsists downward movement and this increases the effectiveness of the direct
retainer.
Tooth-borne removable partial dentures fclass 1/1and Class IV) depend entirely on abutment
teeth for support.
Kennedy classifications are based on the most posterior edentulous area to be restored. Although
Class Ilt and IV partial dentures are supported entirely by the abutment teeth, Class I and ll partial
dentures are supported also by the residual ridge, the subjacent tissues and the fibrous connective
tissue overlying the alveolar process.
Applegates rules governing the application ofthe Kennedy classification system:
. Rule
l:
. Rule 3: if
classification.
. Rule 4: if
2nd rnolar is missing and not to be replaced, it's not considered in the classifica-
tron.
. Rule 5:
. Rule 6: edentulous areas other then those determining the classification are referred to as rnodifications and are designated by their numbers.
. Rule 7: the extent ofthe modification is not considered, only the number ofadditional edentulous areas.
. Rule 8: there are no modification areas in Kennedy Class IV arches.
Note: The alveolar ridge resorption under the distal extension partial denture is ofparticular concem and can be reduced by maximizing the coverage ofthese supporting areas.
Very Important! Likewise, the periodontal damagc to abutment teeth is avoided with firm tissue
support
-maintaining
a stable base-tissue
relationship.
Remembr: Rests should be placed on abutment teeth next to the edentulous areas for maximum
support when designing a tooth-bome partial. These rests limit movement ofthe denture in a gineival direction.
. Kennedy Class
. Kennedy Class II
'i:-_(--
-_:-
. Kennedy Class
III
I --
s<
. Kennedy Class IV
1g
Coplaight O 201l-2012, Denral Decks
\
What is the recommended treatuent for a patient who has lost
her four maxillary incisors some time ago and has suflered
excessive ridge resorption?
. No treatment
. A removable partial denture
. A Maryland bridge
'155
Kennedy Class I
Bilateral distal extension
Kennedy Class
II
Kennedy Class IV
Anterior extensions
crossing the midline
Any other additional edentulous area is referred to as modification (except in Class IV)
e.g.. If Kennedy Class I (bilateral clistol extension) above, also has another edentulous
area anteriorly, then it would be referred to as Class I modification I.
Remember: Craddock classification is based upon the denture type.
. T.'-'pe I: Mucosa bome
. Type II: Tooth-bome
. Type III: Mucosa and tooth-bome
. Distal extension: obviously, ifseveral teeth must be replaced and no posterior abutment is present, then a removable partial denture must be used (other option would be
irplarls). It is possible, howevel to cantilever one tooth in a fixed bridge if at least two
\.ery sound teeth exist anterior to the space.
. Long span edentulous area: sufftcient abutment teeth are not present to support the
occlusal forces, which would be placed on the fixed bridge.
a temporary removable padial denture may be provided until tissues have had time to heal properly and fixed bridgework can be done.
. Economics: may force the use ofa partial denture as an interim solution to
lem that must evcntually be solved with fixed prosthodontics.
a prob-
. When the lingual frenum is high or the space available for the lingual bar is limited
.In
Class I situations in which the residual ridges have undergone excessive vertical re-
sorption
Copltigh C
201
'| 56
l-2012 - Dertal Decks
. More than
25%o, allowing the clasp to bend without microstructure changes that could
compromise its physical properties
. More
than 6%, allowing the clasp to bend without microstructure changes that could
compromise its physical properties
Less than 6%, allowing the clasp to bend without microstructure changes that could
compromise its physical properties
Less than 250lo, allowing the clasp to bend without microstructure changes that could
compromise its physical properties
157
Cop)righr O 20i
***
The linguoplate is a lingual bar that has been extended upward to cover the cingula and interproximal spaces between mandibular anterior teeth. It should be thin and follow the contours ofthe teeth and embrasures. The upper border should be located at the middle thAd of
the lingual surface ofthe teeth and extend upward to cover interproximal spaces to the contact Doint.
Mandibular linguoplate
A lirought wire clasp is fabricated by d&wing the metal from which it is made into a wire.
The success ofwrought wire clasps depends on their physical properties and the changes that
ma-,- occu during fabrication. Laboratory ptocedures can compromise desiable physical propenies due to improper heating and cooling. Manufacturer directions should be followed for
each panicular alloy. It is important that a wrought wire clasp have an longation percentag
ofmore than 670, allowing the clasp to bend without microstructure changes that could compromise its physical properties. Tapering a wrought wire clasp to 0.8 mm at the tip before conrouring allows for more uniform stress distribution throughotlt the clasp, making it more
sen iceable and efficient. Remember: The most important mechanical property involved
when a clasp is adjusted is elongation.
Desig:ning a chrom cobalt clasp to engage less undercut is the most reliable way to decrease its retentiveness; switching to a gold clasp while maintaining the same amount ofundercut will have a similar result. Gold clasps offer half the retention ofchrome cobalt clasps
$hile engaging identical undercuts. Because the grain size ofchrome cobalt is large by comparison, it possesses a lower proportional limit; as a result, the risk offracture increases as its
bulk decreases. Since cobalt work hardens more rapidly than gold, bending chrome cobalt
clasps is associated with an increased likelihood of fiacture.
cast into a mold (e.g., an inlay, crown or
c/nspl. When the casting is cold-worked in some manner to provide the required article or appliance (e.g.,lrire), it is calted a wrought metal in contrast to a cast metal. As stated above,
many mechanical properties ofthe wrought structure are suprior to those ofthe cast struci)re (e.g., tensile strength, hardness and strength). Tttis means that a wrought structue having a smaller cross-section than a cast stmctue may be used as a retainer arm (retentive) to
Derform the same function.
. It
is a rest seat
. It is located
. The function is to prevent vertical dislodgement ofthe distal extension base ofa removable partial denture
. It
50lo
25olo
. 50%
.
159
Cop)'righ! O 20ll-2012 - Denral Decks
a canine or premolar.
Indirect rtention is the component ofan RPD that assists the direct retainers (clasps)
in preventing displacement of a distal extension base by functioning through lever action on the opposite sid of the fulcrum line when the denture base rotates away from
the tissues around the fulcrum line.
It is an anti-rotational devic fabricated by a rest/connector combination and placed as
far forward from the embrasure clasp as possible. It counteracts the upward rotation ofthe
edentulous base. This also serves as a 3'd reference for seating ofthe framework and making altered cast impressions. Note: The indirect retainer may be omitted in some designs
tooth-bome partial dentures.
Indirect retainers also serve another related function. In their absence, upward dislodgement ofdistal expansion bases would be accompanied by downward motion ofthe
anterior part of the major connectot By preventing such downward movement, the indirect retainer protects the soft tissues from impingement by the major connector.
Remember:
far from the distal extension base as possible in a prepared rest seat on a tooth capable of supporting its function
. The term indirect retainer pertains to rests, which augment mechanical retention
be placed as
Important: Having been formed by being drawn into a wire, the wrought-wire clasp has
toughness and ductility exceeding that of a cast clasp arm. The clinical effect of this is
that there is an increased capacity for deformation ofthe wrought-wire without breaking.
Horvever, the yield strength ofboth gold and chromium-cobalt alloy wrought wires can
be drastically reduced simply by subjecting the wire to too much heat.
lfthe
heat is high
enough. the fibrous microstructure of the wrought wire disappears and is replaced by a
grain or crystalline microstructure. This process is known as recrystallization or gain
gro$th and is a most undesirable occurrence in wrought-wire retainer arms.
The terminal end ofthe retentive arm is optimally placed in the middle ofthe gingival third ofthe clinical crown. However, it is acceptable to place it at thejunction ofthe
gingival and middle one-third ofthe clinical crown. When the partial is completely seated,
the retentive arm should be passive and applying no pressure on the teeth.
\ote:
. Rigid plating
. Minor connectors
. Contact
aras
ofproximal teeth
't
60
Coplri8h O 201l-2012
- Deotal Decks
. Maxillary canines
. Mandibular lateral incisors
. Mandibular canines
tG1
Coplriehr
@ 201
Reciprocation as applied to partial dentures refers to the function of the lingual clasp arm
(which is the reciprocal clasp arm or stabilizing clasp orm) to counteract forces exerted by
the buccal clasp arm (which is the retentive clasp arm).
Reciprocation is the means by which one part ofthe fiamework opposes the action of the retainer in function. Reciprocation may be achieved by opposing flexible retainers with guide
planes, minor connectors, rigid clasp arms or plating. lf true reciprocation is to occur, the reciprocating element must be placed opposite the direct retainer and must contact the abutment
as the retentive tip passes over the height ofthe contour ofthe tooth,
As a rule, proximal guiding plane surfaces should be about two thirds as $ide as the distance
benveen the tips ofadjacent buccal and lingual cusps or about one third ofthe buccal lingual width of the tooth and should extend vertically about two thirds of the length of the
enamel crown portion ofthe tooth from the marginal ridge cervically. Note: Proximal plates
are metal plates that contact the proximal surface or guide plan ofan abuhrent tooth.
***
These teeth have a gradual lingual incline and a prominent cingulum. In some instances, cingulum rests may be placed on mfiillary central incisors. The lingual slope of
the mandibular canine is usually too steep for an adequate cingulum rest to be placed in
the enamel.
The cingulum rest is a veftical stop on an anterior tooth whose lingual anatomy lends
selfto ready preparation for a positive seat.
ir
. Inverted V or U shape
l) It is more esthetic;
influence.
the
has
a
less
torquing
abutment
2) The resulting stress relayed to
Note: Two advantages of a cingulum rest over an incisal rest are:
Important: The prirnary purpose of the rest (any type -+ occlusal, cingulum or incisal)
is to provide vertical support for the removable partial denture.
. Occlusal third
. Middle third
. Gingival third
162
Cop}1ighl O
20ll-2012
Denial Decks
qurlity ot
Which
w|lrc|l ol
of the
r|lc lurrowr[g
following rs
is ocrxrcu
delined as
rI|c qu![ty
ru ''"The
of a rcslorauofl
restoration to
be lirm, steady constant and not subject to change of position
when forces are applied?"
. Retention
. Stability
. Adhesion
. Reciprocation
163
Coplright O 201 l-2012, Dental Decks
. ln positioning
nificant measurement and height of contour is considered a controlling factor in clasp posittLoning. (Reciprocal clasp should contacl tooth on or qbove contour). See note below.
. In general, you should not use retentive areas on the buccal and lingual ofthe same tooth.
Reciprocal bracing on the lingual and retenlive portion of the clasp on the buccal is
more desirable.
. As with all
clasps, they should be designed to permit insertion and removal without ap-
. _ l. Altering the natural tooth form to allow effective clasping may involve producNoredi ing guiding planes or changing the location of th hight of contour. Facial and
,*--
proximal contours of premolars and molars most often need to be altered. Crown
fabrication may be necessary to provide the appropriate contour.
2. Guiding planes serve to ensure predictable clasp retention. Failure ofpartials due
to poor clasp design can be avoided by altering tooth contours.
Retention is that quality in a restoration, which resists the force ofgravity, sticky foods
and tbrces associated with mandibular movement. Note: For RPD's the distal parts of the
rerenti\ e clasps produce the aclive retention. resist dislodge denture in vertical dimention
Reciprocation is the means by which one part ofa restoration is made to counter the effects created by another part. Note: For RPD's true reciprocation can only be achieved
the reciprocating element touches the tooth before the retentive clasp
if
For panial dentures, support is given by occlusal rests and the edentulous ridge areas. This
design characteristic (support) is most important to oral health. Other design character-
istics of
. Distobuccal flange
1U
Coplrighr O 201l-2012 - Denral Decks
165
Cop]rishr O
201
Excessive thickness of this area can lead to this problem. As the buccal frenum moves
posteriorly during smrling (or otherfacial expressions) it encroaches on the denture border that is too thick and the denture becomes loosened.
You can test the borders for overextension by slowly seating the denture. Ifyou observe
premature contact with frenae or vestibular tissues as the denture conlinues toward its
final position, then the border is probably overextended. Adapt a thin roll ofdisclosing wax
to the denture border Seat the denture and instruct the patient to exeft vigorous muscle
function. In about one minute, the wax will soften and be displaced by muscular action
across the overextended denture border
l. The complaint that the denture becomes loose when the mouth is wide opened
distobuccal flange ofthe denture being too
thick. This may interfere with the movement ofthe coronoid process.
2. Ifpatient complains ofsore gums and aching muscles at the bottom ofthe face
after wearing dentures for several hours, opposing teeth ofthe denture have insufficient space. Reduce the vertical dirnension of the occlusion.
3. Tingling or a numbing sensation at the comer ofthe mouth or in the lower lip
after a few days of denture wearing is caused by excessive pressure from th
lower truccal flange in the region of the mental foramen.
Impression materials cannot record anatomic form ofthe teeth and physiologic form ofthe soft tissue in a functional relationship all at the same time. To achieve these objectivcs, the altered cast
technique can be used. This technique is a secondary irnpression system which utilizes the metal
frame\\'ork to hold customized imprssion trays for the edentulous area. The advantage of the altercd cast procedure is that an accurate relationship between the denture base and the metal frame$ork is established prior to tooth arrangement which should result in less occlusal adjustment at th
time of insertion. The objectives ofthe altered cast technique are to obtain thc maximum possible
support from the distal extension base ofthe RPD and to accurately relate the soft tissue surface ofthe denture basc to the metal ftamework
Distal extension removable partial dentures fRPDb/ derive their support from the abutment teeth
and the mucosal tissues overlaying the residual alveolar process. There are di{Iering philosophies
in the scientific literature regarding how much support should be provided by the abutment teeth and
how much support should bc provided by the soft tissues. Howevet thre is consensus that: (1) occlusal stress should be shared by both in such a manner that neithr the abuhnent teeth nor the residual ridge is abused; (2) accurate fit ofthe denture base is an important factor in minimizing stress
on the abutment teeth; (3) stability ofthe prosthesis is the most important requirement fbr propr
function and patient comfort.
't66
Coprright O 2011,2012 - Dental Decls
access to
is not in place
. If both sides of the dental arch have this t)?e of restoration and
are
joined by a rigid
167
Cop),righr O 201l-2012 - Dental Decks
When these devices are incorporated next to a free-end distal extension RPD, the thrust
of the functional stress is directed onto the residual ridge, Only minimal transfer of
functional stress to the abutment teeth occurs. Since vertical and horizontal forces are
concentrated on the residual ridge, increased ridge resorption frequently occurs. Relining ofthe free-end saddle area must be done when needed to prevent excessive ridge resorptlon.
Types of Stressbreakers:
1. Have a
flexible connection between the direct retainer and the denture base:
.
.
.
.
\ote:
$
The
"DE" hinge
***
A semiprecision attachment is cast into the crown and the RPD. The female portion is
normally made ofpreformed plastic that is positioned into the wax form and then cast. The
male portion is cast with the RPD framework. The female and male parts fit together with
much more tolerance than in the precision attachment, resulting in less retention.
168
Cop)righr
. Form
acute angles with the minor connectors that connect them to the major connectors
. Have
a thickness
of 1.5 mm
169
The tripod marks (which are three spots placed at three different locations around abutment teethfrom a single point ofview) ensure reproducible orientation ofthe cast to the
surveyor.
The prirnary purpose ofthe rest is to provide vedical support for the RPD.
Note: Occlusal rests are prepared primarily to resist the vertical forces of occlusion. In
doing so the rest also does the following:
at,
to abutment teeth
l. The outline form should be a "rounded" triangular shape with the apex toward the
center of the occlusal surface.
2. It should be as long as it is wide and the base ofthe triangular shape should be at least
2.5mm for both molars and premolars.
3. The marginal ridge ofthe abutment tooth at the site ofthe rest seat must be lowered
to permit a sufiicient bulk of metal for strength and rigidity. This means that a reduction of the marginal ridge of about l.5mm is usually necessary.
4. The floor ofthe occlusal rest should be apical to the marginal ridge and be concave
or spoon shaped (no sharp edges or line-angles in the prep).
5. The angle formed by the occlusal rest ald the vertical minor connector from which
it originates should be less than 90o.
Remembr: The rest must be rounded (spoon shaped) to permit functional movement.
170
Cop)'right C 201l-2012 - Dental Decks
. 20 - gauge
gauge
. l8 -
gauge
gauge
19
16
171
Coplright c) 201 1,2012 - Denial tlecks
Factors which are relevant to the selection of posterior teeth for a removable partial
denture:
***
20 - gauge or finer, as < 7 mm, is a short arm clasp and shorter length clasps must
har.e a finer gauge of wire for optimum flexibility.
The
. Width of the clasp: as the width of a clasp increases; its flexibility decreases by a
ratio of l: I
. Cross-sectional form: a rourd form is equally flexible in all directions. In contrast,
a half-round form flexes readily only when the stress is applied perpendicular to the
flat surface
of
the clasp