TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

Manila Campus

Department of Civil Engineering

Code:

CEP483L1
Course/Year:

Name:

Date Performed:

ALCESO, MARK GIL S.

Instructor:

CE/CE42FA2

February 01, 2013

Rating:

ENGR. JESSIE
DELGADO

EXPERIMENT NO.13

ORIFICE
I.

BACKGROUND
Orifice is an opening with a closed perimeter through with a fluid flows. The usual purpose
of an orifice is to measure or control flow.
Orifices used for measuring flow are usually circular, square and rectangular in crosssection. Because of the simplicity of design and construction, sharp-edged circular orifices
are most common for fluid measurements and have been most thoroughly investigated by
an experiment.

II.

OBJECTIVES
After the performance of the experiment, the student should be able:
1. To determine the coefficient of velocity, contraction and discharge of different sizes
of orifice.
2. To develop professional work ethics, including precision, neatness safety and ability
to follow instructions.

APPARATUS / MATERIALS

Clock timer or Stopwatch

Hydraulic Machine
Ruler

Volumetric tank
3 orifice different sizes

PROCEDURE
1. Maintain a constant head at the overhead tank
2. Measure the horizontal distance from the orifice to the point where the jet strikes the
flume. Make sure that the flume is in horizontal position. Record the distance as x.
3. Measure also the distance from the center of the orifice to the flume surface. Record as
y
4. Measure the distance from the water surface in the tank to the opening of the orifice.
Record as h.
5. Simultaneously measure the discharge by determining the time it takes to fill up a
container of known volume. Record as Q actual.
6. Make three trials for every orifice size.

DATA
1.First Orifice (0.01905 m)

Trial

h (m)

x (m)

y
(m)

0.865

1.035

0.43

T
(sec)

VACTUAL
m
s

QACTUAL
m3 /s

Cv

Cc

77

3.496

1.178
3
10

1.003

0.849

1.182

2. Second Orifice (0.0206375 m)

Trial

h (m)

x (m)

y
(m)

0.865

1.018

0.43

T
(sec)

VACTUAL
m
s

QACTUAL
m3 /s

Cv

Cc

66

3.438

1.374
3
10

0.997

0.835

1.195

VACTUAL

QACTUAL

Cv

Cc

3. Third Orifice (0.0269875 m)

Trial

h (m)

x (m)

y
(m)

T
(sec)

0.865

.9325

0.43

45

m
s

m3 /s

3.149

2.016
3
10

0.855

COMPUTATION

FIGURE 13.1 ORIFICE

ACTUAL VELOCITY:

V=

x
2 gh

C v=

ACTUAL DISCHARGE:

x
2 yh

0.764

1.119

Q=

Volume of Tank
t

C=

x
A o 2 gh

A o =area of orifice=
C=C c C v

V =L W h

(.385 .385 .612)

0.0907137 m 3

Q A=

Q A 1=

V
T

0.0907137 m3
77 s

Q A 1=1.1781 10

m3
s

0.0907137 m3
Q A 2=
66 s

Q A 2=1.37445 103

m3
s

Q A 3=

0.0907137 m3
45 s

Q A 3=2.01586 103

g x2
2
2V a

y=

9.81
0.43 m=

KN
(1.035 m)
m
2
2V a

V a1=3.495631368

9.81
0.43 m=

0.43 m=

m
s

KN
(1.018 m)
m
2 V a2

V a2=3.438215201

9.81

m3
s

m
s

KN
(0.9325 m)
m
2
2V a

V a3=3.149445653

m
s

A orifice = ( 0.01905m )
4
1

A orifice =2.85022957 10 m

A orifice = ( 0.0206375m )
4
2

A orifice =3.345061092104 m2
2

A orifice = ( 0.0269875m )
4
3

A orifice =5.72025240110 m

V T = 2 gh

V T = 2( 9.81

KN
)(0.865 m)
m

V T =4.119623769

m
s

Q T =A o 2 gh

QT =2.85022957 104 m2 (4.119623769

1

QT =1.174187348 10
1

m
)
s

m
s

QT =3.345061092104 m2 ( 4.119623769
2

QT =1.378039318 103
2

m
s

QT =5.720252401104 m2 ( 4.119623769
3

m
)
s

m
)
s

QT =2.356528776 103
3

C v=

Va
VT

m
s
Cv =
m
4.119623769
s
3.495631368

C v =0.8485317019
1

m
s
Cv =
m
4.119623769
s
3.438215201

C v =0.8345944663
2

m
s
Cv =
m
4.119623769
s
3.149445653

C v =0.7644983692
3

C=

QA
QT

m
s

1.1781 103
C1 =

m3
s

1.174187348 103

m
s

C1 =1.003332221
m
1.37445 10
s
3

C2 =

1.378039318 10

m
s

C2 =0.9973953443

2.01586 103
C3 =

m3
s

2.356528776 103

C3 =0.8554361909

C c=

C
Cv

Cc =
1

1.003332221
0.8485317019

C c =1.182433395
1

Cc =
2

0.9973953443
0.8345944663

C c =1.195065849
2

m
s

Cc =
3

0.8554361909
0.7644983692

C c =1.118950969
3

OBSERVATION
An orifice plate is a device used for measuring the flow rate. Either a volumetric or mass
flow rate may be determined, depending on the calculation associated with the orifice plate. It
uses the same principle as a Venturi nozzle, namely Bernoullis principle which states that
there is a relationship between the pressure of the fluid and the velocity of the fluid. When the
velocity increases, the pressure decreases and vice versa.
An orifice plate is a thin plate with a hole in the middle. It is usually placed in a pipe in
which fluid flows. When the fluid reaches the orifice plate, the fluid is forced to converge to go
through the small hole; the point of maximum convergence actually occurs shortly downstream
of the physical orifice, at the so-called vena contracta point. As it does so, the velocity and the
pressure changes. Beyond the vena contracta, the fluid expands and the velocity and pressure
changes. By measuring the difference in fluid pressure between the normal pipe section and at
the vena contracta, the volumetric and mass flow rates can be obtained from Bernoullis
equation.
CONCLUSION
As I made the said experiment I notice than if the opening of the orifice is small the
pressure is big. While if the opening is big the pressure is small. Orifice plates are most
commonly used for continuous measurement of fluid flow in pipes. They are also used in
some small river systems to measure flow rates at locations where the river passes through a
culvert or drain.