03 SIM Hardware-Software PDF

Management
Information System
Lesson 3
INTRODUCTION TO HARDWARE
2
Management Information
System
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TYPES OF COMPUTER
3
System
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Supercomputers
Mainframe computers
Workstations
Microcomputers
Microcontrollers
System
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TYPES OF COMPUTER
System
High-capacity machines with thousands of processors that can

perform more than several trillion calculations per second
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SUPERCOMPUTERS
System
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SUPERCOMPUTERS
System
Water- or air-cooled computers

Vary in size from small, to medium, to large, depending on
their use
Used by large organizations for processing millions of
transactions
Mainframes process billons of instructions per second
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MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
System
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MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
System
Expensive, powerful personal computers usually used for

complex scientific, mathematical, and engineering calculations
and for computer-aided design and computer-aided
manufacturing
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WORKSTATIONS
System
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WORKSTATIONS
10
Desktop PCs
Tower PCs
Notebook computers
Personal digital assistants (PDAs)
System
= personal computers (PCs)

Can fit next to a desk or on a desktop or can be carried around
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MICROCOMPUTERS
11
System
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MICROCOMPUTER
12
System
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MICROCOMPUTER
13
System
= embedded computers
Tiny, specialized microprocessors installed in smart
aplliances and automobiles
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MICROCONTROLLERS
14
System
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MICROCONTROLLER
15
BINARY SYSTEM
16
System
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System
Has only two digits: 0 and 1

All data and program instructions that go into the computer
are represented in terms of these binary numbers
Capacity is denoted by bits and bytes and multiples
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BINARY SYSTEM
17
System
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BINARY SYSTEM
18
System
Bit (binary digit): each 0 or 1

Byte: a group of 8 bits, each byte represent one character,
digit, or other value
Kilobyte: 1,024 bytes ( 1,5 page of text)
Megabyte: 1,048,576 bytes ( 500 pages of text)
Gigabyte: 1,073,741,824 bytes ( 500,000 pages of text)
Terabyte: 1,009,511,627,776 bytes ( 5x108 pages of text)
Petabyte: 1,048,576 gigabytes
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CAPACITY
19
BINARY CODING SCHEMES
EBCDIC (extended binary coded decimal interchange code)

Used with large computers
Unicode
Use two bytes (16 bits) for each character
Can handle 65,536 character combinations
System
Most widely used with microcomputers

Having more conventional characters
Extended ASCII includes such characters as math symbols and
Greek letters
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ASCII (American standard code for information interchange)
20
EBCDIC
ASCII-8
Character
EBCDIC
ASCII-8
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1101
1101
1101
1101
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
0001
0010
0011
0100
0100
0100
0100
0100
0100
0100
0100
0100
0100
0100
0100
0100
0100
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
1101
1101
1101
1101
1101
1110
1110
1110
1110
1110
1110
1110
1110
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
0100
0100
0101
0101
0101
0101
0101
0101
0101
0101
0101
0101
0101
1110
1111
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
0
1
2
3
4
!
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
0101
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
1010
0011
0011
0011
0011
0011
0010
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0001
5
6
7
8
9
;
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
0101
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1110
0011
0011
0011
0011
0011
0011
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1011
System
Character
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ASCII and EBCDIC
21
System
= check bit
An extra bit attached to the end of a byte for purposes of
checking for accuracy
Parity schemes may be even parity or odd parity
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PARITY BIT
22
System
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EXAMPLE
23
System
A binary-type programming language built into the CPU that

the computer can run directly
To most people, an instruction written in machine language
consisting only of 0s and 1s, is incomprehensible
To the computer, the 0s and 1s represent precise storage
locations and operations
Language translators: convert the instructions into machine
languages people-comprehensible program instructions
become computer comprehensible machine language
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MACHINE LANGUAGE
24
HOW COMPUTERS WORK

25
System
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FIRST CONCEPT
System
Data consists of the raw facts and figures that are processed into
information
Information is data that has been summarized or otherwise
manipulated for use in decision making
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The purpose of a computer is to process data into information
26
Hardware consists of all the machinery and equipment in a

computer system
Software, or programs, consists of all the electronic instructions
that tell the computer how to perform a task
System
You should know the difference between hardware and

software
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SECOND CONCEPT
27
THIRD CONCEPT
Input operation
Processing operation
Storage operation
Output operation
And we add the fifth communications operation
System
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All computers follow the same four basic operations
28
System
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BASIC OPERATIONS
29
System
Input is whatever is put in (input) to a computer system

Nearly any kind of data: letters, numbers, symbols, shapes,
colors, temperatures, sounds, pressure, light beams, or
whatever raw materials needs processing
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INPUT OPERATION
30
System
Processing is the manipulation a computer does to transform

data into information
CPU (central processing unit) a device consisting of
electronic circuitry that execute instructions to process data
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PROCESSING OPERATION
31
System
Temporary/Primary storage (memory) the internal

computer circuitry that temporarily holds data waiting to be
processed
Permanent/Secondary storage (storage) the devices and
media that store data or information permanently; storage
also holds the software the computer programs
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STORAGE OPERATION
32
System
Output is whatever is output from (put out of) the computer

system the results of processing, usually information
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OUTPUT OPERATION
33
HARDWARE
34
System
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System
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HARDWARE
35
System
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COMMON DEVICES
36
INPUT HARDWARE
37
System
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KEYBOARD
POINTING DEVICES
SOURCE DATA-ENTRY DEVICES
System
Devices that allow people to put data into the computer in a

form that the computer can use
Devices that translate data into a form the computer can
process
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INPUT HARDWARE
38
Traditional computer keyboards

Specialty keyboards and terminals
System
A device that converts letters, numbers, and other characters

into electrical signals that can be read by the computers
processor
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KEYBOARD
39
System
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INSIDE A KEYBOARD
40
The set-top box/web terminal

The network computer
The online game player
The full-blown PC/TV or TV/PC
The wireless pocket PC or PDA
System
A dumb terminal (=video display terminal) has a display

screen and a keyboard and can input and output but cannot
process data
An intelligent terminal has its own memory and processor,
as well as a display screen and keyboard
An internet terminal provides access to the internet
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SPECIALTY KEYBOARDS AND

TERMINALS
41
System
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SPECIALTY KEYBOARDS
42
System
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DUMB TERMINAL
43
The mouse and its variants

The touch screen
Various forms of pen input
System
Control the position of the cursor or pointer on the screen and

allow the user to select options displayed on the screen
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POINTING DEVICES
44
System
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MOUSE
45
System
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INSIDE A MOUSE
46
System
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MOUSE PORT AND CONNECTOR
47
System
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MOUSE LANGUAGE
48
System
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TRACKBALL
49
System
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POINTING STICK
50
System
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TOUCHPAD
51
System
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COMPARISONS
52
System
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TOUCH SCREEN
53
System
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TOUCH SCREEN
54
System
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PEN INPUT
55
System
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PEN INPUT
56
System
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PEN INPUT
57
System
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PEN INPUT
58
Scanning and reading devices

Audio-input devices
Webcam & video-input cards
Digital cameras
Speech-recognition systems
Sensors
Radio-frequency identification tags
Human-biology-input devices
System
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SOURCE DATA-ENTRY DEVICES
59
System
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SCANNER
60
System
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BAR-CODE
61
System
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BAR CODE
62
System
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FAX MACHINE
63
System
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WEBCAM
64
System
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DIGITAL CAMERA
65
System
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SPEECH-RECOGNITION SYSTEM
66
System
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SENSORS
67
System
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RFID TAGS
68
System
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HUMAN-BIOLOGY-INPUT DEVICES
69
PROCESSING & MEMORY HARDWARE

70
System
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CASE AND POWER SUPPLY

71
System
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System
= system cabinet
= the box that houses the processor chip (CPU), the memory
chips, and the motherboard with power supply
Includes a power supply and a fan to keep the circuitry from
overheating
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CASE
72
System
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CASE
73
System
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OVERHEAD VIEW OF THE CASE
74
System
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THE BACKS OF A PC
75
Surge protector/surge suppressor protects a computer from

being damaged by surges (spikes) of high voltage
Voltage regulator/line conditioner from being damaged by
insufficient power brownouts or sags in voltage
UPS (uninterruptible power supply) a battery-operated device
that provides a computer with electricity if there is a power
failure
System
A device that converts AC to DC to run the computer

Three principal types of power protection device
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POWER SUPPLY
76
PROCESSOR
77
System
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System
Tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of miniature

electronic circuits
It stores program instructions that process, or manipulate,
data into information
The key part of the microprocessor are transistors act as
on/off switches, which process the on/off (1/0) bits used to
represent data
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PROCESSOR CHIP
78
System
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PROCESSOR CHIP
79
System
CISC (complex instruction set computing) chips can support

a large number of instructions but at relatively law processing
speeds
RISC (reduced instruction set computing) chips a great
many seldom-used instructions are eliminated
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ARCHITECTURES
80
TYPE OF PROCESSOR CHIPS
Motorola-type chips
For Macintoshes
Made by Motorola for Apple Macintosh computers
System
For PCs
Made by Intel Corp., Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), Cyrix, DEC,
etc.
Used by Compaq, Dell, Gateway, Hewlett-Packard, and IBM
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Intel-type chips
81
System
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INTEL CHIPS
82
System
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AMD CHIPS
83
System
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MOTOROLLA PROCESSOR CHIPS
84
System
System clock control how fast all the operations within a

computer take place
For microcomputers megahertz and gigahertz
For workstations, mid-size computers, and mainframes MIPS
(millions of instructions per second)
For supercomputers flops (floating point operations per
second)
For all computers fractions of a second
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PROCESSING SPEEDS
85
MEMORY
86
System
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System
RAM (random access memory) chips to temporarily store

program instructions and data
ROM (read-only memory) chips to store fixed start-up
instructions
CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) chips to
store flexible start-up instructions
Flash memory chips to store flexible programs
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TYPES OF MEMORY CHIP
87
RAM CHIPS
Volatile the contents are lost when the power goes off or is
turned off
System
Software instructions
Data before it is processed by the CPU
Information after it is processed by the CPU, before it is sent
along to an output or storage device
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Hold:
88
System
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RAM CHIPS
89
DRAM (dynamic RAM)

SDRAM (synchronous dynamic RAM)
SRAM (static RAM)
RDRAM (rambus dynamic RAM)
DDR-SDRAM (double-data rate synchronous dynamic RAM)
System
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TYPES OF RAM CHIPS
90
SIMM (single inline memory module) RAM chips on only one

side
DIMM (dual inline memory module) RAM chips on both side
System
Small fiberglass circuit board that can be plugged into an

expansion slot on the motherboard
Type of modules:
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RAM MEMORY MODULE
91
System
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SIMM & DIMM MODULE
92
System
Cannot be written on or erased by the computer without

special equipment
Contain fixed start-up instructions
Nonvolatile
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ROM CHIPS
93
System
Powered by a battery and thus dont lose their contents when

the power is turned off
Flexible start-up time, date, calendar
reprogrammed
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CMOS CHIPS
94
Nonvolatile
Can be erased and reprogrammed more than once
Doesnt require a battery
Used to store programs in personal computers, pagers,
cellphones, MP3 players, Palm organizers, printers, and digital
cameras
System
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FLASH MEMORY CHIPS
95
MOTHERBOARD
96
System
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System
= system board
The main circuit board in the system unit
Contains both soldered, non-removable components and
sockets or slots for components that can be removed
Removable components allows you to expand or upgrade
your systems
The most fundamental part of motherboard is the
microprocessor chip
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MOTHERBOARD
97
System
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MOTHERBOARD
98
System
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MOTHERBOARD
99
System
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MOTHERBOARD
100
System
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MOTHERBOARD
101
System
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EXPANDABILITY
102
STORAGE HARDWARE
103
System
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Floppy disks
Hard disks
Optical disks
Magnetic tape
Smart cards
Flash memory cards
System
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SECONDARY STORAGE
104
System
= diskette / disk
= removable flat piece of mylar plastic packaged in a 3.5-inch
plastic case
Data and programs are stored on the disks coating by means
of magnetized spots, following standard on/off patterns of
data representation (i.e. ASCII)
Floppy-disk drive a device that holds, spins, reads data
from, and writes data to a floppy disk
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FLOPPY DISKS
105
System
Floppy disks have a write-protect notch, which allows you to

prevent a diskette from being written to
Data is recorded in concentric recording bands tracks
When a disk is formatted, the disks storage locations are
divided into wedge-shaped sections, which break the tracks
into small arcs sectors
The read/write head is used to transfer data between the
computer and the disk
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FLOPPY DISKS
106
Disks with a special high-quality magnetic coating that have a

capacity of 100, 250, or 750 megabytes
Produced by Iomega Corp.
Require their own Zip-disk drive
System
3.5-inch floppy disks 1.44 megabytes

ZIP disks
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TYPES OF FLOPPY DISKS
107
System
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3.5 INCH FLOPPY DISKS
108
System
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3.5 INCH FLOPPY DISKS
109
System
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ZIP DISKS
110
System
Thin but rigid metal, glass, or ceramic platters covered with a

substance that allows data to be held in the form of
magnetized spots
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HARD DISKS
111
System
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HARD DISKS
112
System
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INSIDE A HARD DISK
113
System
Non-removable hard disks a fixed disk is housed in the

microcomputer system unit and is used to store nearly all
programs and most data files
Removable hard disks hard-disk cartridges consists of one
or two platters enclosed along with read/write heads in a hard
plastic case, which is inserted into a microcomputers
cartridge drive
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TYPES OF HARD DISKS
114
System
CDs & DVDs

A removable disk, usually 4.75 inches in diameter and less
than one-twentieth of an inch thick, on which data is written
and read trough the use of laser beams
A high-power laser beam is used to write data by burning tiny
pits or indentations into the surface of a hard plastic disk
A low-power laser light scans the disk surface to read data
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OPTICAL HARD DISKS
115
System
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OPTICAL HARD DISKS
116
System
CD-ROM (compact disk read-only memory) an optical-disk

format that is used to hold prerecorded text, graphics, and
sound
Have a capacity of 650-700 megabytes
CD-R (compact disk-recordable) disks for recording on once
CD-RW (compact disk-rewritable) disks for rewriting many
times
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CDs
117
DVD-RW (DVD-rewritable)
DVD-RAM (DVD-random access memory)
DVD+RW (DVD+rewritable)
System
DVD-ROM (digital versatile disk/digital video disk, with readonly memory) a CD-style disk with extremely high capacity,
able to store 4.7 or more gigabytes
DVD-R (DVD-recordable) disks allow one-time recording
Reusable disks
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DVDs
118
System
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HOW LASER READS DATA
119
System
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HOW TO USE A CDs/DVDs DISK
120
System
Thin plastic tape coated with a substance that can be

magnetized
Data is represented by magnetized spots (representing 1s) or
non-magnetized spots (representing 0s)
Used in the form of tape cartridges, modules resembling
audiocassettes that contain tape in rectangular, plastic
housings
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MAGNETIC TAPE
121
System
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MAGNETIC TAPE
122
System
Looks like a credit card but has a microprocessor embedded in

it
Three types of smart cards: memory only, memory with
security, memory with a microprocessor
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SMART CARDS
123
System
Flash memory cards consist of circuitry on credit-card-size

PC cards that can be inserted into slots connecting to the
motherboard on notebook computers
Memory sticks smaller than a stick of chewing gum and
used in digital cameras and camcorders
Keychain memory consists of finger-size modules of flash
memory that plug into USB ports of nearly any PC or
Macintosh
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FLASH MEMORY CARDS, STICKS, &

KEYCHAINS
124
System
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KEYCHAINS
125
www.atbackup.com
www.connected.com
www.4shared.com
www.fanbox.com
System
Online storage services allow you to use the internet to back

up your data
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ONLINE SECONDARY STORAGE
126
OUTPUT HARDWARE
127
System
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Softcopy data that is shown on a display screen or is id audio

or voice form; it exists only electronically
Hardcopy printed output
System
Consists of devices that translate information processed by

the computer into a form that humans can understand
Kinds of output:
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OUTPUT HARDWARE
128
System
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KINDS OF OUTPUT
129
System
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TYPES OF OUTPUT DEVICES
130
OUTPUT DEVICES
131
System
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Video card
Sound card
Monitor
Pair of speakers
Printer
System
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OUTPUT DEVICES
132
System
Converts the processors output information into a video

signal that can be sent through a cable to the monitor
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VIDEO CARD
133
System
Enhances the computers sound-generating capabilities by

allowing sound to be output through speakers
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SOUND CARD
134
System
The display device that takes the electrical signals from the
video card and forms an image using points of colored light on
the screen
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MONITOR
135
System
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MONITOR
136
System
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TYPES OF MONITOR
137
System
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HOW A CRT WORKS
138
System
Speakers are the devices that play sounds transmitted as

electrical signals from the sound card
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PAIR OF SPEAKERS
139
PRINTER
System
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An output device that produces text and graphics on paper
140
System
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LASER PRINTER
141
System
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INK-JET PRINTER
142
System
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INK-JET PRINTER
143
System
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PLOTTERS
144
System
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MULTIFUNCTION DEVICE
145
COMMUNICATIONS HARDWARE
146
System
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System
A standard modem is a device that sends and receives data

over telephone lines to and from computers
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MODEM
147
System
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THE MODEM CONNECTIONS
148
OPERATING SYSTEM AND SOFTWARE

149
System
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OPERATING SYSTEMS
150
System
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System
Set of programs that

coordinates all
activities among
computer hardware
resources.
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What is an operating systems (OS)?
151
Start up computer
Administer Security
Control a network
Access the web
Monitor performance
and provide
housekeeping services
Schedule jobs and
configure devices
Manage memory
Manage programs
Provide user interface
System
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Function of Operating Systems
152
System
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Where is the operating systems

located?
153
Booting
User interface
CPU management
File management and formatting
Task management
Security management
System
OS also called the software platform, consist of the low-level,

master system of programs that manage the basic operations
of the computer.
It will consider:
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Operating Systems
154
System
is the process of loading an operating systems into a

computers main memory.
It accomplished by programs stored permanently in the
computers electronic circuitry (called ROM)
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Booting
155
System
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Booting = Process of starting or

restarting a computer
156
System
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What messages display on the

screen when you boot the
computer?
157
System
Turn on called diagnostic routines test the main

memory, the CPU, and others running properly
Next BIOS program ( basic input/output system) -- copied to
main memory help the computer interpret keyboard
characters or transmit characters to the display screen.
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Operating Systems
158
System
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It happens when you turn on the

computer!!
159
System
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How does a personal computer

boot up?
160
System
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boot up?
161
System
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boot up?
162
System
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boot up?
163
System
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boot up?
164
System
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boot up?
165
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System
What is a user interface?

Controls how you enter data and instructions and how information displays on screen
166
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System
What is multitasking?
Allows single user to work on two or more applications that reside in memory at same time
167
What are other program management

features of operating systems?
Multiprocessing
Operating system can support two or more processors running
programs at same time
System
Operating system enables two or more users to run a program

simultaneously
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Multiuser
Fault-tolerant Computer
Continues to operate even if one of its components fails
Computer has duplicate components such as processors,
memory, and disk drives
168
monitors
contents of
memory
clears items
from memory
when
processor no
longer
requires them
What is memory management?

Optimizes the use of random access memory (RAM)
System
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allocates, or assigns,
data and instructions
to area of memory
while they are being
processed
169
System
Operating system
allocates portion of
hard disk to function
like RAM
Paging
Thrashing
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What is virtual memory (VM)

management?
170
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System
What is spooling?
Adjusts schedule based on jobs priority
171
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System
What is spooling?
Print jobs sent to buffer instead of directly to printer, where print jobs wait their turn
172
System
Small program that tells operating system how to

communicate with a device
Each device requires its own specific driver
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What is a device driver?
173
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System
How do you install a device driver?

Use the Printers and Other Hardware link in Control Panel
174
System
Provides a program, called performance monitor, that

assesses and reports information about various system
resources and devices
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How does an operating system

monitor performance?
175
System
Includes a program called file manager, such as Windows

Explorer
Commands include Copy, Rename, Delete, Move, Format, and
New Folder
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How does an operating system

manage files?
176
System
A table of information that operating system uses to locate

files on a disk
Reformatting disk usually erases only file allocation table and
leaves actual files on disk
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What is a file allocation table

(FAT)?
177
System
Server is computer that controls access to network and

provides centralized storage area
Other computers on network are called clients
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What are features of a network

operating system?
178
23/10/2015
System
How do operating systems administer security?

Most multiuser operating systems allow each user to log on
179
System
Allows network administrators to manage all network

information including users, devices, settings, and connections
from central environment
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What is Active Directory (AD)?
180
System
23/10/2015
Types of Operating Systems
181
System
23/10/2015
Types of OS: What are three

categories of operating systems?
182
23/10/2015
System
Stand-Alone OS: What is DOS (Disk Operating System)?

Refers to several single user operating systems developed in the early 1980s for personal
computers
183
System
23/10/2015
Stand-Alone OS: What are features

of most Windows operating
systems?
184
23/10/2015
System
Stand-Alone OS: What is Mac OS?

Multitasking operating system available only for computers manufactured by Apple
185
System
23/10/2015
Compare of Stand-Alone OS
186
23/10/2015
System
Network OS: What is UNIX?

Command-line multitasking operating system
187
System
Popular, free, opensource multitasking

UNIX-type operating
system
Open-source
software means code
is available to the
public
23/10/2015
Network OS: What is Linux?
188
System
UNIX-type operating
system designed
specifically for
e-commerce
applications
Can manage hightraffic accounts
Incorporates security
necessary for Web
transactions
Developed by Sun
Microsystems
23/10/2015
Network OS: What is Solaris?
189
System
Operating system found on most handheld computers and

small devices
Resides on a ROM chip
23/10/2015
What is an embedded operating

system?
190
SOFTWARE
191
System
23/10/2015
Software
Pemrograman
Pengkodean atau pembuatan program aplikasi.
Programmer
Individu yang terlibat khusus dalam pengerjaan pembuatan
program.
System
Suatu rangkaian pernyataan atau instruksi kepada komputer.
23/10/2015
Software
192
Sekumpulan program yang sudah dibakukan untuk mengelola

sumber-sumber komputer, seperti prosesor utama, hubungan
komunikasi, dan perangkat peripheral
Perangkat lunak aplikasi

Perangkat lunak yang dibuat untuk tujuan aplikasi khusus agar
bisa menjalankan fungsi yang diinginkan oleh pengguna akhir
System
Ada 2 jenis software

Perangkat lunak sistem
23/10/2015
Types of Software
193
System
23/10/2015
Software
194
System
Pada perangkat lunak sistem program khusus bahasa

pemrograman tingkat tinggi COBOL, FORTRAN atau C
Program disebut Source Code atau kode sumber
Kompiler menerjemahkan kode sumber ke dalam kode mesin
yang disebut kode objek
BASIC - - tidak menggunakan kompiler, melainkan sebuah
interpreter - - menerjemahkan tiap pernyataan kode sumber
satu demi satu
23/10/2015
Language Programming
195
Generasi kedua-ketiga: COBOL, C, C++, Visual Basic

Generasi keempat: memiliki tujuh kategori
System
Generasi pertama: bahasa mesin, programmer menulis semua

instruksi program dengan kode biner 0 dan 1
23/10/2015
196
Peranti perangkat lunak PC: M. Access
Bahasa query: SQL
Pembangkit laporan: RPG III
Bahasa grafis: SAS Graph
Pembangkit aplikasi : FOCUS, Frontpage
Paket aplikasi perangkat lunak: SAP R/3
Bahasa pemrograman tingkat tinggi: APL, Nomad2
System
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Tujuh kategori LP generasi-keempat:
197
COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)
C
C++
Visual Basic
FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator)
BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
Pascal
Bahasa Assembly
System
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Aplikasi bahasa pemrograman
198
UTILITY PROGRAM
199
System
23/10/2015
File viewer
File compression
Diagnostic utility
Uninstaller
Disk scanner
Disk defragmenter
Backup utility
Screen saver
System
System software that

performs a specific
task
Examples include:
23/10/2015
What is a utility program?
200
System
Causes monitor's
screen to display a
moving image or
blank screen if there
is no activity for a
specified time period
Prevents ghosting
Popular for security,
business, or
entertainment
purposes
23/10/2015
Utility Programs: What is a screen

saver?
201
Ex: Arena, Promodel, SPSS, Minitab, Expert Choice, Logware,

IDEF 0, LISREL, AMOS
System
Spesific Software: perangkat lunak yang digunakan untuk

keperluan khusus
23/10/2015
Spesific Software
202
END OF THIS CHAPTER

203
System
23/10/2015

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Management

High-capacity machines with thousands of processors that can

Water- or air-cooled computers

Expensive, powerful personal computers usually used for

= personal computers (PCs)

Has only two digits: 0 and 1

Bit (binary digit): each 0 or 1

BINARY CODING SCHEMES

EBCDIC (extended binary coded decimal interchange code)

Most widely used with microcomputers

ASCII (American standard code for information interchange)

ASCII and EBCDIC

A binary-type programming language built into the CPU that

HOW COMPUTERS WORK

The purpose of a computer is to process data into information

Hardware consists of all the machinery and equipment in a

You should know the difference between hardware and

And we add the fifth communications operation

All computers follow the same four basic operations

Input is whatever is put in (input) to a computer system

Processing is the manipulation a computer does to transform

Temporary/Primary storage (memory) the internal

Output is whatever is output from (put out of) the computer

Devices that allow people to put data into the computer in a

Traditional computer keyboards

A device that converts letters, numbers, and other characters

The set-top box/web terminal

A dumb terminal (=video display terminal) has a display

SPECIALTY KEYBOARDS AND

The mouse and its variants

Control the position of the cursor or pointer on the screen and

MOUSE PORT AND CONNECTOR

Scanning and reading devices

SOURCE DATA-ENTRY DEVICES

PROCESSING & MEMORY HARDWARE

CASE AND POWER SUPPLY

OVERHEAD VIEW OF THE CASE

Surge protector/surge suppressor protects a computer from

A device that converts AC to DC to run the computer

Tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of miniature

CISC (complex instruction set computing) chips can support

TYPE OF PROCESSOR CHIPS

MOTOROLLA PROCESSOR CHIPS

System clock control how fast all the operations within a

RAM (random access memory) chips to temporarily store

TYPES OF MEMORY CHIP

DRAM (dynamic RAM)

TYPES OF RAM CHIPS

SIMM (single inline memory module) RAM chips on only one

Small fiberglass circuit board that can be plugged into an

RAM MEMORY MODULE

SIMM & DIMM MODULE

Cannot be written on or erased by the computer without

Powered by a battery and thus dont lose their contents when

FLASH MEMORY CHIPS

Floppy disks have a write-protect notch, which allows you to

Disks with a special high-quality magnetic coating that have a

3.5-inch floppy disks 1.44 megabytes

TYPES OF FLOPPY DISKS

3.5 INCH FLOPPY DISKS

3.5 INCH FLOPPY DISKS

Thin but rigid metal, glass, or ceramic platters covered with a