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May - June 2015
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POWER-GEN EUROPE 2015
Keeping Europes
grid stable
How modelling is helping CHP plant
operators adapt to new grid codes
OPTIMISING COGENERATION INSTALLATIONS WITH ADVANCED CONTROLS HOW DENMARKS SMALL-SCALE COGENERATION SYSTEMS USE HEAT
PUMPS TO MAXIMISE SAVINGS WILL EUROPES POLICY SUPPORT FOR SUSTAINABLE HEATING AND COOLING PRODUCE A BREAKTHROUGH? ENERGY
EFFICIENCY, COMBINED HEAT AND POWER AND THE ENERGY UNION WHY CHP AND DISTRIBUTED POWER ARE ON THE RISE IN NORTH AMERICA
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Contents
Volume 16 Number 3
May - June 2015
14
Features
On the cover: Modelling CHP

plants with synchronous
generators is currently one
of the hottest topics on the
European grid code
validation scene.
Credit: European Union
1505COSPP_2 2
CHP modelling for grid stability

With an increasing share of distributed power generation on Europes grids, generators
are often required to prove that their plants comply with newly-defned grid codes.
We look at simulation modelling as a way of fulflling this requirement for CHP units in
Germany.
By Dr Eckehard Trster
14
Sustainable heating and coolings breathrough year?
22
Case study: cogeneration optimisation
28
Heat pumps in small-scale cogeneration
With political and institutional support growing and a host of projects working on
deployment across Europe, we investigate whether 2015 could be the EUs breakthrough
year for sustainable heating and cooling.
By Clare Taylor
A German CHP plant was seeking innovative ways to generate power more effectively
and improve current assets. We explore how advanced control technology helped the
plant operator increase the existing assets effciency, reliability and availability.
By Jim van Wormer
Denmark has recently seen a growing number of small cogeneration units installed in
care homes, sports centres, schools and other municipal buildings. We fnd out how
these installations using heat pumps have shown increased annual operating hours, short
ROI and signifcant CO2 savings.
By Jan de Wit
Cogeneration & OnSite Power Production | May - June 2015
www.cospp.com
5/12/15 11:50 AM
www.cospp.com
28
ISSN 14690349
Chairman:
Frank T. Lauinger
President/
Chief Executive Offcer:
Robert F. Biolchini
Chief Financial Offcer/

Senior Vice President:
Mark C. Wilmoth
Group Publisher:
Publisher:
Rich Baker
Dr. Heather Johnstone
Managing Editor:
Dr. Jacob Klimstra
Associate Editor:
Tildy Bayar
Contributing Editor:
Steve Hodgson
Design:
Keith Hackett
Production Coordinator:
Kimberlee Smith
Sales Managers:
Tom Marler,
Roy Morris
Advertising:
Tom Marler on +44 (0)1992 656 608
or tomm@pennwell.com
Roy Morris on +44 (0)1992 656 613
or roym@pennwell.com
Editorial/News:
e-mail: cospp@pennwell.com
22
Opinion
18
Energy effciency under the Energy Union

The energy effciency sector is looking to proponents of the new Energy Union to
change a historic do-little approach to one of consistent, sustained action in support of
Europes strategic energy goals.
By Dr Fiona Riddoch
Executive Profle
34
Peter Laube: Its all about trust and relationship

Peter Laube wears multiple hats at valve manufacturer Circor. We spoke with him about
control valve technology, continuous improvement and starting a national market from
scratch.
By Tildy Bayar
Regulars
4 Editors Letter
6 Insight
38 Genset Focus
Published by PennWell International Ltd,

The Water Tower,
Gunpowder Mill, Powdermill Lane,
Waltham Abbey, Essex EN9 1BN, UK
Tel: +44 1992 656 600
Fax: +44 1992 656 700
Web: www.cospp.com
2015 PennWell International Publications Ltd. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or
by any means, whether electronic, mechanical or otherwise
including photocopying, recording or any information storage or
retrieval system without the prior written consent of the Publishers.
While every attempt is made to ensure the accuracy of the
information contained in this magazine, neither the Publishers,
Editors nor the authors accept any liability for errors or omissions.
Opinions expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of
the Publishers or Editor.
Subscriptions: Qualifed professionals may obtain free
subscriptions by visiting our website at www.cospp.com and
completing an online subscription form. Extra copies of these
forms may be obtained from the publisher. The magazine may
also be obtained on subscription; the price for one year (six
issues) is US$133 in Europe, US$153 elsewhere, including air
mail postage. Digital copies are available at US$60. To start a
subscription call COSPP at +1 847 763 9540. Cogeneration and
On-Site Power Production is published six times a year by Pennwell
Corp., The Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill, Powdermill Lane, Waltham
Abbey, Essex EN9 1BN, UK, and distributed in the USA by SPP at 75
Aberdeen Road, Emigsville, PA 17318-0437. Periodicals postage
paid at Emigsville, PA.
Postmaster: send address changes to
Cogeneration and On-Site Power Production, c/o P.O. Box 437,
Emigsville, PA 17318.
44 Diary
44 Advertisers Index
Reprints: If you would like to have a recent article reprinted for a

conference or for use as marketing tool, please contact Rae Lynn
Cooper. Email: raec@pennwell.com.
Member, BPA Worldwide
www.cospp.com
1505COSPP_3 3
5/12/15 11:50 AM
Editors Letter
My local bakery and

trade show exhibitors
atience and friendliness
are generally seen as
good attitudes. Agitation
in queues such as in shops
and at airports can be avoided
when people stick to the rules.
Thats why I always try to wait my
turn in our local bakery.
However, all of a sudden I
noticed something on a Saturday
morning while waiting for freshly
baked bread and delicious
cakes. The bakers shop was
crowded with customers since
the products are so good, but
only one of the staff was helping
us. The other staff members were
very busy arranging goodies on
the shelves and in the displays
beneath the counter.They worked
very hard and were running
instead of walking, apparently
to impress their boss, but they
were completely ignoring the
customers. Fortunately, the only
staff member that was serving
the customers got annoyed and
P
Dr Jacob Klimstra
Managing Editor
1505COSPP_4 4
urged her colleagues to help

them too.
I could not help thinking
that the situation at the bakery
reminded me of what often
happens at exhibitions. Two
months ago, I visited a yacht
show because I wanted to renew
some equipment on my boat.
And yes, a number of exhibitors
had what I needed on display. I
tried to catch the attention of the
staff at the booth by looking with
an eager face and using body
language to show my interest.
Apparently I am not so good at
body language, since nobody
offered me any help. The staff
members at the booth showed
interest only in their colleagues
and were very busy chatting
amongst themselves.
All of a sudden, somebody else
entered the stand and the staff
immediately welcomed him as
a well-known, valuable customer.
I left and found another stand
with the required equipment. No
other customers were even close.
At that booth, the staff members
were sitting on chairs against the
back wall and looking very bored.
potential customers in general.

People apparently well-known to
them were heartily received, but
strangers were mostly ignored.
Only some 5% of the exhibitors
had an open attitude and tried to
make proper contact with visitors
who they did not know. I had
exactly the same experience at
a utility conference that I visited
on behalf of COSPP. Only a few
exhibitors had an open attitude,
and that happily resulted in
agreements to produce several
interesting
articles
for
this
magazine. However, the bulk of
the stands were entirely inwarddirected, with the staff showing
interest only in their colleagues or
existing contacts.
I am almost certain that the
exhibitions connected with the
POWER-GEN conferences are no
exception to this habit of ignoring
potential customers. Hopefully,
this editors letter is a wake-up call
for the crews on the stands.
It would be great if all visitors
could be heartily welcomed.
They are there for a reason.
Many exhibitors have excellent
products and provide very good
I overheard them saying: We are

at least away from the streets,
and again they completely
ignored me. I left without buying
anything.
Although I could accept
that it was my poor outward
appearance that caused the
staff to ignore me, I decided to
observe the general attitude
at exhibitions. Together with my
wife, I visited a home and garden
exhibition and we had much fun
watching how exhibitors treated
services, as you can read in

some articles in this magazine.
However, selling is diffcult if you
dont succeed in making good
contacts.
PS: Visit www.cospp.com
to see regular news updates, the current
issue of the magazine in full, and an
archive of articles from previous issues.
Its the same website address to sign-up
for our fortnightly e-newsletter too.
www.cospp.com
5/12/15 11:50 AM
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1505COSPP_5 5
5/12/15 11:50 AM
Insight
Optimism for CHP grows

in North America
Steve Hodgson
Contributing Editor
1505COSPP_6 6
ould the CHP and

wider
distributed
generation industries
of the US be in for a
boost? Its possible two new
bills, the Clean Distributed Energy
Grid Integration Act and the
Heat Effciency through Applied
Technology (HEAT) Act, were
introduced for consideration by
the Senate Energy and Natural
Resources Committee a couple
of weeks ago. While theres an
awfully long way to go before
either of these CHP-friendly bills
could make it into legislation,
theres already a good deal of
optimism for CHP around the US
at the moment, based largely
around low gas prices and high
gas availability.
That optimism was evident
at the conference covering
industrial-scale CHP held in
Houston, Texas last month.
Former FERC and Public Utilities
Commission of Texas Chairman
Pat Wood talked of the local air
quality benefts delivered by
the programme of CHP projectbuilding carried out in the last
ten years in the Houston area, as
Integration Act would direct the

Secretary of Energy to develop
an effort focused on advancing
the
integration
of
clean
distributed energy technologies
CHP, renewables, energy storage,
fuel cells, and waste heat-topower into electricity grids,
according to the ever-vigilant
American Council for an Energy
Effcient Economy (ACEEE). The
Act calls for research to address
technical and regulatory barriers
to distributed generation, and for
support for the demonstration
of intelligent integration systems
for distributed generation (that
are dynamic in response to
changing grid conditions).
Meanwhile, the HEAT Act
addresses
major
regulatory
barriers to encourage the
deployment of CHP and wasteheat-to-power,
and
would
provide assistance to states in
considering
interconnection
procedures and tariff schedules
as well as model standards for
supplemental, backup, and
standby power fees for CHP
systems.
But a glance at the news
well as CHPs wider role nationally

to supply reliable and secure onsite power.
The
World
Alliance
for
Decentralized Energy (WADE)
project excellence award given
at the event went to a project at
a textile manufacturer in Mexico,
where a 36 MW CHP scheme
based on a gas turbine from
Siemens is both cutting on-site
energy bills and exporting power
to the local electricity grid.
Back in Washington, the Grid
pages of the COSPP website

(www.cospp.com)
clearly
illustrates the breadth of CHP
and
distributed
generation
projects being installed across
North America at the moment.
Los Angeles International Airport
has just opened a new central
utilities plant based on an
8.4 MW CHP plant that also
includes steam-driven chillers
and a huge thermal storage
tank to provide cooling as well
as heat and power to the nine-
terminal facility. Meanwhile, new

trigeneration technology based
on microturbines from Capstone
is to supply close to 100% of the
energy needs of a 350-villa resort
development in Hawaii. Five
turbine generators with a total
capacity of 1 MW combine with
absorption chiller technology to
provide cooling for the resorts
clubhouse.
And global engineering and
construction giant Black & Veatch
has commissioned a microgrid
system to not only provide power
to its headquarters in Kansas, but
also to allow it to evaluate local
energy technology options. The
system includes solar PV and
geothermal heat pump systems,
two gas-fred microturbines and
on-site lithium-ion battery storage
to provide energy to what is said
to be the largest offce building in
the state.
Signifcantly
assisted
by
plentiful gas supplies, CHP
and
distributed
generation,
particularly in the commercial
sector, are doing fne in the US.
www.cospp.com
5/12/15 11:50 AM
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5/12/15 11:50 AM
Grid codes & local generation
New European grid codes describe how

local generators must act during normal and
critical situations.
Credit: National Grid
CHP modelling
for grid stability
With an increasing share of local generation on European grids, new grid codes
have been defned to ensure secure network operation. Within these grid codes,
simulation models are often required to prove the compliance of a generation
unit with the requirements of the codes. Eckehard Trster looks at how these
models are validated in Germany with regard to CHP installations.
ith
an
increasing
share
of
electricity
production from renewables
and combined heat and
power (CHP) plants, grid
operation must be revised as
W
8
1505COSPP_8 8
more and more conventional

power plants, which used to
provide ancillary services for
grid operation and system
stability, are taken offine.
For this reason, new grid
codes have been set up
describing the requirements
for local generation units on

how to act during normal
and critical grid situations.
For economic and technical
reasons, proof of compliance
with these requirements cannot
always
be
demonstrated
by
measurements.
Thus,
www.cospp.com
5/12/15 11:50 AM
Grid codes & local generation
of a blackout of the European

power system.
U/Uc
100%
LVRT and CHP
CHP is required to
stay grid connected
above red line
Grid codes may set a large

number of rules on the
operation of assets within
the power system, not all of
which are relevant to local
generation. If very few local
generators feed into the
grid, they can get away with
whatever behaviour is cheap
levels, with system stabilisation

requirements
that
were
previously only demanded
from conventional generators
in the high-voltage grids.
Requirements set out in grid
codes for local generators
therefore range from basic
power quality requirements
and system support in normal
operation to specifc behaviour
during grid disturbances, such
as short circuit events in the
transmission system.
Historically, local generators
were required to disconnect
from the grid in case of a short
circuit, a behaviour which is
easy to implement, but only
acceptable at low shares
of local generators. New
grid code rules require local
generation to stay connected
during a fault (low voltage ride
As
small
gensets
with
synchronous
generators
typically have a comparably
small inertia, the generator
will accelerate fairly fast if the
electric torque is reduced
because of a voltage dip in
the power grid.
As already noted, many
grid codes require the genset
to stay connected in case
of a voltage dip in the grid
for a certain time (typically
in the range of 150 ms to
1.5 seconds depending on the
voltage level). As the genset
starts to accelerate, it might
either trip due to overspeed
protection or more likely
suffer a pole-slip and therefore
lose synchronisation to the
grid frequency. Energynautics
was
commissioned
by
the VDMA (the German
engineering association) to
investigate possible solutions
to this situation by means of
modeling and simulation.
An obvious solution would
be to reduce the mechanical
torque of the engine. However,
as there is typically some fuel
left in the engine and the timeconstant to reduce the fuel is
larger than the time the voltage
dip lasts, this is not a suitable
solution in most cases. Instead,
many other different solutions
have been investigated, such
as additional resistors, use of a
and easy to implement, as

their infuence on grid stability
can be neglected. However, as
the share of local generators
rises, they must take over a
growing number of duties from
the conventional generators
they replace.
The role of grid code
requirements is to ensure that
local generators acquire the
technical capabilities to take
over these duties. Grid codes
are necessary for all voltage
through, or LVRT).
Theses requirements go
back to studies conducted
between 2003 and 2005, which
showed severe problems in
northern Germany in simulated
fault cases. Disconnection
of wind turbines during grid
faults would, in some cases,
have led to the loss of more
generation than the European
primary operating reserve
could handle, and therefore
would have increased the risk
full-power converter, adding a

fywheel and use of an eddycurrent brake. Some were
more promising than others;
however, all of these solutions
were fairly expensive as either
additional equipment would
have had to be installed or the
construction of the CHP facility
would have had to be revised.
With the help of simulation
results, we were able to show
that a minor adjustment of
the German medium-voltage
70%
45%
30%
15%
Minimum voltage level has been increased

to 30% for synchronous generators
0 150
700
1500
t in ms
Figure 1. LVRT requirements for synchronous generators, according to

Germanys medium-voltage grid code
simulation
models
have
become an important part of
the confrmation procedure.
Here we will examine how
simulation models are used in
Germany to prove compliance
by validation and certifcation.
The main focus is on models of
CHP plants with synchronous
generators, which is currently
one of the hottest topics in the
German modeling, validation
and certifcation scene.
Grid code requirements
www.cospp.com
1505COSPP_9 9
grid code would actually

make it possible for the
majority of the existing CHP
installations to ride through
the fault without slipping.
This adjustment is related
to the voltage level during
the fault. For synchronous
generators connected directly
to the medium-voltage grid,
the requirement has been
changed so that below 30%
residual voltage, the CHP may
disconnect from the grid (see
Figure 1). Originally 0% had
been requested; however, as
the synchronous generator lifts
the voltage level in the case
of a short circuit in the grid by
providing reactive current, a
voltage level of 0% will never
be seen at the terminals,
at least as long as it is not a
bolted short circuit, which in
turn would not be relevant for
system stability.
Model validation in
Germany
Many critical situations in the
grid cannot be tested in a
real environment as this would
lead to a high risk of blackouts.
Therefore, grid operators often
use computer simulations to
predict the behaviour of their
grid, especially the transient
behaviour in fault cases or
extreme situations. In order to
get reliable and representative
results from their model, the
operator has to know the
properties and
behaviour
of the generators on their
grid. Generator owners are
thus often required to hand
in simulation models in a
specifed format before they
are allowed to connect their
unit to the grid. The usage
of models and simulation is
therefore an important part
of the German certifcation
process to prove grid code
compliance.
In order to prove the quality of
the model, it must be validated
against measurement data.
5/12/15 11:50 AM
Transmission and distribution
other gensets that have not

been measured but are
technically very similar;
2. In
addition,
simulation
models
are
used
to
determine the dynamic
behaviour
of
specifc
projects under real grid
conditions.
Generator
ENA
Unit Transformer
Series Reactance
Breaker No. 2
Fault Reactance
External Grid
Breaker No. 1
Series Reactance
x
Sequence:
x
1) Open Breaker No. 1

2) Close Breaker No. 2
3) Open Breaker No. 2
4) Close Breaker No. 1
CHP modelling
Fault Reactance
Figure 2. One line of LVRT test setup
are again each split into a

dynamic and a steady-state
period. For each period an
average error is determined
by comparing the average
value of the measured signal
with the average value of the
simulation. Additionally, for
the steady-state intervals, the
maximum instantaneous error
is determined by comparing
the measured and simulated
signal at every instant in time.
10
1505COSPP_10 10
This procedure is carried out

for active power, reactive
power and reactive current.
Depending on the type
of signal and investigated
interval, errors in the range
of up to 10%20% are
allowed in order to judge the
model as accurate enough
and
therefore
validated.
Additionally, the load angle
is determined from speed
measurements and compared
to the simulation result.
For CHP facilities there are
two major reasons for providing
a validated model:
1. The validated model is
used to prove the fault
ride-through capability of
(Vfemax-Kdlfd)/(Ke+Se(efd))
Vfemax, Kd, Ke, E1, Se1, E2, Se2
Limitation
Excitation Voltage
Exciter Machine
0
{1/sT
Te
0
Excitation Current
Exciter Machine
Excitation Voltage
Main Machine
3
2
1
Exciter Time Constant
3
2
1
K
Ke
Exciter Constant
Demagnization
K
Kd
For the certifcation process in

Germany, LVRT measurements
must be carried out. These
measurements are described
in the technical regulation No.
3 by the FGW (the federation of
German wind power and other
renewable energies). For CHP
plants, 14 different tests must
be carried out under different
conditions, such as voltage
levels, reactive power, type of
fault and loading level of the
CHP system. These tests are
conducted by a LVRT-container,
which emulates a voltage dip
at the terminals of the test unit
without a major impact on the
grid itself (see Figure 2).
In FGW Technical Regulation
No. 4 (FGW TR 4) the validation
procedure is described, along
with how to use the derived
measurements and compare
them to simulation results. The
main idea is to split the test
sequence into three intervals:
before, during and after the
voltage dip. These intervals
The most relevant parts of the

CHP plant regarding impact
on genset behaviour during
and after a voltage dip are
the generator, the exciter, the
automatic voltage controller
(AVR) and the reactive power
controller. Although
these
systems are often very similar,
there are several different
approaches
to
provide
excitation and control voltage
and reactive power.
The most common systems
for the power supply of the
exciter machine are auxiliary
windings
and
permanent
magnet generators. Auxiliary
windings are fairly cheap
but can infuence the output
of the AVR during the fault
considerably as during the
fault the AVR typically opens
up completely in an effort to
provide as much excitation as

possible which again is limited
through the power supply.
For the AVR and reactive
power controller, the most
common approach is still to
have both active and then
send an offset signal from the
reactive power controller to the
voltage controller, which then
controls the excitation system.
This confguration has the
advantage that the excitation
is raised automatically during
the
fault, and
therefore
stabilises the generator.
With the development of
digital controllers a new control
system has been introduced,
where the reactive power
controller acts directly on the
excitation system. In this case,
the power factor controller tries
to reduce the excitation during
the voltage dip as a high
reactive power is supplied to
the grid. This in turn destabilises
the genset to a certain extent,
although in the cases we have
investigated, the gensets still
rode through the fault without
becoming unstable.
Due to this drawback,
another concept is to switch
in the case of a voltage dip
Se(efd)
E1, Se1, E2, Se2
Saturation
0
Fex(In)
Kc
Excitation Current
Main Machine
Commutation
Figure 3. Model structure of IEEE Type AC8B alternator-rectifer excitation system
www.cospp.com
5/12/15 11:50 AM
1505COSPP_11 11
5/12/15 11:51 AM
Transmission and distribution
Europes new grid codes require validation through simulation models

Credit: European Union
from reactive power control

to voltage control until the
voltage is back. This concept
makes it possible to increase
the excitation during the fault,
and therefore further stabilises
the genset.
Concerning the reactive
power
controller,
again
different methods exist with
and without a detection of
the voltage dip leading to a
freezing of the controller or
even making it faster.
Due to the variety of
possible control structures, it
is very diffcult to develop a
common model that is valid
for all manufacturers as was
originally intended. Instead,
manufacturer-specifc models
have been developed.
German
of the lack of simulation

models, the BDEW (German
association of energy and
water industries) announced
a recommendation for grid
operators to extend the
deadline for certifcates until
the end of June 2015.
As the previously described
validation
procedure
had
been developed for models of
wind and solar power plants,
it turned out that, in many
cases, it is not well suited for
synchronous generators. Just
to name two of these issues:
1. The required accuracy of the
model is defned in absolute
values related to the nominal
current of the generation
unit. As for synchronous
generators the short circuit
current is typically a multiple
of the nominal value, the
requirement for accuracy
time constant and power

supply, we do observe active
power oscillations during
and after an LVRT event.
Additionally, the dynamics
of
the
reactive
power
typically last much longer
compared
to
converterbased generation.This makes
it much more diffcult to
develop models reaching the
required accuracy according
to FGW TR 4.
For these reasons a task
force was installed to discuss a
different procedure, taking the
properties of CHP plants into
account. One possible solution
is to use a validation procedure
as it is described in IEC
61400-27-1 for wind turbines.
Here the required accuracy
limits are not defned, and
therefore can be set according
to the achievable accuracy
medium-voltage grid code

and
its
supplementary
documents, for CHP plants
the capability of LVRT has to
be proven by certifcation
since the beginning of 2014. A
temporary regulation was then
introduced, which allowed the
certifcate to be provided by
the end of that year. As a large
majority of manufacturers was
not able to deliver the required
certifcate,
also
because
in relation to the actual

value is very tough. This issue
has not been observed for
wind or solar power, as the
converter-based generation
units can typically only
provide currents up to the
nominal value;
2. Due to the fact that CHP
facilities with synchronous
generators
are
directly
connected to the grid and
the exciter machine with its
from a cost-beneft perspective.

However, the different intervals
defned in the standard are
again very much linked to the
capabilities of wind models,
and therefore may not be
adequate for synchronous
generators.
German certifcation
According
12
1505COSPP_12 12
to
the
defned to ensure secure grid

operation. Within these grid
codes, simulation models are
often required to prove the
compliance of a generation
unit with the requirements
of the grid codes. In order
to judge the reliability of the
model, the developed models
have to be validated. In
Germany this is done through
a certifcation process.
Although the CHP market
is dominated by synchronous
generators, there are a couple
of
differences
from
one
manufacturer to the other.
These differences do infuence
the dynamic behaviour of the
generation unit to such an
extent that the well-known IEEE
models are, in most cases, not
suffcient to reach the requested
accuracy demanded in the
FGW Technical
Regulation
in order to fulfll the German
grid codes. For this reason
it is necessary to develop
manufacturer-specifc models,
which take the individual
control strategies into account.
Besides
the
necessity
of
manufacturer-specifc
models, it must be noted
that the described validation
procedure
has
been
developed for converter-based
generation units, such as wind
and solar power, and therefore
the validation procedure is not
well aligned to the properties
of synchronous generatorbased CHP systems. Necessary
changes in the procedure are
currently under discussion in
the relevant working group. The
new regulations for validation
are expected to be published
in the course of this year.
Dr Eckehard Trster is Senior

Engineer at Energynautics.
www.energynautics.com
Looking forward
With an increasing share of
local generation in the grid,
new grid codes have been
This article is available

on-line. Please visit
www.cospp.com
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5/12/15 11:51 AM
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1505COSPP_13 13
13
5/12/15 11:51 AM
Policy and markets: District heating & cooling
Europes run
on hot & cold
Denmarks Solrd biogas project has won 12.7 million in investment, kick-started by Intelligent Energy Europe (IEE) funding
Credit: Solrd Biogas/Peter Jarvad
With growing political and institutional support, and a host of initiatives working
on deployment across Europe, Clare Taylor asks whether 2015 is the EUs
breakthrough year for sustainable heating and cooling.
14
1505COSPP_14 14
s
sustainable
energy
moves
up
the
global
political agenda,
low-carbon
solutions
for
heating and cooling are
coming to the fore. There is
an emerging consensus on
what could be a big part
of the solution here, with
the
International
Energy
heating and cogeneration as

a key measure for ensuring
long-term energy security.
This year, there is a policy
push from Brussels via the
Energy Effciency Directive
(EED) (Article 14). By the end
of 2015, all Member States
are required for the frst
time to submit to the EC a
comprehensive
assessment
pan-European heat map, the

European Thermal Atlas.
According to Nicolas Fvrier,
who is co-ordinating the
project, City planners have
a pivotal role in developing
eco-districts
where
the
upgrading of building stock
goes hand in hand with the
establishment,
expansion
or modernisation of district
Agency
recently
citing
cogeneration and district
heating as an essential part
of strategies for greenhouse
gas emissions mitigation
and energy security.
Analysis of the European
energy
systems
resilience
in the face of disruptions
in
Russian
gas
imports
presented in the European
Commissions (EC) Stress Test
Communication pointed to
fuel switching through district
of the potential for the

application of high-effciency
CHP and effcient district
heating and cooling (DHC).
heating and cooling networks.

This atlas will allow you to
rapidly check the thermal
resources available in your
region as well as the thermal
demand.
Planning for the future

Led by trade body Euroheat
& Power, the Intelligent Energy
Europe-funded
STRATEGO
project is supporting the
development
of
national
heating
and
cooling
roadmaps
(required
by
the EED) by compiling a
Think global, act

regional
IEE-funded projects RES H/C
SPREAD and SmartRefex are
also focused on planning.
SmartRefex is working across
six regions in Germany, Italy,
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Policy and markets: District heating & cooling
Spain and Ireland. Judging

by the enthusiastic reception
of the projects frst event in
Ireland, there is a growing
awareness of district heating
as a low-carbon technology.
According
to
Morten
Hofmeister
from
Danish
company PlanEnergi, which is
involved in the project, This is
not primarily a technological
challenge. The real challenge
is to organise collectively and
getting people to understand
the benefts of a collective
system.
RES H/C SPREAD maps
supply and demand on a
regional basis (mostly within
the Mediterranean region),
with
cost-beneft
analysis
for specifc sites. Project
coordinator Stefano Faberi
says: The real potential is
not clear yet. We think that
there is good potential for
single systems powered by
renewables, especially in hotels
and the leisure sector, but on a
regional basis the challenges
are constancy and density
of demand. Our ultimate
ambition is to facilitate takeup
into regional planning. There
are a lot of new actors entering
this market and pushing for
renewable-powered systems,
but I suspect we wont see real
movement until two to three
years time.
In
terms
of
energy
governance, the
regional
agenda is of increasing
importance. From 20142020,
cannot be underestimated in
some areas, ESI funds account
for more than 90% of public
investment.
Moving into implementation,

other projects are focusing
on
dismantling
market
barriers to wider deployment
of
renewables,
including
solar thermal, bioenergy, and
shallow and deep geothermal.
SDHPLUS is building on the
previous IEE-funded project
SDHtake-off,
promoting
solar district heating (SDH)
plants large-scale solar
thermal technology supplying
renewable, zero-emission heat
from large solar collector
Other projects are using

EU
funding
for
project
development assistance to
leverage further investment.
An innovative biogas project
led by Solrd Municipality in
Denmark has now achieved
12.7 million in investment,
kick-started by IEE funding
via the Mobilising Local
Energy
Investment
(MLEI)
facility. (Project development
assistance can be found
under Horizon 2020.)
In
the
Netherlands,
Etriplus aims at providing
a
low-cost
and
secure
energy supply for the agroindustrial area of Greenport
Venlo. Key stakeholders are
area developers Californi,
Freshpark and Siberi; the
greenhouse owners, the agrologistic companies, Etriplus,
the local municipalities and
the province of Limburg.
Aiming for a total investment of
54 million to realise their plans,
1,793,582 has already been
provided by the MLEI-PDA.
Peter Elbers of DCGV
explains
the
necessary
bridging role of public funding:
The possible fnancial gap
cannot be flled by market
parties because of the risks.
European
Structural
&
Investment (ESI) Funds will
channel more than 38 billion
($43 billion) into the low-carbon
economy, more than double
the amount allocated in 2007
2013. Among others, Poland
and Romania are emerging
as the big winners here, with
more than 8 billion and
3.4
billion
investment
respectively. The
potential
impact of the ESI funds in lessdeveloped European regions
felds
to
residential
and
industrial areas via district
heating networks. In Denmark,
solar
district
heating
is
now operating at feasible
commercial
heat
costs.
Demonstration projects exist
in Sweden, Denmark, Germany
and Austria. Activities are also
developing in Italy, France,
Spain and Norway.
The
deep
geothermal
potential for district heating
applications
is
signifcant
Public parties like DCGV,

the province of Limburg, the
national government or the EU
play a vital role.
In
Hungary,
another
benefciary of MLEI funding
(285,000),
the
City
of
Kecskemt, is hoping to
transform its natural gas-fred
district heating network into
a geothermal system and
aiming to attract investment of
over 30 million for the project.
A number of Hungarian
16
1505COSPP_16 16
Keeping cool
District
cooling
remains
seriously
under-exploited
with current market share
as low as 2%. The RESCUE
project includes updating
the European Cooling Index
methodology. Two
utilities
are involved (Climespace,
Helsingin
Energia),
along
with
local
government
association ICLEI and Swedish
consultancy Capital Cooling.
Commenting on the project
results, Henrik Frohm of Capital
Cooling says: In particular, the
workshops have been really
successful in engaging with
local governments. In Tartu
and in Aarhus, district cooling
projects are developing as a
direct result.
Renewable solutions
and competitive. The GEODH

project has 14 target countries
in its sights and has developed
an online map showing the
potential of geothermal in
these areas.
Open for business
cities operate district heating

networks that can be powered
by local geothermal energy.It is
a big market, and there are big
opportunities, says Pl Boza,
who is co-ordinating the project.
The
CELCIUS
project,
funded under the EU Smart
Cities
&
Communities/
Seventh Framework research
programme (to the tune of
14 million, with an additional
12 million from the project
partners)
is
working
in
London, Rotterdam, Genoa,
Gothenburg and Cologne
on twelve new demonstrator
projects. Market conditions
among project partners vary
hugely from the mature market
in Gothenburg of more than
90% penetration to around 2%
market share in Genoa.
In December 2014 in
Gothenburg,
the
project
achieved a world frst when
a district heating connection
to the ferry Stena Danica was
inaugurated. Previously the
Stena Danica was supplied
with hot water from oil burning
when she was moored. Now oil
burning is replaced with hot
water from the Gothenburg
district heating system.
On
prospects
for
the
European
market,
Jonas
Cognell, programme manager
at the Celsius project, says:
We can see that there is
some fresh movement, and
new markets opening up. I
think 2015 is the beginning of
a breakthrough but to see
investments and decisions
take place, were probably
talking about a three- to fveyear timeframe.
Clare Taylor is Editor at

ManagEnergy
For more information, please
visit www.managenergy.net
www.cospp.com
www.cospp.com
5/12/15 11:51 AM
POWER
FORWARD

Visit us online:

Connect with us:

1505COSPP_17 17
5/12/15 11:51 AM
Opinion: Changing Europes approach to energy effciency
Energy effciency
under the Energy Union
The energy effciency sector looks to supporters of the Energy Union to change a historic do-little approach
to one of consistent, sustained action in support of Europes strategic energy goals, writes Dr Fiona Riddoch
he
20142019
E u r o p e a n
Commission (EC) got
off to a robust start by
unveiling the new EU Energy
Union framework in February
2015. The Energy Union is
an early initiative of the new
EC president, Jean-Claude
Juncker, who has promised
an agenda for jobs, growth,
fairness and democratic
change.
The Energy Union concept
was frst foated as a response
to the external challenges of
security of supply posed by the
EUs signifcant dependency,
acute in some member states,
on Russian gas supplies. In
its fnal form, the title of the
new Energy Union reveals a
broader scope than energy
as a commodity for purchase.
The Energy Union clusters
existing energy initiatives into
one framework. As published,
the European Energy Union is
18
1505COSPP_18 18
called: A framework strategy

for a resilient Energy Union
with a forward-looking climate
change policy. The new
politics of this Commission
refected in the Energy Union
is summarised as security,
solidarity and trust, suggesting
more
consideration
of
member-state
concerns
and recognition that deep
co-operation is required. While
recent Commissions have
been able to concentrate
heavily on the energy and
climate agenda, the Energy
Union widens the energy
objectives, re-focusing on all
three strategic objectives of EU
energy policy: competitiveness,
sustainability and security of
supply, perhaps suggesting
that there is a balance to be
struck between these and
maybe even compromises to
be made.
The document has surprised
and exploratory, indicating

the framework within which
action should be taken by the
Commission over the coming
four years. There are fve
so-called dimensions to the
strategy, a list of actions for the
EC to execute and a timetable
(Roadmap) with some very
pressing action deadlines for
DG ENER, with signifcant new
legislation in 2016 and several
important communications in
2015.
Clearly the inclusion of
energy effciency demonstrates
the Commissions ongoing
commitment to it, and with
that the substantial legislation
around cogeneration. There
are several action items which
may well have an impact
on the cogeneration sector
and which the sector needs
to follow closely. The most
pressing are arguably:
An EU Strategy for
Heating and Cooling by end
2015;
All of these represent

opportunities
for
the
cogeneration
industry
to
expand as the EU seeks to fulfl
its strategic aims. There is no
doubt that cogeneration can
help Europe meet its goals. The
member states have proposed
that the deployment of CHP in
Europe could be doubled and
recent work conducted in the
framework of the EU-funded
CODE 2 project shows that
cogeneration is poised to
deliver substantial, real CO2
and primary energy savings by
2030 provided that the Energy
Effciency Directive (EED) is
conscientiously implemented
in
member
states.
The
CODE 2 project created a
cogeneration roadmap for
each member state and
then estimated the CO2 and
primary energy savings to
be delivered by building new
and refurbishing existing CHP
plants.
The project estimates that,
some by putting energy

effciency so prominently at
the heart of the matter. In the
past, energy effciency has
been much talked of and
only periodically pursued. The
energy effciency sector looks
to supporters of the Energy
Union to change this historic
approach to one of consistent,
sustained action in support of
all three strategic energy goals.
The
language
of
the
Energy Union is explanatory
Proposal for a new

electricity market design in
mid-2015/2016 (including the
issue of self-generation);
Review of the Energy

Effciency Directive as of 2016;
Proposal for a new

renewable energy sources
package to be published
in 20162017 (which will
include a new policy for
sustainable
biomass
and
a
Communication
on
waste-to-energy).
in 2030, CHP could generate

20% of the EUs electricity
using a range of increasingly
renewable fuels. The CHP
Roadmap projections estimate
that new and upgraded CHP
capacity beyond 2012 would
further reduce total inland
energy
consumption
by
870 TWh and additionally
reduce CO2 emissions by
350 Mt in 2030. Fifteen percent
of the EUs heat today comes
from CHP (850 TWh). The CODE
Strategic energy goals
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1505COSPP_19 19
5/12/15 11:51 AM
2 project estimates that this

heat volume will increase to
1264 TWh in 2030.
The EU Strategy for Heating
and Cooling, as introduced in
the Energy Union, has a natural
point of departure in the
comprehensive assessment
of the heating and cooling
potential which is requested
by Europes latest piece of
energy effciency legislation,
the EED.
Indeed, while a
heat strategy is potentially a
good thing for cogeneration,
it has the potential to be
one more energy silo for
policymakers,
perpetuating
the single-topic thinking which
stops Europes energy policy
from taking a much-needed
look at the energy system
as a whole: across all fuels,
form primary energy to end
use. A heat strategy could
take
the
comprehensive
assessment required by the
EED, an assessment which
must include both heat and
electricity, and develop it,

further refning the analysis,
introducing
a
bottom-up
approach and considering
the real time interactions
between energy sources in
the delivery of energy fows to
customers. The risk for CHP is
that the heat strategy, instead
of improving the situation for
CHP, adds a range of policy
measures focused purely on
heat to the existing range
of policy measures focusing
purely on electricity a recipe
for trouble for the CHP sector.
Roadbumps for heating

and cooling
The EU has tended to focus
its energy thinking around
electricity and fuel supply. Little
strategy has been developed
to address improving the ways
Europeans generate and use
heat. Developments thus far
have focused on improved
use of heat, particularly
in buildings, and efforts to
reduce fabric heat losses from

buildings. On the supply side
there has been very little.
The absence of EU-level
attention
here
is
partly
explained
by
the local
nature of heat, whereas the
EUs sphere of infuence is
greatest in matters affecting
Europe as a whole and, as
regards energy supply, at the
cross-border level. This could
arguably put heat outside
the remit of the EU. However,
its omission from energy and
climate strategy has led to
an EU-level approach which
fails to seize the opportunities
of system-level benefts in
optimising
network
assets
and using local resources,
and effciency benefts from
considering the delivery of
the total energy package
to
customers. Using
the
experience of cogeneration,
it is clear that neglecting
an
integrated
approach
means that fuel effciency
opportunities
are
missed,
not just regarding the joint
provision of heat and power,
but also for making full use of
heat at different temperatures,
such as waste heat from a
range of different industrial
processes, for space or water
pre-heating.
The new Heating and
Cooling
Strategy
is
an
opportunity for Europe to
introduce a new perspective
to its energy supply network.
Tackling the issue of heat
requires addressing the local
dimension, which inevitably
leads to a more integrated
view of the opportunities
of supplying energy from a
more appropriate mix of local
sources.
The title of the new strategy
Heating and Cooling may
prove to be misleading. A
Strategy for Heat would be
a better title. Heat is used
for different purposes in the
economy and at different
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temperatures,
including
cooling. The easiest heat
demand to satisfy is the need
for space heating/cooling
where
the
temperature
required is relatively low (under
100oC) and where there are
several
good
technology
solutions. However, a signifcant
proportion of Europes heat
demand is in industry and
industrial and commercial
processes. Here the heat is of
a very different temperature
and commonly delivered as
steam, with specifc use and
timing characteristics. The
Heat Strategy will be defcient
if it fails to tackle industrial and
process heat, and to recognise
the specifc nature of this heat
and its economic function.
It seems inevitable that the
preparation of such a heat
strategy will reveal the many
different options in terms of
fuel and sources for supplying
space heating needs, while
underlying
the
signifcant
challenge of meeting the more

diffcult demands of industrial
heat. This complexity poses a
challenge for policymakers.
Heat is the ideal candidate
for taking the frst steps in
developing a more systemlevel approach to energy
strategy.
Cogenerators straddling the
heat and electricity markets
are in a unique position to
appreciate the need for
energy system awareness in
new policy developments.
Particularly in this EU heating
and cooling strategy where,
yet again, working on just
one aspect of the energy
system
risks
underplaying
the possibilities of CHP and
the integrated energy supply
approach.
COGEN Europe advocates
that the new Heat Strategy
must step away from the old
silo thinking of fuel, electricity,
gas and oil into a more energy
system-level approach using
the transposition of the EED

into national law as a frst step.
Heat supply success

The EUs energy strategy
has
three
main
goals:
environmental
sustainability,
security
of
supply
and
competitiveness.
A
very
real challenge for the new
Strategy will be to fnd a route
to addressing the delicate
balance between all three of
these energy objectives.
Energy
effciency
is
generally
recognised
as
supportive of all three of these
goals. By improving energy
effciency all along the supply
chain, primary energy inputs
to meet the same demand
are reduced. As a result of
these reductions, greenhouse
gas emissions drop and, in a
well-integrated energy system,
higher effciency of energy use
results in lower energy inputs
to the system, making it more
competitive.
Beyond a Heat Strategy

The Energy Union does not
stop with the Heat Strategy.
For the cogen sector, the
proposal for a new electricity
market design, which will be
the subject of a Commission
communication in mid-2015, is
important. As the only supplier
of both heat and power, CHP
must be able to operate fully
on the electricity network while
meeting the needs of its heat
customers. The Heat Strategy
can start to introduce a
framework for heat supply that
incorporates thinking around
dual supply, which should be
taken forward through all EC
thinking on the Energy Union.
Dr Fiona Riddoch is
Managing Director of
COGEN Europe
www.cogeneurope.eu
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1505COSPP_21 21
21
5/12/15 11:51 AM
Case study: Cogeneration optimisation
Advanced controls
as a competitive advantage
Europes power generators are fnding their place in the new merit order
Credit: GE
A German CHP plant was looking for innovative ways to generate power more
effectively and improve current assets, writes Jim Van Wormer
uropes
dynamics
for traditional power
generation
are
changing as part of
the tremendous transition
of energy sources sweeping
the region. Within this shift,
power generators continue
fnding their place in the
new merit order. The cards
are being shuffed.
In Germany, cogeneration
as a decentralised, secure
and
ecological
power
generation solution, producing
22
1505COSPP_22 22
both electricity and heat, is

competing in a landscape
where electricity sells on a
daily basis and purchases are
mainly driven by the price of
fuel.
Renewable energy solar
and wind is used frst, followed
by coal. Nuclear, despite some
shutdowns, is next. The last
choice? Typically, natural gas.
Gas prices are high, boosted
by complex logistics. Many
gas turbines are therefore
accumulating few operating
hours; even a cogeneration

plant may not be proftable
based on the electricity sale.
Faced with that challenging
environment, Mainova, the
operator of the Niederrad
cogeneration
station
in
Frankfurt,
Germany,
knew
it had to make changes.
The
company
took
the
steps needed to establish a
more-effcient,
cost-effective,
emissions-compliant
approach
to
energy
production.
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T h e
frst step?
Work
with
the equipment
on site and the OEM.
The equipment on site for
Mainova includes a GE 6B gas
turbine, installed in 2005. Over
t h e
years,
the unit has
supported
Mainovas
energy
production for the
Rhine-Main region, a busy and
demanding area in Germany.
According
to
Holger
Knapp, CHP plant manager at
Mainova, the plant supports
the energy and heating
needs of the offce district of
Niederrad, as well as numerous
Pre-upgrade
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Turndown
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residential neighborhoods and

institutions, such as tracts of
the University Clinic Frankfurt.
Another notable customer
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The specifc controls used in the OpFlex
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emissions are generally the limiting parameter
and Smart Inlet Bleed Heat (IBH), Cold Load
in emissions compliant turndown. CO emission
Path and Variable Peak. The OpFlex advanced
compliant range is improved through Smart
controls package includes:
Inlet Bleed Heat (IBH) software. Smart IBH is a
Corrected Parameter Control (CPC): CPC is
package of OpFlex which improves the control
the enabling software technology for OpFlex
of the inlet bleed heat system. In traditional
implementation on B/E class gas turbines,
control, a static control curve adjusts IBH
providing tighter control of fuel staging and
based on the input of IGV. Smart IBH takes
fring temperature. In traditional control, the
advantage of the CPC emissions control loops
exhaust temperature control is based on
to adjust the IBH control where adjustments
Compressor Pressure Ratio alone. This control,
are of beneft to the operation.
split into base load and part load exhaust

temperature
control
curve, is
calculated
assuming certain ambient and operational

parameters
such
as
humidity,
exhaust
pressure drop, etc. Any change in these

parameters will introduce an error between
the optimal exhaust temperature reference
and the commanded exhaust temperature
reference. CPC measures these traditional
noise parameters and separates operational
boundaries
into
four
separate
control
algorithms tuned for NOx, CO, performance
Variable Peak and Emissions Compliant Peak:

Emissions Compliant Peak is an option which
will peak fre the gas turbine to an operator
defned emissions value. During NOx peak,
the gas turbine performance control loop is
increased to increase output while limiting
operation to the desired NOx level. Variable
Peak is a peak output set by the operator to a
maximum MW set point.This peaking operation
allows an operator to ensure a constant load
in peak operation while ambient and other
and the isotherm. These curves are constantly
conditions may change.
calculated based on changes in machine
Part Load Heat Rate Improvement: Traditionally,
operation and ambient conditions.
GE Dry Low NOx (DLN) systems run on an
AutoTune: AutoTune improves the emissions
exhaust temperature control which maximises
models used to control the gas turbine and
the fring temperature up to a certain set point.
continuously compares the measured exhaust
Part load heat rate is improved by keeping the
emissions to the model emissions and tunes
gas turbine fring temperature lower with the
the NOx and CO curves as required to drive
Inlet Guide Vanes more open while staying in
the appropriate fuel splits to the combustor.
emissions compliance. This serves to improve
AutoTune software can work with or without
the
customer CEMS emissions feedback.
operation.
24
1505COSPP_24 24
effciency
signifcantly
for
part
load
With all these customers

in mind, Mainova continually
looks for innovative ways
to generate power more
effectively and improve current
assets.
One of Mainovas ambitious
goals is to further reduce CO2
emissions by 30 per cent by
2020, equaling 600,000 metric
tonnes per year. The company
believes that an integral part
of realising this vision can be
accomplished by harnessing
its fossil fuel-powered assets
in an environmentally friendly
manner through the operation
of highly effcient gas and
steam turbine power plants.
Creating high-effciency
plants
Strengthening
effciencies
always goes along with
making the most out of whats
available through smarter,
tailored usage. Its similar to
the idea that, when tuning a
car, you can use less fuel and,
at the same time, drive faster.
What more do you want? Even
if you might say I dont drive
faster than the speed limit,
the fuel savings remain, so
you can still beneft from the
advantages. In the process,
you gain an effcient fuel
injection system, quicker stops,
better acceleration, and new
safety features.
For
power
plants,
advanced controls are the
strategic modifcations. These
technologies can help plant
operators tap into more
operating
value,
pulling
additional effciency, reliability
and availability from the
assets.
Effective
application
of
advanced
controls
www.cospp.com
5/12/15 11:51 AM
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1505COSPP_25 25
5/12/15 11:51 AM
can help power generators reduce

fuel consumption to lower operating
costs at part load conditions, extend
turndown while maintaining emissions
compliance to improve availability and
increase output to capture new revenue
opportunities.
This software can also expand fuel
fexibility and responsiveness to improve
system reliability, decrease start time and
fuel costs to economically respond to
cyclical power demands, and shorten

outages and increase availability through
an intelligent control system.
The OEM difference

Mainova was interested in lowering its
minimum part load, reducing fuel costs
at lower loads, and improving maximum
heat output all while maintaining
emission compliance. The frst step toward
a customised software application for
its 6B gas turbine was a discussion with

the GE Power Generation Services team
about what OEM controls were available,
and how they could help the plant be
more proftable.
The discussions led to a landmark
move. The GE unit in Frankfurt was the
frst 6B gas turbine in the world to receive
OpFlex controls software technology.
This advanced controls solution is
designed to deliver broad operational
fexibility across all modes of plant
operation by expanding the operating
envelope, while also enabling signifcant
performance improvement. The intent
was clear: use OpFlex software to make
Mainovas existing gas turbine hardware
performance better, without sacrifcing
safe and reliable operation.
We were relying on GE with OpFlex, said
plant manager Knapp. James Harper,
the engineer who worked on the team
that developed OpFlex, was here on site
personally for the commissioning. He also
participated in the training and explained
the background for the employees here,
and that was great.
Working with an OEM

on advanced controls
offers advantages
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As Knapp and others at Mainova have

seen, working with an OEM on advanced
controls offers advantages. For example,
as the OEM for the 6B, GE fully understands
the gas turbines design, and has
operational knowledge from the largest
installed gas turbine feet in the world.
In
addition,
a
comprehensive
understanding of the physics and
possibilities of the unit, based on more
than 100 million hours of operational feet
data, enables the OEM to know the limits
of the machine and how far an operator
can safely go. A third-party solution may
work, but would typically not provide the
same level of performance and long-term
reliability.
Optimisation, Knapp says, is a key to
success. We have to be as cost-effective
as possible, he explains. OpFlex helps us
to produce the steam needed for heat by
adjusting the plant operations, if needed,
and turning down the load. We can
26
1505COSPP_26 26
www.cospp.com
5/12/15 11:51 AM
also specifcally react to the

market and decide how much
electricity to produce based
on its value all while staying
within the required emission
limits.
To support optimisation, the
control system at Mainova
was upgraded to GEs current
technology, the Mark VIe
control system. The upgrade
involved removing outdated
controller and communication
modules and replacing them
with Mark VIe components. The
migration occurred without
disturbing feld wiring.
Solutions and results

The specifc OpFlex solutions
applied at Mainova were:
AutoTune,Turndown, Cold Load
Path, Variable Peak and Smart
Inlet Bleed Heat (IBH). (See box
panel for more information on
all of the solutions.)
The approximate benefts
on the 6B gas turbine
performance
at
Mainova
include:
Turndown improvement from
60% load to 40% load;
Part
load
heat
rate
improvement of 2%;
Emissions compliant peak
load of 110% with the ability
to set emissions limits and
have the turbine control
to maximum performance
within those limits.
The extended fexibility in
terms of regulation was one
of the biggest benefts of the
new controls. Normally, to keep
the 6B unit reliably on the grid,
the standard is from 100%
down to 60%. With the OpFlex
controls, that improved to 110%
down below 40%. In addition,
the plant obtained a 2% fuel
savings during the part load
operation.
Most importantly, all of
this was accomplished while
remaining in range for CO2
and NOx emissions a key
concern for Mainova.
Another user, another

challenge to solve
Continuing the car analogy,
the modifcations that work for
a 63 Chevy might not help a
71 BMW. If the vehicle is being
driven in California, it will need
to meet more strict emissions
controls. If its destined for
Canada, the modifcations
had better include daytime
running lights. One size does
not ft all.
In much the same way,
advanced
controls
need
to be customised for each
customers operating scenario
and specifc situation. For
example, the East Delta
Electricity
Production
Company operates 12 GE
9E gas turbines at the West
Damietta Shabab Power Plant
in Egypt. Low supply pressure
was adversely affecting the
availability of the units, and
thus
impacting
revenue.
The GE Power Generation
Services team reviewed the
physics of the operation, and
the pressure involved in all
operating conditions. Working
with East Delta, GE introduced
a sliding pressure advanced
controls
solution, allowing
operation at a lower pressure
and keeping the units on the
grid without compromising the
gas turbines.
This changed the operation
profle
dramatically.
The
advanced controls software
allowed East Delta to more
consistently supply revenue-
Combined cycle
EEnergy
nergy R
ecovery
Recovery
SStandard
tandard Industrial
Industrial B
Boiler
oiler
generating power to the grid

while running in an effcient,
emission-compliant mode of
operation.
Jim Van Wormer is Controls

Product Manager for GEs
Power Generation Services
business
EEngenharia
En
Eng
ngenh
enhar
aari
ria e Equipamentos
EEq
Equip
quip
uipame
ame
mento
ntos Tr
nto
TTrmicos,
rmic
rm
icoss, S.A.
ico
S.A
.A
A
306
060-19
197
97 Cantanhede
C
Ca
Canta
an
nta
tanhe
hed
he
de - Portugal
de
Porrtug
Port
Por
tuggaall
3060-197
TTel
ell: +351
el:
+351
351
1 231
23
2
31
1 410
410
10 210
210 - Fax:
FFax
ax: +351
+351
351
1 231
231 410
23
410
0 211
211
1
Tel:
E-mail:
E-ma
mail:l: ambitermo@ambitermo.com
mai
am
amb
mbite
tte
termo
ermo@a
@ambit
@am
mbi
biterm
bit
ermo.c
erm
rmo.c
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com - www.ambitermo.com
www
www
w..am
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www.cospp.com
www.cospp.com
1505COSPP_27 27
27
5/12/15 11:51 AM
Small-scale cogeneration
Small
is beautiful
In Denmarks smaller CHP installations, heat pumps are leading to payback times as quickly as two years
Credit: Jan de Wit
Denmark has recently seen a growing number of cogeneration units installed in

care homes, sports centres, schools and other municipal buildings.
These installations have shown high annual operating hours, short ROI and
signifcant CO2 savings. Jan de Wit looks at how they do it.
28
1505COSPP_28 28
he
cogeneration
installation potential
for supplying heat
to Denmarks district
heating grids is almost
covered, as up to 80% of the
heating in these grids can be
supplied from cogeneration.
Furhter, energy prices and
other municipal buildings. They

are installed and controlled in
such a way that no electricity
is exported, as export is not
as valuable as production
for in-house use. All electricity
produced is, therefore, used
in house and will reduce the
bill for grid power. The spark
cogeneration unit, leading to

payback times of less than fve
years, and sometimes as low
as two years.
the spark spread between

electricity sales on the open
market and the gas price
have led to a decline in
new installations of this kind
and in the annual operation
hours for these units.
However,
a
rapidly
increasing number of smaller
cogeneration units have now
been installed in Denmark.
These units are installed in
institutions, sports
centres,
retirement homes, schools and
spread between the value of

electricity and gas is 22.5,
including taxes on both
electricity and natural gas for
this segment of customers.
Electrically- driven heat pumps
may also be installed to
include sustainable energy in
heat production and to make
it possible to infuence in-house
electricity consumption.
By doing so, a high number
of annual operating hours
can be obtained for the
storage units and if adaptable

an electrical heat pump, the
latter most frequently of the
air/water type. A boiler is used
for peak heat supply (see an
installation layout example in
Figure 1).
The key to successful
operation and many annual
operating hours for the cogen
units is the load management
control system and a feasible
hydraulic connection. These
key items are shown in Figure 1.
The system layout

The system layout of the
installations often consists of
a number of cogen units, heat
www.cospp.com
5/12/15 11:51 AM
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1505COSPP_29 29
5/12/15 11:51 AM
Heat supply
kWh
Cogen Unit(s)
35,000
Heat Pump
Boiler
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
Jan
Feb
Mar
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Figure 3. The heat production and the origin of the heat on a monthly basis
over a year for a sports centre.
Figure 1. An example of a typical system layout, showing the cogen unit, a

heat pump, heat storage units and the necessary controls for creating optimal
working conditions for the installation. A peak load boiler is also seen.
The hydraulic connection box

is called Flowmaster in Figure 1.
Figure 2 shows an installation
where three cogen units are
installed at a sports centre.
This installation also includes a
heat pump, for which the heat
sources are outdoor pipes laid
in the ground and the humid
ventilation outlet air from the
indoor swimming stadium.
Planning, sizing
The better the available
information regarding annual,
monthly and possible daily
heating and electricity needs,
the better the sizing of the units,
the necessary heat storage,
etc. To give the shortest
payback time, a high number
of annual operation hours for
the unit/units should generally

be obtained. Most of these
installations have obtained
over 7000 annual operating
hours for the cogen units.
The units should operate
in cogeneration mode only
to achieve the highest fuel
effciency, and no poweronly operation mode should
occur. If the electricity export
is not favourable (or allowed),
part-load operation might be
made in periods.
If there is a power need
and enough capacity in the
heat storage tanks, full-load
operation is preferred; surplus
heat can be stored in the
heat storage tanks. Typically, a
heat storage capacity of 25 or
50 litres/kWe is used.
Figure 2. An installation with three cogeneration units (20 kWe each). This
installation also includes a heat pump (not shown in the picture) and four
storage tanks with a total volume of 3500 litres.
30
1505COSPP_30 30
The
in-house
electrical
power need can be infuenced
by installing an electrical heat
pump system in connection
with the CHP unit/units. By
doing so, sustainable energy is
included in the heating supply.
In Figure 3, the annual heat
production from the various
production units in such an
installation is shown.
Figure 4 (see page 32)
shows a Sankey diagram
with the energy fows during
operation of both the cogen
unit and the heat pump. It
can be seen that due to the
inclusion of the heat pump
more
energy
(electricity
and heat) is supplied to the
building than is produced by
the gas supply.
Huge potential
There is a huge technical
installation potential for such
small
cogeneration
units.
Examples of heating stations
where they could be or are
being used are:
Schools;
Sports centres;
Museums
and
other
institutions;
Health care centres for the
elderly;
Offce buildings;
Hotels/conference centres;
Hospitals; and
Municipal buildings.
The concept/units might
also be used in multi-family
houses or heating blocks.
Often, such places have a

joint in-house heating grid, but
do not have a joint in-house
power distribution system after
the meter. If symmetrical power
sale-and-buy tariffs are used
and no other costly barriers
exist, the electricity produced
could be exported and
immediately re-imported at no
economic loss. This would yield
the same payback time as if
the electricity produced was
being distributed in-house.
Business models
There are multiple business
models for upgrading a
heating-only station to include
mini-cogen units and possibly
also heat pumps:
PRIVATE OWNERSHIP
The
owners
themselves
invest, operate and request
(or contract) the service
and repairs needed. The risk
connected
with
possible
repairs is on the shoulders of
the owner. However, service
contracts,
including
also
unforeseen events, are offered
by the unit suppliers.
EQUIPMENT LEASE
This kind of lease lowers initial
investment costs, but makes
little difference compared
to the private ownership
described
above.
Seen
over a lifetime, equipment
investments will be higher,
as revenue to the leasing
company must be included in
the monthly leasing payments.
www.cospp.com
5/12/15 11:51 AM
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1505COSPP_31 31
5/12/15 11:51 AM
The cogen unit (20 kWe)

Installation type
Electrical output
kWe
20
Heat output1
kW
40/43
Gas input
kW
62
Electrical
effciency2
32
Total effciency
96 102
Power modulation
50 100
Investment cost3
Euro/kWe
1650
O/M cost
EuroCent/kWhe
24
Typical annual
operation number
hours
6500 7500
The heat pump unit (63 kW example)

Heat output
kW
Electrical power input
kW
18
COP, annual average
()
3.5
63
Euro/kWth
525
1) Including installation costs
ESCO MODEL, ETC

Third-party
ownership
(energy distributors, suppliers,
ESCOs etc) and operation
in designated areas will
give the building owner less
investment and economic
risk for the installation. Thirdparty professional ownership
means a potential for lower
service and repair costs, as
logistics can be negotiated
and optimised as a kind of
feet management. For the
building owner this means low
investment.
Key
performance
and
fnancial fgures for the cogen
unit and a typical heat
pump as shown in previous

illustrations can be found in
the fact boxes directly above.
CO2 savings
CHP as a production principle
generally leads to reduced
primary energy and, therefore,
CO2 savings compared to
separate production of power
and heat.
The CO2 savings related
to the in-house produced
electricity (= the reduced
purchase from the grid) can
be calculated based on the
average national CO2 emission
fgures per kWh. For Denmark,
this average CO2 emission
To the
building
30
Electricity
100
GAS
Cogen
unit
Heat
12
Electricity
12
Heat
126
62
18
64
Heat
Heat
pump
46
Sustainable
heat source
Figure 4. Sankey diagram of the energy fows during operation of both the
cogen unit and the heat pump.
32
1505COSPP_32 32
Including
heat
pump?
CO2 saving
(tonnes/
year)
Retirement home
No
31 80
Primary school
Yes
57 83
Sports centre
Yes
29 45
Folk high school
No
17 39
Figure 5. CO2 savings from four different Danish installations. The calculation is
made with a reference to natural gas-fred boiler heating. If oil had been used
as reference, the savings would have been higher. The span given for the CO2
saving is due to whether the average number for CO2 emission or a number
representing marginal fossil-based power-only plants is used for the electricity
production substitute.
1) With/without extra condensing fue gas heat exchanger

2) Lower heating value reference
3) Including control system, fowmaster, exhaust, extra heat exchanger, meters etc
(20 kWe reference)
4) Depending on the service level/service and refurbishment guarantees. Highest
price shown is all-inclusive.
Investment cost1
Number of
CHP units
()
fgure
is
approximately
450 g/kWh. This fgure includes
electricity production from
wind turbines, solar panels
and so on, which will hardly
be substituted by the power
production from the CHP units.
It is much more likely that
production from less effcient,
larger
traditional
poweronly production units will be
substituted frst. This marginal
fgure could be as high as
750 g/kWh for power supply in
Denmark.
The CHP units have an
additional
natural
gas
consumption compared to
heat-only production. The CO2
emissions from this should, of
course, be taken into account,
leading to reduced savings.
Examples of calculated
CO2 savings based on actual
production numbers at a
number of Danish installations
are shown in Figure 5.
Signifcant development
Analyses and the plants
erected have shown that a
short return on investment
(ROI) can be achieved by
installing mini-cogen units
in countries and installation
segments with relatively high
energy prices and a favourable
spark spread. The installations
erected in Denmark have
shown many annual operation
hours, short ROI and signifcant
CO2 savings.
Many of the plants installed
include heat pumps, which
also paves the way for a
successful integration of gas
and renewables. And as gas

gets greener (biogas injection,
syngas, etc) this will make
the complete project even
greener.
Financing of the projects
can be done by ESCO partners,
so the customer has no need
for entry costs. If the supplier
offers various service contracts,
the operational and related
economic risk for the customer
can also be minimised, if
desired.
Key to successful installation,
operation and achieved ROI
are well-adapted equipment,
well-proven
planning
tools,
remote monitoring/surveillance
and a short response time for
service and maintenance.
The vital key to optimal
planning
and
sizing
is
customers knowledge of their
heat and electricity needs
over the year, as well as typical
patterns of daily electricity
need. Modern digital meters
can be of great help here.
Signifcant
developments
on all these issues, along with
product improvements and
lowering costs, have been seen
over the last fve to 10 years,
leading to a rapid increase
in the actual number of
installations.
Jan de Wit is Project

Manager, Cogen at the
Danish Gas Technology
Centre. www.dgc.eu
www.cospp.com
www.cospp.com
5/12/15 11:51 AM
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1505COSPP_33 33
5/12/15 11:51 AM
Executive Profle
Its all about trust and relationship:
Peter Laube
Peter Laube is Vice President, Control Valves for valve frm Circor Energy, and also Managing Director
of Circor Energys subsidiary, Regeltechnik Kornwestheim (RTK). We spoke with him about continuous
improvement, the control valve technology of the future and starting a national market from scratch.
operations to ensure that

things go together, focus
on common go-to-market
strategy, improve processes to
ensure on-time delivery, new
product development, market
input, [keep the] supply chain
working, etc.
Developing a national
market from scratch
eter Laubes two

job titles are the
result of historical
circumstance.
He had been with RTK
since 1991 and became
Managing Director on the
previous MDs retirement.
Five years later, Circor
International acquired RTK,
with the latter frm becoming
a
business
unit
within
Circors control valve group.
group: Leslie Controls in

Tampa, Florida, which makes
highly engineered valves for
the power sector; Schroedahl
in
Reichshof-Mittelagger,
Germany, which makes control
and pump protection valves
(and which Circor acquired
in April); RTK which covers the
lower- to medium-pressure
control valve sector; Spence
Engineering in New York,
which produces valves and
The most challenging project

Peter has worked on, he says,
was market development in
China, starting from scratch
and leading to revenues of
$5 million over the past eight
years. He says: At the end
of the day its all trust and
relationship. Its the same in
any market, but especially in
China its even more important.
When I was developing the
Chinese market I was lucky
enough to act also as MD of a
company, so decision-making
was easy. I think everywhere,
but especially in China, people
appreciate it if you can make
quick decisions and deliver
what you are talking about.
While Peter retained his MD

status and his ties to RTK,
he has also branched out
to oversee several divisions
within Circor.
With a dual background in
business administration and
the steel industry, including
skills from manufacturing and
metallurgy, Peter believes he
was well-placed to join the
valve industry. He currently
oversees fve businesses that
make up a control valve
regulators for the HVAC and

light industrial markets; and
fnally Circors Indian factory in
Tamil Nadu state, which makes
valves for the power and
industrial markets and sells
Circors products.
I own the balance sheets
for the entire group, Peter says.
As VP, practically, because we
have a matrix organisation, I
am in charge of the operational
piece but have to co-ordinate
with all matrix functions plus
For Chinese customers this is

essential: if they regard you as
a fair and reliable partner.
China
had
such
a
development over the last 20
years where foreign companies
have been entering China
and wanted to make business,
he explains, that probably the
Chinese business partners
had not-so-good (and also
good)
relationships
with
international partners and
suppliers. If you are constantly
34
1505COSPP_34 34
a reliable partner, and in

situations where things are not
working so smooth you stand
together and always try to fnd
a solution and really work with
the partner, this is what those
customers really appreciate. At
the end of the day, sales-wise,
we looked at reps, and those
reps after a certain while, when
they regard you as a partner
and not just as a supplier, then
you have a very fruitful, trustful
relationship you can build on.
If its just a supplier/customer
relationship, this is not a
foundation for years of growth.
Improving across the

board
Peters current challenge, he
says, is implementing Circors
aim to be best-in-class in lead
time and on-time delivery. This
is where we are working now
as a best-practice example
for the rest of the group, to
improve performance for our
customers, he says. We are
running between 95%97%
delivery with really short lead
times, and thats exceptional
for our business and markets.
If we apply the same to all
the other factories and be
successful, we will have a
unique market position.
He believes this goal to be
unique in the valve sector
given that most people do
not really know what their
on-time delivery is because
its always an estimate. We
have
established
metrics
throughout the company, we
www.cospp.com
5/12/15 11:51 AM
Customer:
Challenge:
Result:
Metropolitan hospital.
Operating non-stop when everything else has stopped.
Elliott delivered power security with a cost-effective

3 MW steam turbine generator.
They turned to Elliott
to continue operations as usual.
The customer turned to Elliott Group for a steam turbine generator

package to produce reliable power, year-round, day or night, while reducing
their carbon footprint. Who will you turn to?
C O M P R E S S O R S
T U R B I N E S
G L O B A L
S E R V I C E
The world turns to Elliott.

www.elliott-turbo.com
1505COSPP_35 35
5/12/15 11:51 AM
Executive Profle
are tracking it on daily basis,

so we exactly know what has
been confrmed, what will be
shipped etc so these are real
data, he adds. For standard
control valves we have the
lead times down to two weeks,
and less if needed I think
thats outstanding in a world
where other people have four
to six weeks.
To achieve this goal, Peter
and his team implemented
a programme of continuous
improvement. This is really
part of our culture in Circor,
he says: that were living
continuous
improvement,
doing workshops, questioning
ourselves constantly: is this

process still good or should it
be reviewed, or can we do it
better, what is the customer
expecting? Weve been lucky
in RTK to achieve so much and
come up with such a robust
and stable performance we
have functioning IT systems
in the background, product
standardisation systems, and
after that is done we can go
ahead and improve.
We are working with really
very complex systems with
product confgurators. This is
nothing new; it is something
RTK has been doing for 20
years now, nearly. Weve been
leading in industry and I think

this pays back now it is really
a routine for us. It is constant
improvement step by step.
In the last two years, he
continues, while maintaining
a high on-time delivery, we
have reduced the lead
times. I think this is unique for
products that request longer
lead times, a special alloy
or a special design, but with
the most common valves we
are quite fexible. We have
implemented internal systems
to supply assembly lines,
automated a lot of processes
in administration as well as on
the shop foor level, installed
fully automated valve test
benches to test valves on
leakage etc in an automated
way and document the test
results, and one thing comes
to the other and totals up to
enormous savings.
Looking ahead
When asked how he sees
control
valve
technology
developing over the next
10 years, Peter says that, in
terms of power generation
applications, it is all about
materials.
Were going to see a
shift in materials as more
temperatures are increased
36
1505COSPP_36 36
on-site, he says, with more

nickel alloy materials etc,
which most manufacturers
have to get used to because
it has different welding and
machining requirements so,
on the operational side, thats
a challenge. In addition, valve
performance may increase
for higher differential pressure,
being able to handle that
safely.
A crucial issue for future
technology
development,
he notes, is the problem of
leakage. In the sense of
energy savings, he explains,
every valve that is leaking is
wasting energy, so zero-leak
technology will become more
and more important in future.
There are very few companies
out there that can guarantee
zero leakage, he adds, noting
that Circor Energy is one of the
few that can, and that the issue
is growing in importance in
developing markets because
the costs of wasted energy
are tracked, and people
recognise what effect and
what savings it generates if
you have a non- leaking valve.
Electric
actuation
will
become more important in the
coming years, he predicts, and
fash hydraulic actuation will
be reduced, but he reminds
that at the end of the day it
is all about cost, and as long
as pneumatic is more costeffective than electric, people
will have a tendency to install
pneumatic valves. Although
this option is more costly
long-term because running
a valve on compressed air
with a pneumatic actuator is
the most expensive thing you
can do, he says buying one
in the frst instance is probably
cheaper. In the longer term,
he concludes, this mindset will
change.

www.cospp.com
www.cospp.com
5/12/15 11:51 AM
1505COSPP_37 37
5/12/15 11:51 AM
Genset Focus
Genset Focus
Emergency power for Kuwaiti gas-fred power plant
MTU
Onsite
Energy
has
supplied six black start diesel
gensets for a gas turbine
power plant being built around
100 km north of Kuwait City.

The 500 MWe plant, owned
by the Kuwait Ministry of
Electricity and Water, will
expand the existing Sabiya

power and water distillation
plant.
MTU says gensets based
on
its
20-cylinder
Series
4000 units, each delivering
2700
kVA,
have
been
containerised
to
meet
the hot, humid and dusty
ambient desert conditions in
Kuwait.
The six gensets will be
used for emergency power to
ensure that the fring system
and control electronics of the
plants two gas turbines are
fed electrical power within

15 seconds, enabling them to
ramp up reliably, the company
said.
MTU distributor AR Albisher
& Z Alkazemi was responsible
for the design, engineering,
procurement and installation.
Kuwaits
reliance
on
domestic
petroleum
production means diesel fuel
is cheaper there than in other
countries, while a surge in new
construction projects means
rising demand for diesel
gensets.
Himoinsa launches 13 genset models

Himoinsa has announced
the launch of 13 genset models
with new Doosan engines,
extending the power range by
up to 750 kVA in prime power
and 823 kVA in standby.
The new models include six
at 50 Hz (HDW460 T5, HDW535
T5, HDW580 T5, HDW645 T5,
HDW675 T5 and HDW750 T5)
and seven at 60 Hz (HDW460
T6, HDW510 T6, HDW555
T6, HDW605 T6, HDW660 T6,

HDW710 T6, HDW745 T6).
The new models incorporate
engines that provide an
increase in power of up to
21% and an ATB improvement
of up to 16%, Himoinsa said.
The previous power range for
industrial gensets with Doosan
engines was 118 kVA to 657
kVA in prime power.
Himoinsa says it now offers
a complete range of industrial

generator
sets
powered
with Yanmar, Himoinsa, Iveco,
Scania, MTU, Doosan, Hatz
and
Lombardini
engines
and ranging from 10 to
750 kVA.
The gensets with Doosan
engines offer one of the
broadest ranges in terms
of generated power, the
company said.
Yanmar to acquire 70% stake in Himoinsa

Himoinsa has signed a
consolidated
operation
agreement with Japanese
diesel
engine
frm
Yanmar, which
will
give
the latter a 70% stake in its
business.
Himoinsa
said
the
agreement will strengthen
the market positions of both
companies
and
enable
38
1505cospp_38 38
Himoinsa to add generator

engines to its product line.
Himoinsa
president
Francisco Gracia said the
relationship with Yanmar has
been excellent since the
beginning of their collaboration
in the genset business in 2006,
and that this step is a logical
evolution of the relationship.
No changes in company
names, branding or employee

structure is expected to occur
at either frm.
We believe the bond
created between the two
companies will be stronger
than if we were operating
separately, said Gracia.
It will also give us a more
prominent position in the
global market.
www.cospp.com
5/12/15 11:58 AM
The Most Important Conference
urbo E
ET
x
M
po
Everyone who is doing groundbreaking

work in the gas turbine community comes
to ASME Turbo Expo. It is perhaps the most
technically advanced assembly of users,
designers and developers of gas turbine
components in the world.
AS
for Turbomachinery Professionals.
60 Years
June 15-19, 2015

www.turboexpo.org
ASME INTERNATIONAL GAS TURBINE INSTITUTE

phone +1-404-847-0072 | fax +1-404-847-0151 | igti@asme.org
1505cospp_39 39
5/12/15 11:58 AM
SEE,HEAR & LEARN
ABOUT EUROPES ENERGY FUTURE

9 - 11 JUNE 2015
AMSTERDAM RAI, AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS
JOINT OPENING KEYNOTE SESSION TUESDAY 9 JUNE 2015
Start your visit to POWER-GEN Europe by joining your fellow power industry professionals at the scene-setting joint
opening keynote session.
HOST
SPEAKERS
Nigel Blackaby
Maria van der Hoeven
Dr. Wolfgang Konrad
Ineke Dezentj Hamming-Bluemink
Director of Conferences
PennWell International Power Group, UK
Executive Director
International Energy Agency, France
Chief Executive Offcer

Distributed Generation Siemens, Germany
President,
FME Dutch employers association,
The Netherlands
JOINT PLENARY PANEL DISCUSSION WEDNESDAY 10 JUNE 2015

European EnergyTransition Embracing the Opportunity of Change
An expert panel will share their vision of Europes energy future.
MODERATOR
PANELISTS
Stephen Sackur
Mark Garnett
Stephan Singer
Hans ten Berge
Damian Wagner
International Journalist and

TV Presenter, UK
Vice President European Region

Doosan Power Systems, UK
Director Global Energy Policy Global Climate and Energy Initiative

WWF International, Belgium
Secretary General
Eurelectric, Belgium
Coordinator Smart Cities

Fraunhofer IAO, Germany
These are just two highlights from a packed programme of thought provoking
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1505cospp_40 40
5/12/15 11:58 AM
Genset Focus
Sterling Generators to focus on Indian market

Indian
genset
company
Sterling
Generators
has
announced its aim to expand
its domestic market share with
a focus on the sub-500 kVA
market segment.
The frms president, Sanjay
Jadhav, said it will produce
gensets in the range of
10 kVA to 500 kVA for small
and medium enterprises such
as
commercial
buildings,
offces, and small and medium
engineering facilities.
For the last two to three

years, the genset market of
India remained fat, Jadhav
said. But now the conditions
are improving from the last one
year. There is a sign of recovery.
The demand will grow on
account of power shortages
and growth across other sectors
such as industries, infrastructure,
telecommunication
and
information technology (IT),
and IT-enabled services. Now,
our focus is to target the small
and medium domestic genset

market.
To this end, the frm aims
to expand its Indian dealer
network from 60 to 120. It
will be competing in the
domestic market with
genset players such as
Kirloskar, Cummins, APR
Energy
and
Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries.
Currently, domestic genset
sales make up 15% of Sterlings
revenue.
Diesel gensets keep the lights on in US capital

During a power outage
this month in the US state of
Maryland and neighbouring
Washington DC, emergency
diesel generators provided
power to hospitals, offce
buildings, emergency response
centres, rail stations and other
critical facilities, the Diesel
Technology
Forum
(DTF)
reports.
With their self-contained
fuel supply, rapid response
time and strength in electrical
load-carrying capacity, diesel
generators are the technology
of choice for emergency
backup power, said Allen

Schaeffer, the DTFs executive
director.
Todays power outage in
Maryland and Washington DC
reinforces the growing reliance
we have on continuous
electrical power, and the
importance of planning to
ensure continuity of service,
he added. Fortunately, most
key
government
facilities,
communications
and
transportation networks have
emergency backup generators
and the majority of those are
powered by diesel engines.
Following 2012s Superstorm

Sandy, state
governments
implemented
emergency
backup power programmes
at
government
facilities
and key businesses such as
petrol service stations and
fre
departments.
Among
these
was
Marylands
Emergency
Resilience
Grant Program and New
Jerseys Energy Development
grant
programme,
which
help
businesses
to
fund
the
installation
of
switchgear or purchase a
backup generator.
In almost all instances,

diesel generators are the only
source of power generation
that meets US federal and state
requirements for 10-second
startup and electrical loadcarrying capacity, Schaeffer
noted.
www.cospp.com
1505cospp_41 41
41
5/12/15 11:58 AM
Genset Focus
Gas genset market poised for rapid growth

The
natural
gas-fred
genset segment is poised
for rapid growth according
to new analysis, with annual
installations expected to reach
27.2 GW by 2024 (up from
12.9 GW in 2015) and to
generate $146.8 billion in
revenue by that year.
A new report from Navigant
Research shows that the
expected growth will be
focused on markets where
inexpensive gas is widely

available, such as North
America. And, according to the
report,the increasing popularity
of dual-fuel gensets is blurring
the line between diesel- and
gas-fred installations, offering
an interesting middle ground
in developing regions where
there is currently no adequate
gas infrastructure but it is
expected in future, such as
Latin America and Africa.
New programme to train technicians on gensets

A new training programme
for the genset industry is now
underway, the Association
of Manufacturers of Power
Generating Systems (AMPS)
has announced.
The programme, unveiled
in late March, offers modular
courses giving technicians the
skills to test, commission and
service diesel engine-based
gensets to a standardised
level of competency, AMPS
said. The trade bodys member
companies will deliver the
courses at their own facilities,
with a curriculum designed by
AMPS. The companies currently
offering the training include
MTU Onsite Energy, Cummins,
Scania, Volvo Penta, Mecc Alte,
DSE, IPU Group and ABB.
The course modules will

focus on engine, generator,
control, switchgear, installation
and commissioning, design
and practice, basic electricity,
and health and safety. The
course will be offered at two
levels, with Level 2 candidates
required to attend sessions from
two different engine, generator
and control manufacturers.
AMPS director general Paul

Blything said: Its early days,
but we aspire to make the
AMPS training accreditation a
pre-requisite of credibility in the
marketplace and within the
industry.
A COMPREHENSIVE PAN-EUROPEAN
REPORT FOR THE POWER INDUSTRY
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The POWER-GEN Confdence Index will provide key market information, insights and trends to aid
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Owned & produced by:
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available on:
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Supported by:
1505cospp_42 42
TAKE PART
IN THE STUDY
www.powergenindex.com
5/12/15 11:58 AM
ASEAN POWER WEEK
3 DAYS // 3 EVENTS // 1 VENUE
INVESTING IN A
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1 3 September 2015
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1505cospp_43 43
5/12/15 11:58 AM
Diary
Send details of your event to Cogeneration and On-Site Power Production:

Diary of events
POWER-GEN Europe
ASME Turbo Expo
http://energy.feminggulf.com/
POWER-GEN Middle East
9 11 June
15 19 June
asia-pacifc-district-cooling-
4 6 October
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Montreal, Canada
conference
Abu Dhabi, UAE
www.powergeneurope.com
www.asmeconferences.org
www.power-gen-middleeast.com
POWER-GEN Asia
Renewable Energy World
Europe
International District Energy

Association Conference 2015
1 3 September
Bangkok, Thailand
7th Middle East District

Cooling Summit
9 11 June
28 June 1 July
www.powergenasia.com
10 11 November
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
www.renewableenergyworld-
www.idea2015.org
POWER-GEN Asia Financial

Forum
www.cleanenergybusinesscouncil.
POWER-GEN Africa
1 3 September
east-district-cooling-summit
5th China International

Distributed Energy Expo
15 17 July
Bangkok, Thailand
Cape Town, Republic of South
www.powergenasiafnance.com
15 17 June
Africa
Beijing, China
www.powergenafrica.com
44th Turbomachinery, 31st

Pump Symposium
Asia-Pacifc District Cooling

Conference
14 17 September
25 27 August
www.pumpturbo.tamu.edu
Doha, Qatar
europe.com
com/event/7th-annual-middle-
POWER-GEN International
8 10 December
www.cdee-expo.com/en/
Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

www.power-gen.com
Houston, Texas, USA
Bangkok, Thailand
Advertisers index
AMBITERMO
27
LESLIE CONTROLS, INC.
BC
APROVIS ENERGY SYSTEMS GMBH
21
MTU MAINTENANCE GMBH
33
ASEAN POWER WEEK
43
MTU ONSITE ENERGY
11
ASME INTERNATIONAL GAS TURBINE INSTITUTE - ASME TURBO EXPO
39
POWER-GEN CONFIDENCE INDEX
42
CIRCOR ENERGY
BC
POWER-GEN EUROPE /
CMI ENERGY
IBC
RENEWABLE ENERGY WORLD EUROPE CONFERENCE & EXHBITION
40
ROLLS-ROYCE MARINE AS ENGINES
25
DEEP SEA ELECTRONICS PLC
DRESSER-RAND
19
SCANIA CV AB
29
EJ BOWMAN
20
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ELLIOTT GROUP
35
SIEMENS AG
EXXON MOBIL
SIPOS AKTORIK
15
IFC
GIRTZ INDUSTRIES
41
SOHRE TURBOMACHINERY, INC.
13
HILLIARD CORPORATION
37
SULZER MANAGEMENT, LTD.
23
HPI
17
YOUNG & FRANKLIN, INC.
INDUSTRIAL CONTROL & SUPPLY, INC.
13
ZEECO, INC.
44
1505cospp_44 44
5
31
www.cospp.com
5/12/15 11:58 AM
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1505cospp_C4 4
5/12/15 11:58 AM
PRELIMINARY EVENT GUIDE
NOW AVAILABLE
PLEASE CLICK HERE
For the full version

of any of the following
programmes, please visit
www.powergeneurope.com
IeW
conFerence SeSSion Overv
For the full speaker line up

please check the website
ng power SecTor
europeS TranSiTioni
Tuesday 9 June
14:00 - 15:30 SeSSion 1:
EU Policy FramEwork: BarriEr
or Facilitator?
Wednesday 10 June
09:00 - 10:30 SeSSion 3:
rEgUlation anD thE
markEtPlacE
on existing and
Confront the different views
future eu energy and climate policies.
THursday 11 June
09:00 - 10:30 SeSSion 6:
EnErgy organizational
challEngES
notable impacts of regulator y
a look at some
changes in the market.
or
Policy
EnErgy
rEnEwaBlE
tion
DEvEloPmEnt & rEgUla
or
and behavioural
examining new organizational
energy
approaches within and between
future business
businesses that is driving the
Financing rEnEwaBlES
thE EqUity PErSPEctivE
strategy.
11:00 12:30 SeSSion 7:

&E
thE riSE oFthE ProSUmEr
moBility
ns on the
The frst of two panel discussio
about the challenges and
In this Learn more
latest energy
This session will examine the
fnancing of renewable projects.
ties around e mobility.
developments
discuss the opportuni
regulator y
and
policy
session, the panellists will
latest
the
choosing
of
for
summary
reasons
a
and
europe.
throughout
sources, methods
and political
challenges, and regulator y
equity fnancing.
g
t in the
barriers to potential investmen
SUmmary SESSion with E-votin
low carbon
e the aspects
renewable energy space and
This session will summaris
The session
and offer the
provided.
be
will
ies
technolog
of the previous sessions
ty to
to what the nUclEar PowEr in EUroPE whErE
as
opportuni
the
debate
e
delegates
encourag
e
will
conferenc
for the growth DowE StanD &whatS nExt? (PanEl
system will
favourable regulator y climate
discuss the outcome. a voting
energy sources DiScUSSion)
the general feeling of the
and promotion of renewable
currently be used to reveal
to the challenges and
around 30% of eus electricity
should look like.
attitude delegates with respect
from nuclear energy but the
comes
Power
european
for
amongst solutions
16:00 - 17:30 SeSSion 2:
towards nuclear is very disparate
ngES
will give
SEcUrity oF SUPPly: challE
the member countries. Our panellists
power in
to ExiSting moDElS
an update on the status of nuclear
market impact
challenges and
How does the changing power
europe and will discuss the
on securing energy supplies?
opportunities for this energy source.

The Big carBon QueSTion
14:00 - 15:30 SeSSion 1:

yonD
cc DEmonStration & BEyonD
bon capture
Pilot and demonstration carbon
projects and concepts.
16:00 - 17:30 SeSSion 2:

PowEr to FUEl
THursday 11 June
Wednesday 10 June
ne
Tuesday 9 June
16:00 17:30 - SeSSion 5:

intErgration oF grEEn EnErgy
application of green
Presenting the
d generation
technologies in distribute
cities.
systems suitable for use in green
09:00 10:30 SeSSion 6:

managing EUroPEan BaSED
EnErgy StoragE
energy storage
Implicati ons of large scale
region-ba sed
system from country or
perspect ive.
11:00 12:30 SeSSion 7:

ay - chP
way
grEEnw
thE ScanDinavian grEEn
cy
- BiomaSS - EnErgy EFFiciEn
application
This session looks at the
gen for fuel
of electricity and/or hydrogen
could be an
production. Power to fuel
energy when
interesting option to save
abless provides
power generated from renewable
d load.
more than 100% of the required
ian renewable
energy effciency and scandinav
energy.
or
or
or
PmEnt
rEnEwaBlE ProjEct DEvElo
early control
disciplined management and
ent stage
at the initiation & early developm
been seen as
of renewable projects has
This session
success.
crucial for eventual
activities
of
scope
wide
a
will bring together
this is clearly
in renewable projects where
demonstrated.
11:00 12:30 SeSSion 4:

PowEr markEt caSE StUDiES
from different
This session presents examples
european countries.
or
- thE DEBt
Financing rEnEwaBlES
PErSPEctivE
and challenges
Panellists will discuss the risks
various fund
associated with debt fnancing,
of the debt
raising mechanisms and the capacity
nts and
market to fnance large scale developme
investments in renewables.

e power oF gaS
Flexing The
une
Tuesday 9 June
14:00 - 15:30 SeSSion 1:
yi
gaS FirEDtEchnology
on the latest
unmissable presentat ions
esults from the
advances and operating results
end, heavy-dut y
new generation of high-end,
operational
ing
ating
gas turbines, demonstr
namic european
excellence within the dynamic
power market.
16:00 - 17:30 SeSSion 2:

y ii
gaS FirEDtEchnology
ty end
Having learned about the heavydu
er gas generation
this session examines smaller
the new
options and how they can support
e opening out into
market requirements, before
speakers for
a panel discussion among the
technologys
an honest assessment of gas
and stochastic
role alongside intermittentt
generation.
Wednesday 10 June
09:00 - 10:30 SeSSion 3:
i
oPErational FlExiBility
technology in
Operational fexibility of gas fred
power market,
sustaining stability in a dynamic
part 1.
11:00 12:30 SeSSion 4:

ii
oPErational FlExiBility
technology
Operational fexibility of gas fred
dynamic power
in sustaining stability in a
market, part 2.
16:00 17:30 - SeSSion 5:

y
ility
viaBilit
alviaB
chP Financial
to secure
Co-optimising heat and power
european
fnancial viability in the current
electricity market.
THursday 11 June
09:00 - 10:30 SeSSion 6:
tion &
DEvEloPmEntS in comBUS
EmiSSionS
to fuel quality,
Higher fexibility in regard
operations
power output & reliable stable
the targets for
with minimal emissions are
power plants.
optimizat ion on gas turbine
ents in
This session shows latest developm
combustors, HrsGs and denox.
11:00 12:30 SeSSion 7:

ry
griD SUPPort & ancilla
SyStEmS
systems
This session deals with power
transmission of
used to support the reliable
to growing
electricity in markets exposed
s.
percentage of renewable
16:00 17:30 SeSSion 5:

moDElS
oPErating nEw markEt
developments
Technology and market design
energy and
in smart cities, community
cetralised power production.
.com
www renewableenergyworld-europe
www.powergeneurope.com |
.com
www renewableenergyworld-europe
www.powergeneurope.com |
9 - 11 JUNE 2015 AMSTERDAM RAI, AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS
1503WMWPGEurope_1 1
4/2/15 4:03 PM

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May - June 2015

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On the cover: Modelling CHP

CHP modelling for grid stability

Sustainable heating and coolings breathrough year?

Case study: cogeneration optimisation

Heat pumps in small-scale cogeneration

Cogeneration & OnSite Power Production | May - June 2015

Chief Financial Offcer/

Dr. Jacob Klimstra

Energy effciency under the Energy Union

Peter Laube: Its all about trust and relationship

Published by PennWell International Ltd,

Reprints: If you would like to have a recent article reprinted for a

Member, BPA Worldwide

My local bakery and

Cogeneration & OnSite Power Production | May - June 2015

urged her colleagues to help

potential customers in general.

I overheard them saying: We are

services, as you can read in

Low maintenance. VERY low maintenance.

Optimism for CHP grows

ould the CHP and

Integration Act would direct the

well as CHPs wider role nationally

pages of the COSPP website

Cogeneration & OnSite Power Production | May - June 2015

terminal facility. Meanwhile, new

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Grid codes & local generation

New European grid codes describe how

Cogeneration & OnSite Power Production | May - June 2015

more and more conventional

for local generation units on

Grid codes & local generation

of a blackout of the European

LVRT and CHP

Grid codes may set a large

levels, with system stabilisation

and easy to implement, as

full-power converter, adding a

Minimum voltage level has been increased

Figure 1. LVRT requirements for synchronous generators, according to

Grid code requirements

grid code would actually

Cogeneration & OnSite Power Production | May - June 2015

Transmission and distribution

other gensets that have not

1) Open Breaker No. 1

Figure 2. One line of LVRT test setup

are again each split into a

This procedure is carried out

Exciter Time Constant

For the certifcation process in

The most relevant parts of the

provide as much excitation as

Figure 3. Model structure of IEEE Type AC8B alternator-rectifer excitation system

Cogeneration & OnSite Power Production | May - June 2015

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