Noun:

Adjective:

1. Person, place, thing, or idea

1. Words that give more information

about (modify) nouns
2. They answer:

2. ALWAYS the subject or object

Proper vs. Common
Concrete vs. Abstract
Singular, Plural, and Collective

Which one?
What kind?
How many/much?

1. NOUNS (Level 1)

3. ADJECTIVES (Level 1)

Pronoun:

Action Verb:

1. Replaces/takes the place of a noun

1. Express action, either physical or

mental
2. Purpose: starts the predicate

2. ALWAYS the subject or object

Subject: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Object: me, you, him, her, us, them
Possessive: my, mine, yours, his, her, its, ours, theirs
Others: myself, who, which, this, that, these, those, all, each, who
ever, whatever

2. PRONOUNS (Level 1)

Physical: march, fly, grab

Mental: think, expect, believe, remember

4. ACTION VERBS (Level 1)

Pronoun examples:

Action Verb examples:

Noun examples:

Adjective examples:

Proper:
Common:
Concrete:
Abstract:
Singular:
Plural:
Collective:

Linking Verb:

Adverb:

1. Links the subject to a word in the predicate; can

either be a form of the verb to be, or a verb
that shows a condition
2. Purpose: starts the predicate

1. Words that give more information about

verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
2. They answer:

We are near the mall.

(to be=is, are, was, were, am, been, being)
You appear tired this morning. (condition)
(look, feel, smell, sound, taste, grow, become, seem, remain)

Where?
When?
How?
To what extent/degree?

5. LINKING VERBS (Level 1)

7. ADVERBS (Level 1)

Helping Verb:

Preposition:

Combine with other verbs to form a verb phrase;

help the main verb
The following verbs are helping verbs when combined
with another verb: am, is, are, was, were, being, been,
be, have, has, had, do, does, did, shall, should, will,
would, may, might, must, can, could

6. HELPING VERBS (Level 1)

1. Show relationship between a noun and another word

in the sentence
2. Very often it is a time, condition, location, or position
of something
Compound prepositions use two or more prepositions to show a
relationship.

8. PREPOSITIONS (Level 1)

Helping Verb examples:

Preposition examples:
Common: aboard, about, above, across, after, against, along, amid, among,
around, as, at, atop, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond,
by, despite, down, during, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto,
out, outside, over, past, regarding, round, since, than, through, throughout, till,
to toward, under, unlike, until, up, upon, with, within, without
Compounds: according to, aside from, instead of, in addition to

Linking Verb examples:

Adverb examples:

Conjunction:
1. Coordinating

Connect words, phrases, and clauses

Used when you want to give equal emphasis to two main clauses

2. Subordinate

Used with complex sentences

Reduces the importance of one clause so a reader understands which of the

two ideas is more important. The more important idea belongs in the main
clause, the less important in the clause introduced by the subordinate
conjunction.

Subject:
The subject tells whom or what the sentence is
about. It is the do-er or the be-er of the
sentence.
Huge cresting WAVES pound the sailboat.
The fragile SAILBOAT is thrown on its side.

3. Correlative

connect two equal grammatical items

9. CONJUNCTIONS (Level 1)

11. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE (Level 2)

Interjection:

S+LV:

1. Show emotion, but have no grammatical

function
2. Exclaim, protest, or command

A subject must work with either a linking verb or

an action verb.
These are the ONLY sentence patterns you can
create with a LV:
S+LV
S+LV+PA (Predicate Adjective) He is SAD.
S+LV+PN (Predicate Nominative) He is the BOSS.

10. INTERJECTIONS (Level 1)

12. S+LV and S+AV (Level 2)

Interjection examples:

S+AV:
A subject frequently completes an action.
These are the ONLY sentence patterns you can create
with an AV:
S+AV
S+AV+DO He kicked (What?) the ball.
S+AV+IO+DO He kicked (To whom?) Sue (What?) the ball
S+AV+DO+OC She called him a genius.

Conjunction examples:
Coordinating FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
Subordinate After, although, as, because, before, even though, if,
unless, until, while, whereas, when, so that
Correlative both...and, not only...but also, not...but, either...or,
neither...nor, whether...or

Predicate:
The predicate tells what the subject is or does or
what happens to the subject. It does the work of
the sentence.
Huge cresting waves pound the sailboat.
The fragile sailboat is thrown on its side.

Predicate Adjective:

Direct Object:

A predicate adjective is an adjective (found

in the predicate) that gives more
information about the subject.

A direct object is a word or a group of words

that receives the action of an action verb. It
answers the question What? or Whom?

The test / had been grueling.

The pitcher grabbed (What?) the ball.

I asked (Whom?) the teacher.

13. S+LV+PA Predicate Adjectives (Level 2)

15. S+AV+DO Direct Object (Level 2)

Predicate Nominative:

Indirect Object:

A predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun

that identifies, renames, or defines the
subject

An indirect object tells To what?, For what?,

To whom?, or For whom? an action is being
done. The indirect object HAS to be between the
AV and DO.

The championship / was their goal.

The teacher told me his plans for the class.

S

DO

Smith gave the president a clue about the problems ahead.

S

14. S+LV+PN Predicate Nominative (Level 2)

AV IO

AV

IO

DO

16. S+AV+IO+DO Indirect Object (Level 2)

S+LV+PN examples:

S+AV+IO+DO examples:

S+LV+PA examples:

S+AV+DO examples:

S+AV+DO+OC:

Appositive Phrase:

Renames or describes the DO. Can be an

adjective, noun, or pronoun.

1. A noun or noun phrase that renames another noun

right beside it
2. Usually set off by commas
3. Gives adjective, noun, or pronoun information

He made me angry.
S

AV

DO

OC

Ashley, the student in red, is very fast.

New York, famous for its cuisine and energy, is a popular
vacation spot.

The city made Bob Mayor.

S

AV

DO

OC

17. S+AV+DO+OC Object Compliment (Level 2)

19. APPOSITIVE PHRASE (Level 3)

Prepositional Phrase:

Verbal-Participle Phrase:

A phrase that begins with a preposition and ends

with the object of a preposition. Direct and indirect
objects are NOT found in prepositional phrases.

1. A group of words that begin with a verbal (ending in

ing or ed) and act as an adjective.
2. Placed close to the noun or pronoun they modify

We

The student, embarrassed by the mistake, sat down quietly.

Preferring Eli over Peyton, the man was considered strange.

hid

the

money

beneath

the

prep

After
prep

the

war

they

all

floor.
object of prep

returned

home.

object of prep

18. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE (Level 3)

20. VERBAL-PARTICIPLE PHRASE (Level 3)

Prepositional Phrase examples:

Verbal-Participle Phrase examples:

S+AV+DO+OC examples:

Appositive Phrase examples:

Verbal-Gerund:

Independent Clause:

A group of words that begin with a verbal (ending

in ing) and act as a noun/subject.
*HINT: You can substitute it or the activity and its
still grammatically correct.

A group of words that contain a subject and a

verb. Together, they create a complete thought.
My name is Harry Potter.

Skiing competitively has taught me a great deal about myself.

The students excel at understanding grammar.

LV PN

21. VERBAL-GERUND PHRASE (Level 3)

23. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (Level 4)

Verbal-Infinitive Phrase:

Dependent (Subordinate) Clause:

A group of words that begin with an infinitive verbal

(to + verb) and act as a noun, adverb, or adjective.

1. A dependent clause also contains a subject and a verb,

but it CANNOT stand alone as a complete thought.
2. Must be joined to an independent clause by a
subordinating conjunction (if, because, even though, how,
what, why, that, while, when, since, etc.)

To run faster than a bear is a useful skill.

The plan to release the monkeys into the wild was
effective.

22. VERBAL-INFINITIVE PHRASE (Level 3)

That builds your education

Because she could not go to school

24. DEPENDENT CLAUSE (Level 4)

Infinitive Phrase examples:

Dependent (Subordinate) Clause

examples:

Gerund Phrase examples:

Independent Clause examples:

Simple Sentence:

Complex Sentence:

Contains an independent clause and no

dependent clauses (single and ready to mingle)

Contains one independent clause and one or

more dependent clauses (single parent + kid(s))

Food is good.
S

The students learned the material because they cared.

LV

The mother stayed at home with the kids.

S

AV

prep

AV

(sub conj)

AV

independent dependent

prep

25. SIMPLE SENTENCE

27. COMPLEX SENTENCE

Compound Sentence:

Compound-Complex Sentence:

Contains two or more independent clauses joined

together by a conjunction or semicolon (married
couple + possible nanny)

Contains two or more independent clauses with at

least one dependent clause (parents + possible
nanny + kid(s))

Jay likes to cook and I like to eat.

Each day got harder, even though we studied, and the

teacher pushed us even more.

independent

independent

26. COMPOUND SENTENCE

Each day got harder = independent

even though we studied = dependent
the teacher pushed us even more = independent

28. COMPOUND-COMPLEX

Compound Sentence examples:

Compound-Complex Sentence
examples:

Simple Sentence examples:

Complex Sentence examples:

Declarative Sentence:
A sentence that makes a statement
(declares).
We ran home
Thank you for your help.

29. DECLARATIVE & INTERROGATIVE

Imperative Sentence:
A sentence that issues a command or gives
advice.
You need to get it back.
Be careful.

30. IMPERATIVE & EXCLAMATORY

Exclamatory Sentence:
A sentence that expresses strong emotion.

I did it!
This will never work!
Yes, we can!

Interrogative Sentence:
A sentence that asks a question.
Did you see that?
How may I help you?
A rhetorical sentence is an interrogative sentence that acts like a
declarative sentence. Example:

How could you do that?