International relations

Full Definition of LIBERALISM

1
: the quality or state of being liberal
2
a often capitalized : a movement in modern Protestantism emphasizing intellectual liberty and the
spiritual and ethical content of Christianity
b : a theory in economics emphasizing individual freedom from restraint and usually based on free
competition, the self-regulating market, and the gold standard
c : a political philosophy based on belief in progress, the essential goodness of the human race,
and the autonomy of the individual and standing for the protection of political and
civil liberties;specifically : such a philosophy that considers government as a crucial instrument for
amelioration of social inequities (as those involving race, gender, or class)

Liberals typically believe thatgovernment is necessary to protect individuals from being harmed
by others; but they also recognize that government itself can pose a threat to liberty.

a political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual,parliame

ntary systems of government, nonviolent modification ofpolitical, social, or econ
omic institutions to assure unrestricteddevelopment in all spheres of human end
eavor, and governmentalguarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.

DEFINITION OF 'NEOLIBERALISM'
An approach to economics and social studies in which control of economic
factors is shifted from the public sector to the private sector.
neoliberalism
(nilbrlzm; -lbrlzm)
n
1. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) a modern politico-economic theory favouring free trade, privatizatio
n, minimal governmentintervention in business, reduced public expenditure on social services, etc
2. (Economics) a modern politico-economic theory favouring free trade, privatization, minimal government
intervention in business,reduced public expenditure on social services, etc

Neoliberalism, in theory, is essentially about making trade between nations easier. It is about freer
movement of goods, resources and enterprises in a bid to always find cheaper resources, to maximize
profits and efficiency.

As in the case of socio-economic development, Pakistan has over the years

developed an impressive body of environmental policy frameworks, action plans
and enacted laws and established an elaborate institutional structure, including

judicial tribunals, aimed at addressing the two facets of environmental challenges:

excessive, imprudent, unsustainable use of natural resources; and the growing
dangers of air, water and land/soil pollution. However, the situation on the ground is
alarming. The constraints impeding environmental protection include:
Governance Governance issues such as poor organisation, incompetent personnel
assigned to address complex challenges; insufficient coordination, lack of oversight,
monitoring and evaluation of the performance of environmental institutions are a
major impediment to environmental protection.
Financial Resources The financial resources provided to the ever-growing plethora
of environment-related institutions are inadequate and poorly managed.
Technical The technical and technological capacities of the relevant institutions
especially those dealing with climate change-related challenges would need to be
significantly augmented through domestic efforts supported by the international
community.
Limited regional and global cooperation Pakistan has not been able to develop
cooperation with neighbouring countries both bilaterally and through regional
cooperation agreements such as the South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC). SAARC member states adopted a 3- year Action Plan (200911) on climate change in 2008. The SAARC Summit in Thimphu (Bhutan) in April
2010 adopted the SAARC Convention on Cooperation on Environment and the
Thimphu Statement on climate change outlining an ambitious set of
recommendations on cooperation for addressing the multifaceted challenges of
climate change. These agreements need to be followed up.
Pakistans cooperation with the UN and other multilateral agencies, including the
IFIs, as well as friendly countries is significant but does not match either the
enormity of environmental challenges facing Pakistan nor the potential of the
partners.
Abstract:
Historically Pakistan has been among the top recipients of the US aid and assistance. Within last
six decades, the US has sent more than 45 billion dollars in direct aid to the country. Nearly half of
this has been for military assistance. However, since Osama bin Laden was discovered and killed in
Abbottabad, the U.S. president Barack Obama has come under increasing pressure to justify the US
aid spending in the Pakistan. This report analyzes the history of United States aid, its main interests
in Pakistan as well as the challenges faced in the country. The focus will be the military aid by the
U.S. spent in Pakistan and why the U.S. continue its support to Pakistan, even though both the
countries have very complex relations
Introduction
Pakistan is arguably one of the most important countries which is promoting the United States

interest in the region. But in order to accomplish their own objectives both the countries have their
own policies and approaches, while the people who truly deserve foreign aid and assistance are
suffering from such self-interested policies.
This report analyzes the effectiveness of USAID to Pakistan as well as the challenges faced by
the United States. Moreover the report sheds light into the main interest for the United States for
providing assistance and aid to Pakistan, reviews the difficulties faced by both the U.S. and Pakistan,
and conflict of interest in this intricate relationship between the two countries. Thus the main
argument raised in this report is, 'If both the U.S. and Pakistan have complex relations and trust
issues, then why the United States of America continue its aid and support to Pakistan?'
In order to clarify these issues several articles and research papers have been reviewed and
different approaches and perceptions from both the American and Pakistani sides have been
considered.

Background
The History of U.S. AID to Pakistan
U.S. aid to Pakistan has a long history and within different time span U.S. flowed aid into Pakistan
for several projects, ranging from economic development and humanitarian aid to military and
defense support. Soon after its' independence in 1947, Pakistan faced severe threats from India and
was suffering from terrible economic conditions, thus had no other choice but to seek the U.S. help,
and to ensure its survival. In the 1950s and 1960s, by joining two regional defense pacts, the
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization and the Central Treaty Organization and signing military and
other pacts of cooperation with the United States, Pakistan started receiving huge amount of aid
from the West. Afterwards, through the United States Agency for International Development
(USAID), USA started the flow of aid to Pakistan, which not only helped Pakistan develop its military
but also played a vital role in development projects, food support and humanitarian assistance. By
1964, overall aid and assistance to Pakistan was around 5 percent of its GDP and with GDP growth
rates rising to as much as 7 percent per annum Pakistan began its industrialization and development
course.(1)
After the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the U.S. increased its aid and military assistance to
Pakistan. Large amount of money and arms were channeled to the mujahedeen fighting the Soviet
Army in Afghanistan through Pakistan's military and its clandestine agencies. Despite the U.S.
continuous claims that the aid given to Pakistan during the Cold War period was not meant directly
for Pakistan's military, there are plenty of evidence that those funds for the Afghan mujahedeen were
pocketed by Pakistani officers.(2)
Consequently, during the Cold War period, United States considered Pakistan as an important
ally and a hedge against the Soviet expansionism in the region; while on the other hand, Pakistan

hoped to benefit itself from the U.S. geopolitical support, as well as financial and military assistance.
(3)

After the end of Cold War, the U.S. aid to Pakistan was cut down to low levels, this significant
reduction in aid was due to disengagement from Pakistan and Afghanistan after the defeat of the
Soviet Union. And despite Pakistan's continuous request, United States neglected the problems in
Afghanistan and totally abandoned the region and this action of the U.S. left many Pakistanis with
the sense that they had been used and ditched.(4) Consequently, the abandonment of the region by
USA set the stage for the era of terrorism.
Post 9/11 Scenario
The events of September 11 dramatically complete the change in the nature of U.S. aid to
Pakistan from developmental aid, to purchasing Pakistan's cooperation in counterterrorism. While aid
in the earlier decades - during the 1950s and 1960s - focused on helping the people of Pakistan and
in supporting economic growth, aid in the 1980s in particular began to strengthen the military and its
clandestine institutions, and soon after 9/11 it turned into mainly gaining Pakistan's support for
defeating terrorists and fight against terrorism. Twenty-five percent of total aid between 2001 and
2008 was allocated for economic and development assistance, including food aid. And some $5.8
billion of U.S. aid was spent on counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency activities in Pakistan.
U.S. Aid to Pakistan
USAID mission statement, states that the main purpose of the U.S. foreign aid towards Pakistan,
as well as civilian-assistance program, is to develop a stable, secure and tolerant Pakistan with a
vibrant economy. USAID has focused its program over the last year on five areas essential to
Pakistan's stability and long-term development and reflective of Pakistani priorities: energy, economic
growth, stabilization, education and health. USAID has streamlined the number of projects and has
chosen to implement over half of all funding through local organizations in Pakistan (both
government and non-government). Supporting the civilian government's capacity to meet the needs
of its citizens is a vital element of USAID's program, as is working with non-governmental
organizations and the private sector.(5)
However, Mr. S. Akbar Zaidi argues that both the U.S. and Pakistan has very different
expectations from each other. Washington has accused the Pakistani government and military of
duplicity, and of protecting key militant leaders living within Pakistan. The United States continues to
ask the government of Pakistan to do more. While the Islamabad accused the United States for
having dual-standards and involving in clandestine activities in its territory. (6)

Chart 1 show that the U.S. economic assistance to Pakistan was peaked in 1962, at over $2.3bn,
and reached its lowest level in the 1990s, after President George H.W. Bush suspended aid flows
over Pakistan's emerging nuclear programme. The U.S. military assistance also dropped

dramatically during and immediately after the Indo-Pakistani wars of 1965 and 1971. The U.S.
economic and military assistance to Pakistan has fluctuated considerably over the past 60 years, but
it has risen steadily since 2001. In the year 2010 alone, the military assistance to Pakistan totaled
$2.5bn.(7)
Therefore the only effective way to prevent future Al Qaeda attacks would be for the United States to
take all its forces out of the Middle East. As far as the U.S. interest and security is concerned, the
U.S. does not need to deploy ground forces in Afghanistan. The U.S. should form effective alliances
with the regional countries, and in case of any serious crises it can rely on its military bases, and
naval and air power in the region.
Therefore, to say that suicide terrorism is rational is to say that terrorists, like everyone else, have
specific, reasonable goals that they wish to achieve through their actions; terroristic violence is, in
this regard, an instrument or means to an end. They weigh the costs and benefits of many options
and choose the best alternative. Indeed, for any terrorists organizations the suicide attacks can be
one of the most effective tools. Many of the terrorists are made through political process, some
organizations or actors turn to terrorism when they have exhausted by the non-violent means to
achieve their goals.
Military Aid to Pakistan
After the 9/11 and the U.S. initiated war on terror in Afghanistan, President George W. Bush
formally designated Pakistan as a major non-NATO U.S. ally and Washington started the major flow
of security assistance to Islamabad for supporting the US-led anti-terrorism campaign, as well as its
security and political interests in the region.
In 2002, the United States began allowing commercial sales that enabled Pakistan to refurbish at
least part of its fleet of American-made F-16 fighter aircraft and, three years later, Washington
announced that it would resume sales of new F-16 fighters to Pakistan after a 16-year hiatus. During
the Bush Administration, a revived U.S.-Pakistan Defense Consultative Group sat for high-level
discussions on military cooperation, security assistance, and anti-terrorism. (8)
But despite Pakistan's continues support to the United States and its operations in Afghanistan,
the U.S. failed to fulfill its promises and did not deliver the latest modern electronic warfare systems,
which was badly needed by the Pakistani army in war against Taliban.

Moreover, many Pakistani officials have continued to complain that U.S.-supplied defense
equipment especially that most needed for counterinsurgency operations such as attack and utility
helicopters has been too slow in coming. The Pakistani Ambassador to the United States has been
quoted as claiming that, in his first two years in Washington, Pakistan received only eight used Mi-17

transport helicopters and that Pakistans military operations have been hindered by a lack of
equipment.(9)
Chart 2 indicates that, although Pakistan has received military assistance from the U.S. during the
early years, but after 9/11 there has been a significant increase in security and military assistance,
which is in fact rising gradually.

The U.S. Strategic Interests and Challenges

United States Strategic Interests in the Region
The United States changing and blurred strategic interests in the region also create
misconceptions and complexity in the U.S.-Pakistan bilateral relations, which further bring chaos and
instability in the whole region. After reviewing several articles, the U.S. strategic interests in the
region seems to be linked with the United States objectives in the Gulf region as well as in the whole
Middle East.
The United States' aspiration to maintain its influence in the region, and achieve success in
counter-terrorism war, as well as to counter emerging nuclear power Iran, the U.S. security and
political measures can further justify the links with the Pakistan. Furthermore the road to Arabian Sea
to Central Asia passes through Pakistan, so the U.S. in order to execute their long-term interests
continues the flow of its aid and support to Pakistan.
At the same time, the U.S. has had close ties with Pakistan's arch-rival India. United States
military agreements and increasingly close ties with India, as well as its continuous support for
Indian nuclear program, have created apprehensions and doubts in Islamabad regarding the U.S.
commitments and pledges to Pakistan. In fact, the United States have always allowed India to have
an upper hand in the region and in order to gain that objective U.S. has always worked to pacify
Pakistan rather than establish sincere relationship.
Challenges faced by the U.S.
The public opinion in the region is adversely against the U.S. policies, which include Washington's
unipolar policy, approach towards Muslims and Arab world, and last but not the least, its continuous
support to aggressive policies of Israel in Palestine and New Delhi's in Indian part of Kashmir.
With regard to the regional challenges, the U.S. is also facing a severe challenge in a fix
balancing act to win the support of both the India and Pakistan, which often create questions in both
Islamabad and New Delhi regarding the U.S. stance, its changing position and loyalty.
Moreover, after the Islamic Revolution in Iran and then occupation of Afghanistan, the U.S. is
further faced by both the internal and external pressures. Internally, the U.S. government is facing
challenges by their own population, who does not regard these problems as a major concern or
threat to the U.S. interests. On the other hand, the U.S. is also facing external severe pressure from

its own allies, especially in the Gulf.

Main Arguments and Analysis
In past years, the funds which were provided by the U.S. through USAID to Pakistan were
designated for primary education, literacy programs, basic health, food aid, and support for
democracy, governance, and elections. The United States provided economic, development, and
humanitarian assistance to Pakistan through a number of funding accounts: the Economic Support
Fund, Food for Peace, Global Health and Child Survival, as well as International Disaster Assistance,
and Migration and Refugee Assistance. But today especially sine 9/11 more than 90 percent of
total funds are directed toward military operations and very little percentage is directed toward
development.
On one hand, the U.S. always emphasizes on democracy and transparency, especially regarding
the aid matters. But on the other hand, there are clear evidence that the U.S. denied its support and
aid assistance to Pakistan whenever their objects were accomplished or when they did not have any
political and security interest, even though when the nature of government was democratic and
transparent. Moreover, in order to fulfill their own objectives, the USA continued to support dictatorial
regimes in Pakistan and facilitated the corrupt politicians to take over power in the country, which
arouses many questions about the dual-standard policy of the United States, as well as marred the
relations between the U.S. and Pakistan.
Conclusion
The U.S. aid to Pakistan in the post-9/11 era is no longer clear, and aid and development
assistance lost its very purpose - of helping the people who are in need of aid - and became a
political incentive.
Major aid flows during some periods and drastic cuts in others years - particularly when the U.S.
suspended military assistance to Pakistan during the 1965 and 1971 war with its arch-rival India created a perception among many Pakistanis that the United States is not a reliable ally and merely
concerned about its own objectives. On the other hand, U.S. government views Pakistan as an
unreliable partner in U.S. counterterrorism efforts, particularly after the 2011 revelation of Al Qaeda
founder Osama bin Laden in a Pakistani city.
The United States accept the fact that it has given Pakistan military aid primarily to conduct
military operations that support supposedly common counterterrorism interests in the region, and not
only for development. But the Bush Administration concluded in late 2008 that Pakistan diverted
much of the funds toward a military buildup focused on India, and thus the aid given to Pakistan was
misspent.(9)
Therefore, the military, economic and humanitarian aid should be separated and the U.S. should
avoid giving pre-conditions, on the other hand Pakistan should also make mechanism to make the
use of development and humanitarian aid more transparent and effective.

As all above mentioned arguments and analysis indicates that, taking all the challenges in mind,
the U.S. does not have many options in the table, but to continue building a healthy and improving
relation with Pakistan with the aim of fulfilling its objectives. In doing so the U.S. continues its aid and
military assistance to Pakistan, regardless of trust and confidence issues.
On the other hand, Pakistan is a critical friend and ally to the United States and share goals of
combating terrorism, firmly establishing democracy and rule of law, and promoting social and
economic development in Pakistan. It is also in the interest of the United States to ensure a stable
Pakistan, with a liberal, democratic government focused on development. Hence, a stable,
developed and strong Pakistan would also be in the interest of the United States.

The great struggles of the twentieth century between liberty and totalitarianism ended
with a decisive victory for the forces of freedomand a single sustainable model for
national success: freedom, democracy, and free enterprise. In the twenty-first century,
only nations that share a commitment to protecting basic human rights and
guaranteeing political and economic freedom will be able to unleash the potential of
their people and assure their future prosperity. People everywhere want to be able to
speak freely; choose who will govern them; worship as they please; educate their
childrenmale and female; own property; and enjoy the benefits of their labor. These
values of freedom are right and true for every person, in every societyand the duty
of protecting these values against their enemies is the common calling of freedomloving people across the globe and across the ages.
Today, the United States enjoys a position of unparalleled military strength and great
economic and political influence. In keeping with our heritage and principles, we do
not use our strength to press for unilateral advantage.We seek instead to create a
balance of power that favors human freedom: conditions in which all nations and all
societies can choose for themselves the rewards and challenges of political and
economic liberty. In a world that is safe, people will be able to make their own lives
better.We will defend the peace by fighting terrorists and tyrants.We will preserve the
peace by building good relations among the great powers. We will extend the peace by
encouraging free and open societies on every continent.
Defending our Nation against its enemies is the first and fundamental commitment of
the Federal Government. Today, that task has changed dramatically. Enemies in the
past needed great armies and great industrial capabilities to endanger America. Now,
shadowy networks of individuals can bring great chaos and suffering to our shores for
less than it costs to purchase a single tank. Terrorists are organized to penetrate open
societies and to turn the power of modern technologies against us.

To defeat this threat we must make use of every tool in our arsenalmilitary power,
better homeland defenses, law enforcement, intelligence, and vigorous efforts to cut
off terrorist financing. The war against terrorists of global reach is a global enterprise
of uncertain duration. America will help nations that need our assistance in combating
terror. And America will hold to account nations that are compromised by terror,
including those who harbor terrorists because the allies of terror are the enemies of
civilization. The United States and countries cooperating with us must not allow the
terrorists to develop new home bases. Together, we will seek to deny them sanctuary
at every turn.
The gravest danger our Nation faces lies at the crossroads of radicalism and
technology. Our enemies have openly declared that they are seeking weapons of mass
destruction, and evidence indicates that they are doing so with determination. The
United States will not allow these efforts to succeed.We will build defenses against
ballistic missiles and other means of delivery. We will cooperate with other nations to
deny, contain, and curtail our enemies efforts to acquire dangerous technologies. And,
as a matter of common sense and self-defense, America will act against such emerging
threats before they are fully formed.We cannot defend America and our friends by
hoping for the best. So we must be prepared to defeat our enemies plans, using the
best intelligence and proceeding with deliberation. History will judge harshly those
who saw this coming danger but failed to act. In the new world we have entered, the
only path to peace and security is the path of action.
As we defend the peace, we will also take advantage of an historic opportunity to
preserve the peace. Today, the international community has the best chance since the
rise of the nation-state in the seventeenth century to build a world where great powers
compete in peace instead of continually prepare for war. Today, the worlds great
powers find ourselves on the same side united by common dangers of terrorist
violence and chaos. The United States will build on these common interests to
promote global security.We are also increasingly united by common values. Russia is
in the midst of a hopeful transition, reaching for its democratic future and a partner in
the war on terror. Chinese leaders are discovering that economic freedom is the only
source of national wealth. In time, they will find that social and political freedom is
the only source of national greatness. America will encourage the advancement of
democracy and economic openness in both nations, because these are the best
foundations for domestic stability and international order.We will strongly resist

aggression from other great powerseven as we welcome their peaceful pursuit of

prosperity, trade, and cultural advancement.
Finally, the United States will use this moment of opportunity to extend the benefits of
freedom across the globe.We will actively work to bring the hope of democracy,
development, free markets, and free trade to every corner of the world. The events of
September 11, 2001, taught us that weak states, like Afghanistan, can pose as great a
danger to our national interests as strong states. Poverty does not make poor people
into terrorists and murderers. Yet poverty, weak institutions, and corruption can make
weak states vulnerable to terrorist networks and drug cartels within their borders.
The United States will stand beside any nation determined to build a better future by
seeking the rewards of liberty for its people. Free trade and free markets have proven
their ability to lift whole societies out of povertyso the United States will work with
individual nations, entire regions, and the entire global trading community to build a
world that trades in freedom and therefore grows in prosperity. The United States will
deliver greater development assistance through the New Millennium Challenge
Account to nations that govern justly, invest in their people, and encourage economic
freedom.We will also continue to lead the world in efforts to reduce the terrible toll of
HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases.
In building a balance of power that favors freedom, the United States is guided by the
conviction that all nations have important responsibilities. Nations that enjoy freedom
must actively fight terror. Nations that depend on international stability must help
prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction. Nations that seek international aid
must govern themselves wisely, so that aid is well spent. For freedom to thrive,
accountability must be expected and required.
We are also guided by the conviction that no nation can build a safer, better world
alone. Alliances and multilateral institutions can multiply the strength of freedomloving nations. The United States is committed to lasting institutions like the United
Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organization of American States, and
NATO as well as other long-standing alliances. Coalitions of the willing can augment
these permanent institutions. In all cases, international obligations are to be taken
seriously. They are not to be undertaken symbolically to rally support for an ideal
without furthering its attainment.

Freedom is the non-negotiable demand of human dignity; the birthright of every

personin every civilization. Throughout history, freedom has been threatened by
war and terror; it has been challenged by the clashing wills of powerful states and the
evil designs of tyrants; and it has been tested by widespread poverty and disease.
Today, humanity holds in its hands the opportunity to further freedoms triumph over
all these foes. The United States welcomes our responsibility to lead in this great
mission.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Pakistan may be the single greatest challenge facing the next American President.
The sixth most populous country in the world is suffering its greatest internal crises
since partition, with security, economic, and political interests in the balance. With
such turmoil, we find U.S. interests in Pakistan are more threatened now than at any
time since the Taliban was driven from Afghanistan in 2001. The United States cannot
afford to see Pakistan fail, nor can it ignore the extremists operating in Pakistans
tribal areas. Pakistans nuclear arsenal (and past nuclear proliferation), al-Qaeda, and
the war in Afghanistan keep U.S. national security firmly anchored in Pakistan.
Afghanistan cannot succeed without success in Pakistan, and vice versa. As
Americans learned to their great sorrow on September 11, 2001, what happens in
Southwest Asia can profoundly affect their lives.
In the face of this challenge, Washington needs to rethink its approach to Pakistan. If we
genuinely believe that a stable, prosperous Pakistan is in our interest, we must be much
smarter about how we work with Pakistan and what sort of assistance we provide. As the
September 19th bombing of the Marriott hotel in Islamabad demonstrates, there is little time
to waste. Our options in Pakistan are diminishing rapidly.
Political developments in both Pakistan and the United States, however, make this an
opportune moment to recalibrate U.S. policy. A new civilian government headed by the
Pakistan Peoples Party has emerged in Pakistan, and President Pervez Musharraf has
departed the scene after nine years of military rule. The upcoming U.S. presidential election
will similarly bring a new set of policymakers to power and a potential willingness to
consider fresh approaches to managing the difficult but exceedingly important U.S.
Pakistan relationship.
Some of the key recommendations for strengthening U.S. policy toward Pakistan presented
in this paper include:
Pakistani Politics and the Challenges for U.S. Diplomacy

Exhibit patience with Pakistans new democratically elected leaders, while working to
stabilize the government through economic aid and diplomacy. But at the same time,
emphasize to the Pakistan government that U.S. patience is not unlimited, and that the U.S.
is prepared to be patient only so long as the Pakistan government is achieving visible
results in its efforts against the extremists in the tribal areas.

Develop, invest in, and implement a farreaching public diplomacy program that
emphasizes common U.S. and Pakistani interests in combating extremism, creating
prosperity, and improving regional relationships instead of highlighting the struggle against
extremism in Pakistan as part of the Global War on Terrorism.

Invest in U.S. institutions and personnel in Pakistan to support long-term

engagement in the region. Expand the mission of the U.S. Embassy and the U.S. Agency
for International Development in terms of physical structure and personnel and invest more
in training diplomats and other government officials who will dedicate their careers to the
region.
Counterterrorism and Internal Security

Commission a fresh National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) to form a common

operating picture within the U.S. government on what Pakistan and others are doing to
counter and/or support militancy and what these actions say about their intent.

Develop a strategy based on the NIE findings that seeks to adjust Pakistans cost
benefit calculus of using militants in its foreign policy through close cooperation and by
calibrating U.S. military assistance.

Increase support for civilian institutions that would provide oversight of the military
and the Directorate of Inter- Services Intelligence.
Regional Relationships

Assign primary responsibility for coordinating and implementing Pakistan

Afghanistan policy to a senior U.S. official with sufficient authority, accountability, and
institutional capacity to promote better ties between Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Increase diplomatic efforts to encourage the bilateral peace process between New
Delhi and Islamabad.

Work more closely with our allies and regional countries to encourage Pakistan to
stiffen its resolve against terrorism and extremism and to promote greater stability in the
country. Raise Pakistan as an issue to a higher level in U.S. bilateral diplomacy, particularly
with countries that have good relations with Islamabad, such as China, Japan, Saudi Arabia,
and other Gulf states.

 Paper - I
Relations

Paper - II
100

Concepts and Principles of International

100

International Organization

Paper - III
Law
Paper - IV
Analysis
Paper - V
1945
Paper - VI
English
50

M.A. ( FINAL )

International
100
Foreign Policy
100
International Relations Since
100
Functional

EXAMINATION

Note : The examination will consist of Six Papers:

Paper - VII Pakistans Foreign
Policy
100
Paper - VIII The Politics of International Economic
Relations
100
Paper - IX Strategic
Studies
100
Paper - X
Option-(A) West Asia, since 1919 and the
Arab World
100

Or

Option-(B) Government and Politics of

South Asia with
100

Reference to India.

Paper - XI

Paper - (A)
candidates )

ESSAY

( for Private
100

(B)

(I)

= 70
Presentation

( for Regular Students )

THESIS WRITING
(ii)
RESEARCH
= 30

TOTAL
MARKS

1150

M.A. (PREVIOUS)
PAPER - I
OF

CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

100 marks

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Contents:
1.
Origin, Development and Scope of
International Relations.
2.

Approaches to the study of International Relations.

3.

Evaluation of the State- system.

4.

Nationalism and Sovereignty.

 5.

Imperialism, Colonialism & NEO = Colonialism.

6.

National Power

7.

Balance of Power.

8.

Regionalism and Internationalism.

9.
Modes of International Relations: Friendship and
Cooperation, Diplomacy, Alliances, Propaganda and
Subversion.
10.

Economic Instruments of State Policy.

11.

War: Causes and Consequences.

12.
The future of Mankind and the changing principles of
International Relations.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:

1.
Brown, Seymon,
Changing Global System.

2.
Cox, Robert,
Order. Cambridge University
Press, 1996.

3.
Deutsch, K.W.,
International Relations.

4.
Farns Morth David,
Introduction.

1987.

International Relations in a
Boulder; West vies, 1992.
Approaches to the World

The Analysis of
N.Y. Prentice Hall, 1978.

International Relations: An
Chicago: Nelson-Hall,

 5.
Frankel, Joseph.
International Politics:
Conflict and Harmony.

London: Penguin, 1969.

6.
Gilpin, R.,
War and Change in
International Politics,

Cambridge University
Press, 1984.
7.
Hass Ernst B., &
Dynamics of International
Relations.

Whiting, Allen S,
N.Y. Mc. Graw Hill, 1975.
8.
Lopez, George A. &
International Relations:
Contemporary Theory &
Stohl, Michael S.,
Practices: Washington D.C.
Congressional Quarterly, 1989.
9.

And Books prescribed for B.A. (Part-I) Paper.

PAPER - II
INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATION
100 marks
1.
The evolution of Multilateral Conference Diplomacy and
International Institutions Hague Conferences to the League of
Nations.
2.
League of Nations Origin, Structure and Nature.
Functioning and Causes of the Failure of the League.
3.

The UNO Origin Aims and Objectives.

4.
The Organizational Structural of the UN- Its Principle
Bodies and the Functions. The Specialized Agencies and their
Function within the UN System.
5.
Collective Security Preventive Diplomacy, Peace-keeping
and peace-making role of the UN.

 6.
The Role of UN in Post-Cold War era. UN Secretary
Generals Report Agenda for Peace. The Restructuring of the
United Nations, the Expansion of Security Council, New Role of
the General Assembly and of the Secretary General.
7.
The Functions of the UN Secretariat: Its Recruitment
Policy and the Financial Problems.
8.

Arms Control and Disarmament under the UN.

9.
The Role of Non-Government Organization (NGOs) in the
UN and the International System (Population, Women,
Environment).
10.
Inter-Government Organizations (other than the UN)
OAU, NAFIA, ASEAN, EU, APEC, etc.

SUGGESTED BOOKS:

1.
Archer, C.
International Organizations,
London: Allen and Unwin, 1983.
2.
Armstrong, D.
The Rise of International
Organizations,

London: McMillan, 1982.

3.
Bennett, A.L
International Organizations:
Principles and Eaglewood Cliffs,

N.J. Prentice-Hall, 1977.

4.
Cheever, Danial
Organizing for Peace: International
Organizations in World

S, & Jr.Haviland,
Affairs. London: Skven & Son.
1957.

H.

5.
Goodspeed,
The Nature and the Function of
International Organization.

Stephen S.,
N.Y. 1980.
6.
Verrier, A.
International Peace Keeping:
London, Penguin, 1981.

PAPER - III
marks

INTERNATIONAL

LAW

100

1.
Nature, Origins and Basis of International Law: Nature
and Origins to basis of International Law.
2.
Sources of International Law: Treaties, decisions of
arbitral of judicial tribunals, juristic works.
3.
Recognition of States and Governments: Recognition in
general: recognition demure and de facto, legal effects of
recognition, recognition of insurgency and belligerency.
4.
Succession of States and Governments, Basic doctrinal
positions, scope of the expression succession of states.
Circumstances given rise to succession, different treatment of
the various situations in positive law, depending on the cause
and object of succession.
5.
Extradition and Asylum: Extraditablepersons, extradition
crimes, territorial asylum, extra-territorial asylum.
6.
Immunity Sovereign, Diplomatic and Consular, 1961
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Scope of
Diplomatic Immunities, 1963, Vienna Convention of Consulate
Relations, Scope of Consular Immunities, state immunity, scope
of state immunity.

 7.
Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources, Principle
of permanent sovereignty as a general normative statement:
control.
8.
International rivers: Major theories regarding water rights
of riparian states: legal principles governing the use and
explosion of International Rivers.
9.
Transit passage, archipelagic states, and exclusive
economic zone: limits of continental shelf, right of access to
and from the sea of land-locked states: International sea-bed
areas; settlement of dispute. Marine environmental issues.
10.
Law of Treaties: Main focus would be on the 1969 Vienna
Convention on the law of Treaties with brief treatment of areas
such as conclusion and entry into force, reservations,
interpretation, invalidity (branch of international law: error,
fraud, coercion, registration and publication, just congens) and
termination and suspension of operation (branch, supervening
impossibility of performance, Rebus Sic stantibus).
11.
Human Rights: Background Covenant on Civil political
rights, covenant on economic, social and cultural rights,
implementation mechanism, 1993. Vienna Conference on
Human Rights.
12.
State Responsibility: Internationally wrongful act:
question of fault, absolute liability and the theory of risk,
circumstances precluding wrongfulness, international crimes
and international dialects, attribution of a wrongful act to a
state as a legal person, forms of reparation for the breach of an
international obligation.
13.
Environmental Protection: Environment, heritage of all
the peoples of the world, a factor for peace, a factor for
development combating pollution, sectoral regulation, global
regulation of nature and its resources, 1992, Rio Convention.

 14.
Air and Space Law: Air, freedom of the air, aircraft,
ICAAC, status of outer space moon and other celestial bodies,
boundary with airspace, space communications, registration of
space for objects, liability for damage caused by space objects,
use of outer space for peaceful purposes.
15.
Use of Force: Brief history of the use of force: UN
Charter as the basis of International peace, recent
developments in the use of force.
16.
Peoples and National Liberation Movements: Concept of
people decolonization, peaceful co-existence and the rights of
peoples conditions for recognition of national liberation
movements, legal regime relating to the status of national
liberation movements.
17.
International Terrorism: General background, three
hijacking conventions.
18.
Law of International Armed Conflict: Definition,
rationale; identification of international armed conflicts,
fundamental principles of humanitarian law; combatants and
non-combatants weapon limitations and other limits, civilians
and armed conflict, humanitarian limits on occupying forces,
prisoners of war, enforcement of humanitarian Law.
19.
Pacific Settlement of Disputes: Conciliation, mediation,
good offices, commissions of inquiry, arbitration, adjudication.
20.

Future Prospects of International Law.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1.
Akehurest, Michael,
Introduction to International Law.

A Modern

3rd Ed London: Allen &

Unwicy 1978.

2.
Briaerly, J.L.,
International to the

The Law of Nations in An

International Law of Peace. (6th ed) N.Y. Oxford University Press,

1963.

3.
Brownlie, Lan,
International Law.

Principles of Public

(4th Ed). Oxford:

Clerenden Press, 1990.

4.
Brownlie, Lan,
International Law. (2nd Ed)

Basic Documents in

Oxford University Press,

1972.

5.
Bruggs, Heerbert W.,
Documents and Notes:

London Stevens, 1953.

6.
Caster B.E., & Teimble,
Documents.

The Law of Nations ,Cases,

P R.,
Co, 1991.

7.
Oppenhein, L.,
I & II).

International Law: Selected

Boston: Little, Brown &

International Law, A Treatise. (Vol-

London: Longman, 1901-1905

8.
Ort B.H.,
Modern World.

Public International Law in the

9.
Law.

London: Pitman, 1987.

Staske, J.G.,

An Introduction to International
London: Dy Herwathes, 1989.

PAPER - IV
100 marks

FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS

Contents:
1.
Importance of Foreign Policy in
International Relations
2.

Approaches to the Foreign Policy Making.

3.

Goals and Objectives of Foreign Policy.

4.

Determinants of Foreign Policy.

5.

Input of Foreign Policy Making:

i)

Role of Head of Governments.

ii)

Foreign Minister

iii)

Foreign Office

iv)

Parliament

v)

Media

 vi)

Public Opinion

6.
External Factors of the Foreign Policy Making (Transitional
Factors)
7.

(i)

(ii)

Foreign Policy making in a Socialist State: P.R.C

Foreign Policy making in a Democratic State: USA

8.

New trends in the foreign policy making.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1.

Frankel, Joseph,

the Making of Foreign Policy

London: Oxford

University Press, 1977.

2.
Deutsch, K.W.,
Relations.

3.
Holsti, K.J.,
Framework for Analysis.

4.
Henkin, L.,
and Foreign Policy.

5.
Synder R.C., Ed al.,
Making.

the Analysis of International

N.Y. Prentice Hall, 1978.
International Politics: A
Pall Mall, 1968.
How Nations Behave: Law
London: Pall Mall, 1968.
Foreign Policy Decision

N.Y. 1982.

6.
Roseau, James &
Foreign Policy

International Politics and

James N, (Ed).
Printer, 1980.

London, Franchise

PAPER - V
100 marks

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SINCE 1945

Contents:

I.

1.

East-West Relations:

Impact of World War-II on the structure of World Politics.

2.
Emergence of Super Powers: Bi-polarity, East-west
confrontation, Cold War.
3.

Sino-Soviet Split, Sino-American Rapprochement.

4.

Dtente East-West cooperation, peaceful co-existence.

II.

Post- Cold War Era- New World Order:

1.

United Nation in the Unipolar world.

2.

The Disintegration of the Soviet Union.

3.

East Europe after the Cold War.

4.

Russia in the Post-Soviet setting.

5.
Emerging regionalism, Economic Organization EU, ECO,
ASEAN, NAFTA, LAFTA & APEC.

 III.

New Roles of International Power and Influence:

1.

Rise of China as a Major Power.

2.

Emergence of Japan and Germany as Economic Powers.

3.

Emergence of United Europe.

4.

Rise of the Asia-Pacific region.

IV.

The Third World:

1.

Decolonization.

2.

Non Aligned Movement in the New World Order.

3.

Muslim World and the OIC.

4.

North-South Dialogue.

5.

Selected regional and International Issues:

The Gulf War, The Bosnian Tragedy, the Kashmir Dispute, the
Islamic Revivalism and the West, the Muslim World and New
World Order.
V.
Politics of International Resources (Food, Energy, Minerals
etc), Environment, Human Rights, Terrorism, Non-Proliferation,
Earth Matters and Weapons of Mass Destruction.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1.
Calvocressi Peter,
1945 (6th ed) London: Longman,

World Politics Since

1994.
2.
Claude, Inis L, Jr,
Relations. N.Y. Random House,

Power and International

1962.

3.
Dunbadin, J.P.D.,
1945. London

Longman, 1994.

4.
Gabriel, Almoud & G,
Politics Today A World View:

International Relations Since

Gingham Kennedy,
Co., 1994.

Comprehensive
London, Scott, Foreman and

Paul.,
5.
Kegley, Charles, W,
Transformations:

World Politics: Trends and

N.Y. McMillan, 1993

Jr, & Woltkopf,

Eugene R.,
6.
Tassilte, John &
United Press of America.

A Global Agenda: N.Y.

Weolfson, susan
(ed).

M.A.

(FINAL)

PAPER - VII
PAKISTAN

FOREIGN POLICY OF
100 marks

Contents:

1.

Determinants of Pakistan Foreign Policy.

 2.

Elements and objectives to Pakistans Foreign Policy.

3.

Decision-Making Process.

4.

Pakistan :

a)

Afghanistan.

b)

India

c)

Iran

d)

China

5.

Pakistan and South Asia.

6.
Pakistan and the Muslim World (including its various
organizations)
7.

Pak US Relation

8.

Pak Russia Relations

9.

Pakistans relations with Japan and South East Asia

10.

Pakistan and the Third World

11.

Pakistan and the Western World

12.

Pakistan and the United Nations

13.

Latest developments in Pakistan Foreign Policy.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:

1.
Arif, K.,
Pakistans Foreign Policy: Indian
Perspective.

Lahore: Vanguard, 1984

2.
Barnds, W.J.,
India, Pakistan and the Great
Powers. London Press, 1977.

 3.
Bhutto, Z.A.,
The Myth of Independence:
Karachi, Oxford University Press

1969.
4.
Bhutto, Z.A.,
TheThirdWorld: New Directions.
London: Quartet BooksLtd, 1977.
5.
Burke, S.M., &
Pakistan Foreign Policy: An
Historical Analysis. (2nd ed)

Ziring, Lawrence., Karachi. Oxford University Press,

1990.
6.
Cheema., Pervez
Pakistan s Defense Policy.
London: McMillan, 1990.

Iqbal.,
7.
Gillani, Ijaz
Pakistans Foreign Policy: An
International Law Perspective.

Hussain.,
London Progressive Pub., 1988.
8.
Hyder, Sajjad.,
Foreign Policy of Pakistan:
Reflections of an Ambassador.

Lahore: Progressive Pub, 1987.

9.
Hussain
Pakistan and the Changing
Regional Scenario.

Mushahid.,
Lahore: Progressive Pub, 1988.
10.
Khan Mohammad Friends Not Masters. Karachi,
Oxford University Press, 1967.

Ayub.,

11.
Malik, Hafeez.,
Soviet American Relations with
Pakistan, Iran and

Afghanistan. London, McMillan,

1986.
12.
Mujtaba, Rizvi.,
The Frontiers of Pakistan: Karachi,
National Pub House, 1971.
13.
Shahi, Agha.,
Pakistans Security and Foreign
Policy. Lahore Progressive

Pub., 1988.

Pakistan, China & America.

Karachi, PIIA, 1980.

Bhuttos Foreign Policy and the

Contemporary problem of

Pakistan. London. Ej. Brill, 1974.

PAPER - VIII
INTERNATIONAL
ECONOMY
100 marks
Contents:
Economics.
2.

1.

POLITICAL

Fundamental concepts of International

The importance of Economic in International Relations.

3.
The Emergence and growth of International Political
Economy.
4.

The International Economic System

5.

Instruments of International Economics.

6.

The Politics of International Trade.

7.

The International Monetary System.

8.

The Politics of Foreign Aid.

9.

The process of Economic Development.

10.

The Phenomenon of Dependency and its consequences.

11.

The North-South Dialogue.

12.

The emerging international economic order.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:

 1.
Adams, John., (ed)
International Economy.

The Contemporary

New York, St. Mortins 19

2.
Ahmed, Syed
International Economic Relations.

The Politics of

Salahuddin.,
Book Service, 1991.

Karachi. Comprehensive

3.
Ansari, Jawed.,
Economy of International Economic

The Political
Organization. Boulders:

Lynre Reinnery, 1986.

4.
Brandt, Willy.,
programme for Survival.

North-South: A
Cambridge. MIT Press,

th

(4 ed) 1980.
5.
Blake, David M &
Economic Relations.

The Politics of Global

Eaglewood Cliffs,

Walters, Robert H.,

N.J.Prentice-Hall, 1987.

6.
Oppenheineer,
International Economics.

Peter, (ed).

Issues in
London: Routledge, 1980.

7.
Spero, Jean Edelman.,
Economic Relations.

The Politics of International

(3rd ed) London Allen &

University, 1990.

8.
Stubbs, Richard, & Bill
the Changing Global Orders.

The Political Economy and

Geoggery, (ed)

London: McMillan, 1994.

PAPER - I X
100 marks
Contents:

STRATEGIC
i.

STUDIES

The importance of Strategic Studies.

ii.

Fundamental Strategic Concepts.

iii.

Definition and Scope of Strategic Studies.

iv.

Theories and Ideas of Important Strategists:

a)

Clausevits

b)

Mahan

c)

Douhet

d)

Kissinger

v)

Contemporary Strategic Problems.

vi)
Development of Military Technology since 1945 and its
impact on
Strategic thinking.
vii)

War as a political institutions.

viii)

Deterrence

ix)

Nuclear Strategy

 x)

Crisis Management

xi)

Arms, Race, Arms Control and Disarmament.

xii)

Terrorism

xiii)

Nuclear Proliferation in South Asia.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1.

------------------

2.
Beafre, Indre.,
Studies.

The Defense Journal

An Introduction to Strategic
London. Faber & Faber, 1967.

3.
Buzan, Berry.,
An Introduction to Strategic
Studies, Military Technology and

International Relations:

London: McMillan, 1987.

4.

Clausewitz, K.V.,

On War.
N.J. Princeton University Press,

1976 ( Translated)
5.

Kissinger,Henry A., Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy.

N.Y. Doubleday Anchor Books,

1983.

6.

7.

Knoor, Klaus (ed)

Power, Strategy and Security.

Princeton University Press, 1983.

Schelling, Thomas The Strategy of Conflict:

Oxford University Press, 1963.

 8.

Wright, Quincy.,

A Study of War.
Chicago. University of Chicago,

1965 ,Paper back ed, 1983.

PAPER-IX
( OPTION-A) WEST ASIA, SINCE 1919 AND THE ARAB
WORLD 100 marks
A- TURKEY
1.

The peace settlement and its effects on Turkey.

2.
Kemalist Revolution: Establishment of the Republic and
Abolition of Khilafat:
Internal and External Politicians.
3.

Turkey during and after World War-II

4.
Democratic Regime, 1950-1960, its Internal and External
Politics: Emphasis on Relations with the U.S.A., U.S.S.R and the
Muslim World, Collective Security Arrangements including
NATO and CENTO.
5.
Coup dtat of 1960 and Aftermath; Government of Ismat
Inonu.
6.

Cyprus Problem

7.

Present Political Set up and Foreign Policy of Turkey.

B- EGYPT
1The rise of Nationalism; sea d Zaghlol and the Wafd
Party. Anglo-Egyptian Relations from 1919-1939; The Egyptian
treaty of 1936, Egypt during world war II.

 2Anglo-Egyptian Relations in the post-war period; Problem

of Treaty Revision, Egypts Middle Eastern Policy; First ArabIsrael war and its effects.
3The July revolution, Naguibs Policy; settlement of the
Sudan Sudan problem and Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1954; Pall
of Naguib and suppression of Muslim brother-hood International
reforms, The Suez crisis.
4Naseers Foreign Policy sine Suez crisis, his relation with
Arab states and the Afro-Asian Countries, Policy of neutralism.
5United Arab republic and the Arab states; breakaway
with Syria.
6Anwar Sadat and the Camp David Agreement with Israel;
Internal and External policies.
7-

Post Sadat Period

C- IRAN
1.

RAZA Shah and its reforms; foreign Relations.

2.
Post world war II Problems; Relations with U.S.S.R. and
U.S.A.
3.

The rise and fall of Mussadaq and problem of Oil.

4.

The 1954 Consortium : the Baghdad pact.

5.
6.

Relation with Pakistan and Turkey: E

7.
Fall of Iranian Monarchy; revolution in the Islamic republic
of Iran.

 8.
Internal and External Policies. Iran/Iraq war and its
impact.
D- THE ARAB WORLD
1.

Arab nationalism,Nionism,. Peace Settlement of 1912

2.

Pan Arabism, the Arab League.

3.

The Palestine problem-1919 to the present.

4.

Super-Power Rivalry in the Middle East.

5.
Brief survey of Major Internal Policies Affecting the
Region.
6.

A.C.C & G.C.C.

7.

Current Development in Gulf.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1.
lenzoski,F.
N.y. 19556.

The Middle East in World Affairs ,

2.

The Arab World, Chicago, 1956.

Izedin, Najila,

3.
Hollingworth, Cr,
1952

The Arab and the West, London,

4.

Little, Tom,

Egypt, New York, 1959.

5.

Lewis, G.L

Turkey, New York, 1956.

6.

Hass,W.S,

Iran, New York, 1946

7.

Grosseclose, E.

Introduction to Iran, New York, 1947.

8.
Imamuddin, S.M.
& North Africa,

A Modern History of the Middle East

 Dacca, 1961.
9.
N.Y.

Procter, Haris(ed)

10.
Macdonald,W.
Princeton, 1965.

Islam and International Relations,

The League of Arab States,

11.
Seal, Prrisk,
1964.
12.

Overy, Peter.

13.
Rivilin Benjamin,
York, 1965.

The Struggle of Syria, Oxford,

Modern Iran, New York. 1965.
The Contemporary Middle East. New

& Joseph Szvilo

Wics (ed).,
14.
Hadded George.
Middle East

Revolutions and Military Rule in the

New York, 1965.

15.
Lagueur, Walter.,
Origin of Arab Israel

The Road to Jerusalem: The

Conflict. New York,

1968.

16.
Hedyri, Sami.,
Between 1914-1967.

Bitter Harvest: Palestine

New York, 1967.

17.
Morre, John
Princeton, 1977.
Morton.,

The Arab Israel Conflict.

18.
Lilienthal.,
New York, 1978.

The Zionist Connection.

BOOKS OF REFERENCE:

1.
R.I.I.A.,
and Economics Survey

The Middle East: Political

(Latest ed) London.

2.
R.I.I.A.,
Affairs. (Relevant Chapters)

3.
R.I.I.A.,
Documents of
International Affairs (Relevant Chapters)

4.

Fisher, Sydney .,

Survey of International

The Middle East. London,

1959.

5.
Hurewitz, J.C.,
Middle East., Princeton,1956.

Diplomacy in the Near and

6.
Mowat, R.C.,
London, 1958

Middle East Perspective.

7.
Lacouture, W.Z.,
Transition, New York, 1958.

The Middle East in

8.
York, 1958.

Egypt in Transition., New

9.
Naseer, Gamal
Revolution. , Washington, 1958.

Lacouture, G.,

The Philosophy of the

Abdul.,
10.
Lenczowski, G.,
Iran., Ithaca, 1946.

Russia and the West in

 PAPER- X Option-(B)
100 marks

SOUTH

ASIA

1.
Post-Second World War. International System in South
Asia.
2.

Basic Cleavages between India and Pakistan.

3.

Government and Politics in India.

4.

India and the South Asian States (other than Pakistan)

5.

Indian Foreign Policy since 1947

6.
Review of the South Asia States, Politics & Problems
( Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka)
7.

Formation of South Asian Regional Cooperation

8.
South Asian States Attitude towards Nuclear Free Zone in
the Region
9.
Super Power Rivalry in the Indian Ocean and Response of
the South Asian States.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1.
Verma, and Misra (ed).,
South Asia., New Delhi, 1966.

Foreign Policy in

2.
Rajan, M.S.,
56. New York, 1964.

India in World Affairs, 1954-

India, Pakistan and Great

3.
Barndsh, W.J.,
Powers, New York 1972

4.
Gupta, Sisir.,
Integration in Asia, New York,

India and Regional

1964.

5.
Harrison, Sclig S (ed).,
New York, 1961.

India and the United States,

6.
Misra, K.P. (ed).,
Policy, Delhi, 1969.

Studies in Indian Foreign

7.
Brecher, Michael.,
London, 1968.

The New States Of Asia.

8.
Ayub, Muhammad.,
Bangladesh: Search for a New

India, Pakistan and

Relationship., New Delhi, 1974.

9.
Ziring, Lawrence (ed)
World Politics, India Neighbor

The Sub-continent in

and the Great Power., Preager, 1982.

10.
Choudhry, G.W.,
Powers: Politics of a

India, Pakistan and the Major

Divided Sub-

continent. New York, 1975.

PAPER-XI: ESSAY OPTION A.

100 MARKS

(FOR PRIVATE CANDIDATES

OPTION (B)

I) THESIS WRITING (For Regular Students) 100 marks1

II) RESEARCH METHOD PAPER
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

 Contents:
1. Introduction.
a) Definition
b) Concepts
C) Purpose
2. approaches to Research Methodology
a) Historical Approach
h) Empirical Approach
c) Behavioral Approach
d) Eclectic Approach

3. Methods & Techniques of Modern Research

a) Selection of Topic
o) Hypothesis formulation and Testing
c) Research Designing
d) Collection, Analysis and treatment of Data.
4. Techniques of Reporting .
a) References: Primary and Secondary Sources
b) Preparation of Bibliography
The Systems Approach conceives of nations which come in contact to form a complicated
relationship resulting from the phenomenon of interaction. The activities of a nation are always
directed towards the preservation of its national interest.

FACT SHEET: The United States and

Pakistan a Strong and Enduring
Relationship
President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama hosted Prime Minister
Nawaz Sharif and First Lady Kalsoom Nawaz Sharif at the White House on October
22, 2015. Their visit reinforced the commitment of both leaders to an enduring U.S.Pakistan partnership, a prosperous Pakistan, and a more stable region. The two
leaders expressed their conviction that a resilient U.S.-Pakistan partnership is vital to
regional and global security and reaffirmed their commitment to address evolving
challenges in South Asia and beyond. Since enactment of the Enhanced Partnership
with Pakistan Act of 2009 (Kerry-Lugar-Berman or KLB), the United States has
committed $5 billion in civilian assistance to Pakistan and over $1 billion in emergency
humanitarian response to disasters and conflict, including for 2010 flood relief.
Security assistance has also strengthened cooperation on key national security
interests. Building on KLB, the leaders committed to fostering a deeper, stronger,
more multi-dimensional partnership to cooperatively tackle the global challenges of the
21st century. The leaders highlighted the following areas of U.S. cooperation:
Energy and Economic Growth
Energy: Since 2009, the U.S. Government helped add approximately 1,700
megawatts (MW) of electricity to Pakistans grid system, benefitting nearly 19 million
Pakistanis. U.S. assistance funded the construction and rehabilitation of a number of
hydropower dams and thermal power plants. U.S. assistance has also helped
Pakistan improve governance and management systems, and increase revenue
collection by over $200 million in 2015 as well as provide commercial opportunities
for U.S. businesses. Efforts also include Overseas Private Investment Corporation
(OPIC) debt financing and political risk insurance that support U.S. investments in
Pakistan. Additionally, U.S. business played an important role in facilitating Pakistans
access to international liquefied natural gas (LNG) markets earlier this year. The
new U.S.-Pakistan Clean Energy Partnership (USCEP) will help the private
sector add at least 3,000 MW of clean power generation infrastructure to Pakistans
national electricity system over the next five years.

Bilateral Trade and Investment: The United States and Pakistan will expand
cooperation on the 2013 Joint Action Plan on Trade and Investment. The United
States remains Pakistans largest bilateral export market and a significant source of
foreign direct investment. In March 2015, during U.S.-Pakistan Economic
Partnership Week , the first U.S.-Pakistan Business Opportunities Conference
held in Islamabad was headlined by U.S. Secretary of Commerce Penny Pritzker and
Pakistani Finance Minister Ishaq Dar. To promote private investment, OPIC has
facilitated $800 million in financing and insurance for projects in Pakistan. Trade and
investment assistance is provided under the bilateral Trade and Investment Framework
Agreement (TIFA).

Regional Connectivity: To facilitate Pakistans regional trade efforts and in

support of our shared security objectives, the United States has funded the
construction and rehabilitation of approximately 1,000 kilometers of roads, including
major trade routes between Pakistan and Afghanistan. The United States supports
implementation of the Afghanistan-Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement and anticipates
collaboration with Pakistan upon its accession to the Transports Internationaux
Routiers (TIR) Convention. The United States has contributed $15 million to date to
the development of the Central Asia South Asia Electricity Transmission and Trade
Project (CASA-1000) project, which will transmit 1300 MW of electricity from Central
Asia to Afghanistan and Pakistan, and supports the CASA-1000 Secretariat.
Private Sector Financing and Entrepreneurship: The United States
assists Pakistans small and medium enterprises, catalysts of its economic growth. At
the U.S.-Pakistan Business Opportunities Conference in March 2015, Pakistani
partner banks committed to provide up to $60 million in financing for businesses under
the U.S.-Pakistan Partnership for Access to Credit , The U.S.-financed
Pakistan Private Investment Initiative (PPII), a set of three investment funds that are
matching U.S. funding one-to-one with private equity capital, will make over $150
million in financing available for small businesses. The U.S. Global Innovation
through Science and Technology (GIST) initiative provides training and
resources and sponsors a global pitch competition, GIST Tech-I, where a female
Pakistani scientist won for the best healthcare startup.

Agriculture: U.S. assistance has increased incomes for more than 800,000 farm
households; increased sales by nearly $145 million; irrigated over 480,000 acres of
land; facilitated nearly $57 million in exports of targeted commodities; and helped
nearly 147,000 farmers and others apply improved technologies. Forthcoming U.S.
support will help producers and processors increase export sales by $250 million and
leverage over $180 million in private sector investment.
Support in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA): The
United States and Pakistan are committed to strengthening governance, expanding
development, and facilitating the voluntary return of 1.6 million displaced persons to
the FATA. During Secretary Kerrys January 2015 visit to Pakistan , he
pledged $250 million to assist in the relief, recovery, and rehabilitation of the region.
The United States continues to partner with Pakistan to reconstruct schools, hospitals,
and infrastructure to restore communities and assist in the return of people to their
homes.
Womens Economic Advancement: Womens economic participation in
Pakistan is advanced through the U.S.-Pakistan Womens Council , established
in 2012 by the State Department and American University (AU) in cooperation with
Pakistani-Americans, and a 2014 U.S. Pakistan MOU to Enable Womens Economic
Empowerment and Entrepreneurship. The United States also sponsored the opening
of the WECREATE Center in Islamabad, which works with women entrepreneurs in
Pakistan. The Council also established a university partnership in womens
entrepreneurship between AU and the Lahore University of Management Sciences
(LUMS). Joint trade missions, U.S. Department of Commerce business and trade
capacity building, and new initiatives led by the Councils corporate members also
seek to increase womens entrepreneurship and employment. The USAID Gender
Equity Program promotes womens access to information, justice, and economic
opportunities and helps address and prevent gender-based violence.
Education, Health, and Civil Society Cooperation
People-to-People Exchanges: Approximately 1,200 Pakistanis came to the
United States on U.S.-funded exchange programs in 2014. There are more than
15,000 Pakistani alumni of U.S.-funded exchange programs, with many involved in the
Pakistan-U.S. Alumni Network, which has 12 chapters throughout Pakistan. These

alumni create important intellectual and business links between U.S. and Pakistani
institutions.
Higher Education: Pakistan is the recipient of the largest U.S. government
funded Fulbright Program in the world. Since 2009, the Fulbright Program has
funded over 800 Masters and 200 PhD candidates and nearly 100 Senior Scholars
from Pakistan. The United States has also funded the Merit and Needs Based
Scholarship Program, which provides scholarships to talented but under resourced
candidates to attend university in Pakistan, with over 40 percent awarded to women.
Through several programs, the United States has funded over 12,000 total
scholarships for underprivileged students to attend university in Pakistan, 50 percent
to women, and financed a new dormitory for women at Formans Christian College in
Lahore.
Science and Technology Agreement: Since 2003, the bilateral U.S.-Pakistan
Science and Technology (S&T) Cooperation Agreement has provided a framework to
increase cooperation in science, technology, engineering, and education. In 2005,
USAID, Pakistans Ministry of Science and Technology, and the Higher Education
Commission launched the associated S&T Cooperation Program, which jointly
funded nearly $34 million in collaborative research projects. This year, the United
States and Pakistan intend to sign a Memorandum of Understanding for the seventh
S&T Cooperation Program, which would funding a new phase of joint grants to
enhance U.S.-Pakistan collaboration, research capacity in Pakistani universities, and
S&T innovation.
University Partnerships: The United States funds 23 partnerships between
Pakistani and U.S. universities to facilitate professional development for faculty,
curriculum reform, joint research, and peer-to-peer interaction. In June 2015, USAID,
in collaboration with Pakistans Higher Education Commission, launched the U.S.Pakistan Centers for Advanced Studies , which established three centers in
Pakistan through partnerships between four Pakistani and three U.S. universities in
energy, water, and agriculture and food security. The purpose of the centers is to
foster long-term research collaboration, industry linkages and innovation, and
university governance, prepare approximately 1,000 Pakistani graduates for
employment, and provide scholarships.

University Governance: The Community College Administrator Program will

enable Pakistanis in higher education to travel to the United States to learn about the
U.S. community college system, building on the Community College Initiative
Program, which enables Pakistani students to study and earn a professional
certificate at a U.S. community college.

Basic Education: Under a U.S.-Pakistan Basic Education Initiative, the United

States is funding reading programs to improve the reading skills of 1.9 million primary
grade students. Since 2002, the United States and Pakistan have developed degree
programs for education professionals. The United States is funding the construction of
state-of-the-art Faculty of Education buildings at 16 universities. USAID has helped
rebuild or renovate almost 1,000 schools since 2009. The United States has also
provided English language training to 9,400 underprivileged Pakistani teenagers
countrywide.
Let Girls Learn: Through Let Girls Learn, the United States, Pakistan, and
other partners will help educate and empower more than 200,000 additional
adolescent girls across Pakistan. These efforts, which will also reduce barriers to girls
success and address harmful practices and attitudes, will be enhanced through
collaboration with other donors and the diaspora community, as well as through publicprivate partnerships such as the U.S.-Pakistan Womens Council Summer Sisters
program, which brings underprivileged Pakistani high school girls to explore education
and career options at top U.S. universities.
English Language Programs: The United States partners with a range of
Pakistani institutions in English language teaching and learning. Investing in teachers
has a tremendous multiplier effect, directly reaching an average of 450 individuals
each year and thousands more from expanded teaching capacity. The English
Access Microscholarship Program has provided two years of after-school
English language instruction to more than 10,000 Pakistani adolescents from
disadvantaged backgrounds since 2007.
Civil Society and Democratic Institutions: The United States works with
civil society organizations to strengthen human rights, advance rule of law reforms,
combat intolerance, strengthen civil society, enhance media capacity, and safeguard

media autonomy. U.S. assistance includes: support for legal aid centers for vulnerable
populations, strengthening university journalism programs for media professionals,
and enhancing the skills of provincial women parliamentarians. USAID programs have
helped register more than 350,000 women with the National Database and
Registration Authority and enabled 100 citizen committees with oversight roles, and
integrated grassroots ideas into party platforms, with some becoming law.
Health Cooperation: The United States and Pakistan cooperate extensively in
the health sector to support family welfare and reproductive health. Since 2010,
USAID has trained over 29,000 health care workers, who served over 3.5 million
community members throughout Pakistan. Among program beneficiaries assessed in
2014, USAID-funded trainings and other activities resulted in a 52 percent increase in
prenatal care visits and a 20 percent increase in deliveries with a skilled birth
attendant. The United States and Pakistan also support the multilateral Global Health
Security Agenda (GHSA) to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease
threats. To implement the GHSA and promote Pakistans health sector, the United
States will support Pakistans efforts to: build capacity in the public and veterinary
health workforce, advance an effective, safe, and secure laboratory system, counter
antimicrobial resistance, integrate health surveillance information systems, and
enhance multi-sectoral emergency response capability for epidemic threats.
Countering Evolving Threats
Civilian Law Enforcement and Rule of Law: Through training, equipment,
and infrastructure assistance, the United States supports Pakistans efforts to enhance
civilian law enforcement and justice institutions response to serious crime and
terrorism. The United States has trained over 17,000 provincial and federal law
enforcement personnel since 2001, including women law enforcement units. The
United States and Pakistan have also worked closely to address the needs of
Pakistans judiciary, prosecution services, and corrections system. Since 2009, the
United States has sponsored exchanges and provided training for over 1,000 Pakistani
prosecutors and 212 judges and trained over 130 corrections and policy officials since
2012. The U.S. counter-narcotics efforts support interdiction, demand reduction, and
crop control.

Security Assistance: The United States and Pakistan enjoy a positive security
partnership and are working collaboratively to address security threats that both of our
nations face. Through security assistance, the United States has enhanced Pakistans
capabilities to address its counterterrorism and counterinsurgency challenges in the
FATA. The United States has provided Pakistan with critical equipment and training to
enhance key counterinsurgency and counterterrorism capabilities such as precision
strike, air mobility, and counter improvised explosive devices. Assistance has also
supported Pakistans participation in international maritime coalition operations and
enhanced its ability to patrol its coastal waters.

Military Training and Exchanges: The United States provides Pakistans

military with training to promote regional stability, strengthen its counterterrorism and
defense capabilities, enhance professionalism, promote human rights, and improve
civilian-military relations. Since 2009, the United States has trained over 2,300
members of the Pakistan military. Pakistan is the largest partner for U.S. International
Military Education and Training funding in the world. In addition, the United States and
Pakistan conduct military staff exchanges and joint training exercises to enhance
coordination and interoperability between our militaries.
Countering Violent Extremism: The United States works with Pakistani civil
society and nongovernmental organizations to foster a stable Pakistan, increase
capacity to counter violent extremist narratives, and reduce the number of individuals
in Pakistan who accept the legitimacy of narratives that justify the use of violence.
Programs focus on vulnerable populations and include documentary films, interfaith
dialogues, and madrassa training. More than 11,000 imams and teachers in over
2,600 madrassas received training in interfaith harmony and peacebuilding.
Improvised Explosive Devices: In partnership with the United States, Pakistan
has taken positive steps over the past two years to increase its controls and
interdiction of the illicit supply of materials used to produce improvised explosive
devices. Through U.S. security assistance programs coordinated by the Joint
Improvised-Threat Defeat Agency, the United States and Pakistan share technical
expertise and equipment to improve Pakistans ability to detect and defeat these
devices.

US Development Assistance
to Pakistan: 2014 and
Beyond
Alexis Sowa, Senior Policy Analyst
August 2013

The withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan in 2014 provides a critical moment

for the United States to evaluate its development objectives in Pakistan and
signal its credibility as a long-term partner. Afghanistan and Pakistan are at
different points on the path of development and require different kinds of
assistance delivered in different way. Short-term stabilization is the top priority in
Afghanistan while long-term development is and should be the priority in
Pakistan. Given this context, the key development considerations for Pakistan are
as follows.
Americans should be concerned about Pakistan's long-term stability

Pakistan is poised to become the world's fifth most populous nation, with nuclear
weapons and 100 million young people with few jobs but plenty of opportunities
for radicalization. 1US investment in Pakistanis economic opportunities and hope
for the future is an investment in the United States own security.
The history of US assistance to Pakistan has been very volatile

US aid levels to Pakistan have waxed and waned for decades as US geopolitical
interests in the region have shifted. 2While Pakistans actions have of course

contributed to this volatility, the subsequent mistrust on both sides has

undermined the United States ability to contribute to a longer-term development
agenda in Pakistan. Pakistan has become hesitant to use US aid for long-term
investments in their people and institutions, focusing instead on projects with
short time horizons and a more limited effect on long-term development. The US
withdrawal from Afghanistan marks a critical moment for the United States to
signal its credibility as a long-term partner to Pakistan.

US Assistance to Pakistan

The 2009 Enhanced Partnership for Pakistan Act needs more time to be effective

The intention of the 2009 Enhanced Partnership for Pakistan Act (commonly
known as the Kerry-Lugar-Berman bill, or KLB) was to put security and
development on two separate tracks, insulating the development agenda from
unpredictable geopolitical and military events and facilitating longer-term planning

for development. This is a good thing, but it will take longer than five years,
particularly because of its emphasis on spending money through local partners to
build Pakistans capacity. As recommended by the Center for Global
Development in its 2012 assessment of the United States approach to
development in Pakistan, the United States should avoid the rush and spend
KLB over more years: 3
given the large amounts of unobligated funds for Pakistan, constraints on the
aid-delivery machinery, and the acute implementation challenges facing the
United States and Pakistan, Congress and the administration should agree
on a scaled-back program of development assistance for Pakistan for fiscal
year 2013 at least. The United States can adhere to the KLB commitment of
spending $7.5 billion on civilian programs, but the time horizon should be
extended from 5 to 10 years. One could think of this as a no-cost extension,
leaving open the possibility that US efforts will improve, that absorptive
capacity in Pakistan will increase, and that there will be fewer bumps (such
as Abbottabad) in the road ahead.
Traditional aid is not the only instrument

Developing a vibrant private sector is essential for generating economic

opportunities and greater prosperity for ordinary citizens in Pakistan. While aid
can help stimulate private-sector growth, efforts to reduce Pakistans trade
barriers with the United States and India would have a much greater impact, with
negligible adverse impact on the US economy. 4 Additional opportunities include
increasing investment in Pakistans private sector through OPIC projects or
investment facilities such as the Pakistan Private Investment Initiative. 5 Finally,
the United States should collaborate with the IMF and World Bank to provide
support on systematic macroeconomic and energy challenges facing Pakistan.
Three recommendations

For more effective US development assistance to Pakistan, we recommend three

changes:

1. Name a leader : it is currently unclear which agency is ultimately

in charge of the development strategy in Pakistan, the State
Department or USAID.
2. Clarify the mission : it is critical to develop a longterm development strategy for Pakistan, one that is independent
of our defense policy and independent of Afghanistan.
3. Finance what is already working : other partners, such as the
multilateral banks and the UK aid agency DFID, are already
making impactful investments in Pakistan. The United States
should make it easier for USAID to cofinance successful and
proven projects.