Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
BONNEY.
Manual for
Coil Makers.
By G. E. Bonney.
crown
101 Illustrations. Square
8vo, 3s.
With a New Chapter on " Coils, specially constructed for Radiography."
" In Mr.
Bonney's useful book, every part of the coil is
described minutely in detail, and the methods and materials
in
insulating and winding the wire are fully conrequired
Amateur
sidered."
Electrical Review.
Electrician.
"An excellently
3s.
V.
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
a
flDanual of instructive
.a }
tVorh.
amusement
and
f1
G. E.
et
BONNEY,
etc.
SECOND
EDITION.
fjf3 V~
LONDON
^-~"
Ll }l
WHITTAKER &
1897
ft
/
E.G.
527
mi
written.
Ml and fully.
~atise."
Sy
"ROOi
Butler
& Tanner,
PREFACE.
written in response to suggestions received
from correspondents, and hints given in letters sent to
This book
is
how Induction
Coils
and other
electrical
number
apparatus can
My correspondents
of idle hours
hang wearily on
amusement
at
if
home from
materials obtained at
little
cost,
com-
As
would
to those books,
wherein
PREFACE.
vi
full
making
instruments.
batteries
are
fully
Induction
Coils
and
galvanic
in
the
Machines for
Electric
and All About Them, price 3s., will tell how electric
made. The Electro-plater's Handbook (price 3s.)
bells are
solutions
Dynamos, Telephones,
and
other electrical inElectromotors, Galvanometers,
struments are described and illustrated in Electrical
Instrument Making for Amateurs, price
3s.
Electricity
in our
Handbook, price
When
5s.
means
is
likely
to exceed the
of
PREFACE.
tent to merely find
amusement
vii
know
the
why and
the wherefore of
all
the observed
As
Bottone's
new book on
CONTENTS.
PAGB
CHAPTER
I.
II.
Magnetic Experiments
40
III.
IV.
121
Electrolytic Experiments
107
232
V.
VI.
ii
INDEX TO SECTIONS.
PAGE
sscTioir
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
.
5
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
14.
15.
18.
20
23
24
27
30
32
34
40
19.
20.
27.
28.
Electric Fuses
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
12
Magnetic Repulsion
Mayer's Magnetic Floating Needles
Magnetic Boats, Fishes, and Birds
17.
13
16.
Magnetic Suspension
Magnetic Induction
Miscellaneous Magnetic Experiments
Uses of Permanent Magnets
13.
17
51
52
55
58
63
65
66
68
70
70
83
85
INDEX TO SECTIONS.
xii
SECTION
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
.......91
PAGE
Decomposition Experiments
Charging Leyden Jars from a Coil
Experiments with Electric Sparks in Vacuo
Vacuum Tubes
Tesla's Experiments with Vacuum Tubes
Rotating Vacuum Tubes
Other Experiments with Vacuum Tubes
Physiological Effects from Induction Coils
The Production of Static Electricity
Simple Producers of Electricity
87
122
125
131
43.
44.
Leyden Jars
45.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
....
53.
Electrolysis
Electric Current reqixired for Electrolysis
54.
Electrolysis of "Water
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
The Electrophorus
How to Use an Electrophorus
46.
'
42.
41.
Electrotype Experiments
Electro-Deposition of Metals
Thermo-Electrical Experiments
Electric Light Experiments
Electric Amalgams and Cements
....
93
101
108
110
115
117
121
137
139
141
151
154
173
175
178
180
181
195
197
198
199
203
207
209
215
219
227
232
235
241
242
244
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGB
FIG.
1.
2.
8.
4.
5.
6.
1.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Lodestone
Iron Filings Attracted to Magnetized
A Horse-shoe Magnet and Keeper
A Compound Horse-shoe Magnet
Steel
...
2
4
'
....
...
Over
...
...
,,
...
....
...
....
.
10
11
.11
....
...
7
7
12
13
15
16
18
18
19
19
20
21
22
24
31
36
37
38
38
41
41
41
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
xiv
F G.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
33.
PAGE
....
....
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
Mendham &
King,
53.
A Spark
55.
56.
57.
58.
60.
61.
Co.'s
Electro-Motor
Induction Coil
Electric Gas-Lighter
Electric Fuse
64.
65.
Appearance
66.
Various Forms of
62.
63.
....
52.
54.
39-41.
42.
of Striae in a Straight
Vacuum Tubes
Vacuum Tube
....
....
of Striae in a Contracted
67.
Appearance
68.
Various Forms of
69.
Vacuum Tubes
Vacuum Tube
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS,
70.
Hand
Rotator
Electric Ring Rotators
72. 73.
74. Electric Rotator with Crank Motion
Bowron's Electric Rotator
75.
71.
Gassiot Star
Mendham &
76.
King,
77.
Effects of
Co.'s Electric
Fan
79.
80.
An
78.
81.
82.
88.
89.
Biot's
90.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
xv
PAGB
via.
106
111
112
113
114
115
116
119
120
123
127
129
130
131
Lane's Electrometer
Harris' Unit Jar Electrometer
Leyden Jars on a Tinfoiled Base
137
138
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
151
152
153
153
154
157
158
159
160
Discharging Tongs
Discharging a Leyden Jar
Discharging Insulated Leyden Jar
162
164
165
....
.
in Cascade
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
xvi
PAGE
FIG.
Isulated Table
165
166
167
168
168
169
115.
Thunder-House
171
116.
Static Magnetizer
Section of Fulminating
172
174
174
176
181
181
182
186
187
188
189
189
191
192
192
200
109.
110.
Electrical
111.
Electric Mortar
112.
113.
Insulated Cup
Glass or Card Piercer
114.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
Chimes
....
Pane
Discharging a Fulminating Pane
Wimshurst Electrical Influence Machine
Kinnersley's
126.
Electric
127.
The
129.
Electric
130.
Dummy Head
131.
TJ-Tube Voltmeter
Voltmeter on Stand
Section of Voltmeter
Sectional Elevation of a U-Tube
of
141.
142.
143.
144.
200
140.
138.
Hair
139.
137.
Chimes
Wine-glass Experiment
Single-Cell Apparatus for Electrotype
Electrotyping Apparatus
Thermo-Electric Pair
Thermo-Electric Pair and Indicator
135.
136.
Whirl
128.
134.
"...
Electric Orrery
Apparatus for Electric Dancers
132.
125.
133.
....
Lamp
....
201
204
206
223
226
233
234
237
238
239
239
239
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
CHAPTER
I.
stance
is
a sub-
to itself
what
not
known
its
nature, so to speak
be
that
is,
is
by the formula Fe 3
atoms of
{ferritin)
4,
iron
that
is
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
filings, as
Fig. 2.
shown
it
will attract
at Fig. 2.
and
If iron filings
3.
Permanent Magnets.
When
a piece of steel
This term
is
but
magnetism
is
charge of electricity, as
gradually loses its charge
ing
The
air.
close
common
to both, of possessing
opposing
polarities,
and
of
says
Magnetism
is
the
action which occurs at right amjles to the line of 'polarization, and in all directions at right angles to that line.
charge
is
a larger
number
ELEGTEIGAL EXPERIMENTS.
magnetized, but
charge.
Hard
is
Nickel and
the charge is less than that of steel.
Hardened steel,
cobalt are only feebly magnetic.
highly magnetized, and
magnetic charge for a great length of
time,
if
The
steel,
may be
made
of the best
made
The
be equal
to the
sum
magnet will cost one shilling, a 0magnet with keeper, will cost two
straight 6-inch
iuch horse-shoe
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
A. Horse-shoo Magnet.
A Compound
number
Qs. 8J.
E. Keeper.
up
of Lars in each.
i^\\\U\,\\U\,vUUS3^
S*
Fig. 5.
4.
The
first
and
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
magnetism.
steel may be charged with magnetism by stroking it
with a natural lodestone. This magnetized bar may be
employed in magnetizing other steel bars, and these in
turn may be employed indefinitely for the same purpose,
without limit as regards numbers, without weakening
manent magnet,
a limit to the strength of the magnetic charge obtainable from a single magnet, and this limit is denned by
the strength of the magnetic charge in the original
is
Procure
number
of
hardened
We
induce
to take a
for the
higher charge
may
but the charge will soon be dissipated until the point
that is, its highest capacity has been
of saturation
it
reached.
Every
moment,
it
of a bar of
hard
steel,
the latter therefore manifests a higher magnetic relucOn the other hand, when the molecules have
tance.
Procure a bar
5. Magnetizing by Single Touch.
of steel of any size up to 6 inches in length by f-inch
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
10
made
as
is, let it
be
it
magnet
in the following
manner
by the
Fig.
6.
6.
Repeat
this
magnet maybe
11
shown
at Fig. 8
or a bar of steel
may be magnetized
Fig.
7.
7.
This
MS
SW
Fig. 8.
Arrangement
of Horse-shoe
Magnets
for
Magnetizing and
Preservation.
method
below
magnetic power.
It
may be employed
in
magnetizing
and other
iu experiments.
bent in the form
with its two ends in contact with the poles of a permanent horse-shoe magnet on a plane surface, it may be
Place
strongly magnetized in the following manner
:
a keeper
made
bend
of the
unmag-
magnet;
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
12
draw
it
the steel
to
Fig. 9.
lifted
13
s
Fig. 10.
found
to
Duhamel's Method
h
of
fj
steel will
By
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
14
its
tem-
As the
strength of magnetism induced by such a coil is proportioned to the strength of the electric current flowing
the wire must be cither large enough to
carry a strong current, or must envelop the bar many
times to multiply the effects of a weak current. The
through
it,
volume of
number
amperes
Hence,
if
a current of ten
wound around
strength induced in both will be the same. As the inductive influence of increased turns of wire becomes
less
is
many
is
a consideration.
15
Although a magnet may be made by winding a quancopper wire around a bar of steel, and
sending an electric current through the coil, it is found
more convenient, when making several magnets, to
have a portable coil, in Avhich the steel can be placed,
magnetized, and withdrawn at will. To make such a
coil, procure a strong reel or bobbin of wood having a
body or core of a sufficient diameter to exceed the full
tity of insulated
reel into
n
u
Fig. 11.
Split
Bobbin
on regularly in coils
reel
and
The
coil
of wire
mav
be con-
shellac applied
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
16
to
Fig. 12.
finish,
Wire
may
varnish.
To use
of electricity
rapping
The
hasten magnetic saturation, and secure a higher magFrequent interruption of the current
flowing through the coil has a similar effect, but the
netic intensity.
An
electro-magnet
may be employed
in
its
17
position
magnetizing
as
8.
steel
is
two ends.
as the two poles, and towards these the lines of magnetic force are determined.
This may be shown by
under a sheet of
surface.
On lightly tapping the paper or the
with
a
or
a straw, so as to slightly shake it
glass
quill
and give movement to the iron filings, these will be
over
its
IS
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
terminals.
This piece of
keeps the magnetic
iron
is
named
it
^^ft^>
I,
Fig. 14.
Fig. 13.
Lines of Magnetic
If
we wish
to preserve
Fig. 15.
Magnet.
ATTRACTION.
U8BH
8EPUL5I0N.
Fig. 16.
19
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
20
piece
crinoline
steel
or
shown
-f
njsesssss
N teassBS*
Fig. 17.
ur^-ns
wn
,js
on magnets. As the temperature is raised, the magnetic charge will be dissipated, until, when at a red heat,
no evidence of a charge is perceivable, and the piece of
A simisteel will be found to have lost it altogether.
lar effect will follow from repeatedly jarring a magnet.
9.
attribute of a
iron at both of
its
poles, as
21
The following
is, however, quite different.
law governs the actions of magnets to each other
mag-nets,
pole of one
This
may be shown
Fig. 18.
Wooden
in
the following
Gallows.
unspun
stirrup of
silk,
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
22
A magnetized needle or a
be
must
nicely balanced in this
magnetized steel pen
of
filament
If a
unspun or cocoon silk is
stirrup.
attached to the lower end.
suspended magnet,
repelled by a breath of air.
Fig. 19.
it
If,
swing away as if
however, we bring the
will
etc., in
Electrical Experiments.
and may spoil the experiment by attracting the suspended magnet instead of repelling the opposite pole,
and may also reverse the poles of the smaller magnet.
It will be advisable to substitute an iron nail or a piece
of iron wire for the magnets, and note the difference.
Both ends
23
is
sus-
to
the
an
when
a magnet
is
10.
New
Throw them
all
their behaviour.
of cork, as
shown
at Fig. 20.
into
If the north
poles slowly over the floating magnets.
to
all
those with
is
of
the
them,
presented
magnet
pole
its
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
21
shown
as
in
the
annexed
illustration.
The
floating
o o o
o e
6
OG
O
O O
0%
Fig. 20.
magnet may
when
be repeated.
movements.
11.
series
25
may be performed
magnetized pieces of
steel,
fowl
magnets may
3.
Another variation
of the even-
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
26
ing's
used
in
constructing- a
few
tins,
and throwing
halves of a
4.
bird.
flies,
may be made
of plush
and rice-paper
artistically
27
magic may
for use in
Magic Wand.
be so arranged as
to
be removable at
will, if
desired,
ornamental
mented
12.
Magnetic Suspension.
fixed distance
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
28
it,
since
when once
strength of this rapidly increases. Magnetic suspension in mid-air can only be effected by holding the
attracted object back from actual contact with the
pended
in the air
as
is
proportioned
When
iron
is
29
in contact
its
own
compound magnets
which
These com-
own
weight.
bound together.
compound magnet
made
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
30
is
much
reduced.
property of inducing
An interesting
sphere of magnetic influence.
experiment illustrating this property, may be performed
with a number of thin iron bars, such as strips of hoop-
the
and a moderately strong horse-shoe magnet. Suspend the magnet with its poles in a vertical position,
and attach one end of the first strip to one pole of the
magnet. It will be seen that the iron has become a
iron,
magnet by
be attracted to the
induction.
Add
magnet
31
little experiment, illustrating magnetic inducdescribed in Mr. Perren Haycock's " First Book
neat
tion, is
" "
of Electricity
in Fig. 21.
of iron of
\]SSfe \
Fig. 21.
Bar Magnet
size,
by sprinkling some
* Published by Whittaker
&
Co.
Price
2s. 6d.
32
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
ABC
working the
telegraph instruments. Its action
on a small scale may be demonstrated by a simple
experiment made with a bar magnet and the magConnect the two ends of
netizing coil described in 7.
the coil to a d#licate galvanometer, and plunge the
magnet
the
bells,
and
for
working
ABC
wound over
This inductive action of permanent magnets, establishes the relation of magnetism to electricity, the action
of both being reciprocal ; for, as a current of electricity
passing through a coil of wire wound over a steel bar
33
many
tacks,
and
by the aid
of a magnet.
it
wire introduced
into
among
will
servo to
may be
wire.
Magnetic Screens.
magnet
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
34
manner. A piece of sheet iron will screen the compass from magnetic influence and alter its behaviour
altogether.
Permanent
Uses of Permanent Magnets.
15.
magnets have been and are employed in the construction
of magneto-electric machines, as indicated in the last
section,
of his
also
94-102.
They are
also
employed
in the construction of
Mr. Bottone
pp. 90-99.
covery
of
diaphragm
employed
the
effects
of
of thin iron.
in
its
magnetic
origin to a disinduction on a
the construction of
Bell
telephone
re-
35
as a
a vertical position in a
coil
of
fine
wire,
its
and a
hollow
attracting
unlike poles of the magnetized steel.
The magnetized
steel, being free to move in this space, is attracted or
repelled according to the polarity of the air space, this
being controlled by the direction of the electric current
passing through the coil. When the current is made
hand end
of the coil,
is
attracted to
that end.
men and by
employed by telegraph
electric bell-hangers
lines-
adapted
to a
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
36
when
considei'ing the
Permanent mag-
ti
Fig. 22.
We
earth.
magby a
takes
This
repelling
attracting
each
other.
all
37
is
Fig. 23.
A.
A
little
is
nicely
needle, with
card, and
its
33
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
Fig. 24.
Fig. 25.
The Dipping
Needle.
shown
39
on gimbals
to
the
for
London.
needle."
This arrangement
is
named
a " dipping
CHAPTER
II.
show some
of the relations
which
exist
between mag-
c.p.
incandescent lamp.
A generator of less power will
serve our purpose for some of the experiments, but all
will
current.
is
An experiment to prove this may be performed with one or two cells of a battery. Get a sheet
of notepaper, or any other smooth paper, and support
in a shell.
40
4L
it
or
gumming
Fig. 2G.
thus
made
Fig. 27.
to vibrate
Magnetized Filings
around a Wire.
Fig. 23.
Magnetized Filings
over a Wire.
filing-s
will
shell.
By
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
42
Fig. 29.
Horizontal Galvanometer.
shown
at Fig. 28,
Fig. 30.
and arranging
it
figures, all of
which
will
to
form various
Wire
of a Powerful
The
43
wire
is
battery.
such a battery
is
carried
/'
\
Current"
\
^^
Comma
up.
/V
Cu-rrcnl
J\
s
Co\.na
S^H^M
Fig. 31.
down,*
s
its
position as
we move
the
compass.
Procure or make a
Electro-Magnetic Induction.
as that described
such
delicate horizontal galvanometer
2.
by Mr. Bottone
Making
for
in his
Amateurs"
(Fig. 29).
Instrument
Also procure a few
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
and form
yards of No. 22 or No. 24 gauge copper wire,
other
to
each
lines
two model telegraph
running parallel
Connect
without
actually touching.
closely, side by side
the two ends of one line wire to the galvanometer, and
the two ends of the other line wire to the battery. Imthe battery, the
mediately, on connecting one line with
and it will
galvanometer needle will be seen to move,
move again
at the instant
when
Fig. 32.
the wire
is
disconnected
line in connection
with the
the
galvanometer does not touch the line connected to
is produced by the magnetic shell
This
effect
battery.
or halo surrounding the battery line inducing a similar
condition in the neighbouring wire, much the same as
a permanent magnet induces magnetism in iron or steel
in close proximity to
it.
hand)
it
fix it
can be
when
must be moved
at rest.
To do
45
wire
magnetic meridian
of
On connecting
the earth.
movement
as a galvanometer, or an apparatus to show this experiment (shown at Fig. 32) maybe purchased at prices
varying from 3s. 6d. to 10s. 6d. As like poles repel
those of their own character, it naturally follows that
been shown
in
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
46
Sucli an appai*atus
33,
named "Ampere's
Stand
is
shown
at
and Bectangle,"
Fig. 33.
to
"
hold a
flat
is
fitted,
with a brass
coil
of
fine
insulated
wire
named a
adjustment
where
it
tlio
wooden
47
point.
The
electrically connected
cups.
this
and wire
If the current
through the
coil,
is
clip
now
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
48
apparatus
is
" Ganot's
given in
Physics," chapter
iv.,
temporary
besides
magnetic
condition
in
1802 that
other
substances
Coulomb discovered
all
49
tourmaline, charcoal, basic salts of iron, oxide of titanium, oxide of chromium, chromic acid, salts of man-
Diamagneiic Bodies.
Bismuth, antimony, zinc, tin,
cadmium, sodium, mercury, lead, silver, copper, gold,
arsenic, uranium, rhodium, iridium, tungsten, rock
crystal, mineral acids, alum, glass, litharge, common
nitre, phosphorus,
sulphur, resin, spermaceti,
Iceland spar, tartaric acid, citric acid, water, alcohol,
ether, starch, gum arabic, wood, ivory, dried matter,
salt,
Fig. 34.
cores.
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
50
Fig. 35.
is
attracted
Fig. 36.
poles,
Paramagnetic Fluid.
elongated, flattened, or
Fig. 37.
Diamagnetic Fluid.
51
17.
lation
may
simple electro-magnet may be constructed out of an ordinary French Avire nail and a yard
or so of No. 24 silk-covered copper wire. Wind the wire
in regular turns side by side around the nail, and in
regular layers, until only a length of some 4 or 5
inches has been left at the commencing and finish ends.
Connect these ends to the battery, and note the magby hanging iron brads to its
head as to the pole of a permanent magnet. If the
wire is wound around a 3-inch length of |-in. iron rod,
and about a foot or so of wire is left at each end for
connection with the battery, a number of interesting
magnetic experiments may be performed (as with a
netic condition of the nail
we may
only
electric circuit is
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
52
when
from the
battery.
By the exercise of a little ingenuity and skill,
a magic wand may be constructed, with an electromagnet at one end and a spring switch at the other,
broken, as
the wire
is
disconnected
flexible
action
by pressing a spring
in the handle.
rod,
coil.
The
however,
If,
we shake
the tube,
all
perties of the
north and
to
18.
effects of jolting
soft iron is
is
53
coil.
and the
Fig. 38.
by
this
coil of
wire
wound over
the limb.
For
but
if
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
54
The polarity
opposite direction, the poles are reversed.
of an electro-magnet may also be determined by bringing
a pocket compass or a suspended magnetic needle near
the poles, when the north pole of the needle will be
repelled
of the
magnet, whilst
its
one needle and the other pole repel the other needle.
Any of the experiments performable with a per-
it
be performed
may
55
in
attached to
its
may be screwed
into or rivetted in a
in
heavy yoke
fact, this
is
of soft
the general
The capacity of the wire for carryThe strength of the current passing
through the wire coils wound over its cores.
over the cores,
ing currents.
o.
4.
we may
note that:
1.
The
number
of wire convolutions
wound over
its
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
56
do not exceed
tiplied
by the number
must have
the wire
of coils themselves,
it
follows that
may be found by
sufficient
in the core of
number
of
it.
current to saturate
it takes 5,000
amperes of electric
cubic inch of iron with magnetism.
be saturated with
ampere of cur-
"
Whittaker
&
Co.
3s.,
published by
57
Fig. 42.
When
it
is
its
necessary to
Fig. 43.
may be heaped
at Fig. 42.
When
ELECTRIC A L EXPERIMENTS.
58
magnet
to be ascertained,
is
it
will
be found convenient
to suspend,
it
to
Fig. 44.
20.
Electro-Magnetic Solenoids.
It
been
has
It
air.
enveloped
steel
bar
in
may
in a coil of wire
it
is
becomes
itself
low
shown
when a
hol-
at Fig. 12, 7 }
59
may be wound
over a hollow
itself.
The property
of all solenoids
is
electric current
is
coil
when a
sufficiently strong-
coil.
The
electric
hammer shown
at
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
60
When
is
sent
the piston
is
and again
61
instru-
ments.
b.
As might be
perties.
also
of
much
Fig. 4G.
of
solenoids, free to
directive
influence of
the earth's
magnetism.
c.
to
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
62
properties.
helix
is
of
wire
off
from No. 20
when wound.
to
No. 24 gauge
magnetic suspension.
Fig. 47.
nent magnet
is
current of electricity
magnet
may be
easily per-
63
coils will
end
will
its coils
Fig. 48.
21.
An amusing
and
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
64
The
Fig. 49.
through the
coil,
and a
coil of
some
65
broken ring.
Magic Magnetic Hemispheres. This experiment, together with that mentioned in the last sec 22.
Fig. 50.
shown
forming an electrop
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
66
Fig. 51.
passing through the coil, but they will separate easily when the circuit is broken.
Uses of Electro-Magnets. These are nume 23.
current
is
list,
since
&
Electro-magnets
67
"
Fig. 52.
King,
Mendham &
Co.'s Electro-Motor.
Electro-motors, are machines constructed with electromagnets. These are described in a little volume by
How Made and
on " Electro-Motors
Mr. Bottone
The cores of induction coils are electroUsed." *
also the automatic breaks of these inand
magnets,
" Induction
in the author's book on
described
struments,
1
The Morse sounder, which has worked a
Coils."
:
also
1
its
introduction,
an electro-magnet.
All these books are published by Whittaker
&
Co.
CHAPTER
III.
Spark Induction
Coils.
It lias
been shown in
close
the
electro-motive force
of the
felt,
if
wire helix
is
wound over a
wound over
and many
this,
68
folds of a
much
COILS.
69
tension
Fig. 53.
Spark Induction
Coil.
the two
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
70
25.
Experiments with Spark Induction Coils.
In the book mentioned in the preceding section, the
author could not, for want of space, describe the many
experiments which might be performed with spark
induction coils.
Some of the most simple may be
air,
aid of a
Henley discharger,
coil.
named
One such
after the
name
of its inventor.
COILS.
71
rod.
The
sliding
rods must
have
insulating-
when
Fig. 54.
when
8x2
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
72
and
fixed as
them.
1.
are
Deflagration of Wire.
Deflagration experiments
the most simple that can be performed with
among
a good spark
between them.
b.
Lessen the
becomes white
hot,
when
it
will
Place a piece of
Deflagration of Metal Filings.
ebonite, or of gutta-percha, on the insulated table be2.
finely
sifted metal filings over the surface, switch the coil into
action, and bring the points of the dischargers to the
edge of the
filings
on each
side.
Some
of the filings
be
fired,
COILS.
73
Various metal
characteristic of the metal being fired.
filings should be tried, and mixtures of the several metals
a variety of results.
Deflagration of Metal Foil.
will give
3.
card.
may
foil,
By
Lay a
tinfoil,
and
By tracing a pattern
cleanly pierced, charred holes.
or words on the paper with a pencil, and moving the
paper under the discharger point to follow the pencil
may be thus prepared. Thin card
be employed instead of paper, but more time must
tracing, a stencil
may
be allowed for the sparks to pierce the card. A portable insulated discharger connected to the secondary
terminal by flexible wire cord, may be used as a stylus
with advantage in this and similar experiments.
a. Lay a sheet of glass on the
5. Electric Stars,
table, and on this a sheet of tinfoil in contact with one
of the discharger points.
Set the
coil in
action,
and
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
74
break up into diverging rays, and perform a sinuous movement over the tinfoil, b. Remove
the tinfoil and slightly moisten the surface of the
glass, then bring the points to bear on the moistened
of sparks will
The sparks
will ap-
Fig. 55.
of
Fixed Discharger.
Arborescent Figures.
Smoke a metal plate until
surface becomes dead black, then lay it on the table
with its blackened surface uppermost, and its edge in
6.
its
water.
When
the
coil is
will
figures.
COILS.
75
different
procurable, they may be used alternately,
material.
different
of
on
plates
patterns being produced
periments
arm over
when
the
coil is in action.
If a special glass is
prepared
that water
to either
(in
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
76
air.
c.
Fig. 56.
to
a mere speck or
tip of platinum.
in a cork
up
bung
or in the
mouthed
Fig. 56.
When
to the other
COILS.
77
The sparks
will
and their tint be modified by varying the distance between the points, b. Oil may also be employed instead
of Avater to demonstrate the comparative conductivity
If a drop or globule of oil be placed
of these mediums.
which
On
will
appear as
if
in a state of effervescence.
is
on the
plate.
go on until
ELEGTBIGAL EXPERIMENTS.
78
the taper a
The sparks
little,
will
relighted,
will
Forms of Sparks.
The form of the
an
induction coil may be modified in
sparks
several ways.
a. The stream may be bent out of its
course by interposing a piece of thick gutta-percha,
10. Modified
from
COILS.
79
when
of the gutta-percha,
like form.
d.
By
it
will
Only
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
80
due to the
in
their line of
action.
If
little
or no resistance
is
small quantity of very fine boxwood saw-dust, lycopodium, flour of sulphur, or other light non-conducting
powder on a plate of opal glass, and form it into a small
size
of
them.
powder moving as
glass.
is also
if
COILS.
81
It will be seen that there is a real transference of the particles across the heap from one side
to the other, but the rate of impulsion is more deter-
particles.
mined
to
the other.
particles
Fig. 57.
line
of
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
82
13. Lichtenberg' s
Electric
Bust Figures.
The
me-
Fig. 58.
An
resin or of wax, or a plate of ebonite or of glass.
iron point connected with one discharger of a coil is
held over the cake of resin placed on the operating
table in connection with the other discharger, and the
ft
t
I
Fig. 59.
Positive
Dust Figure.
cake
and
is
flour sulphur is
COILS.
83
the bag
Fig. 60.
Electric
Gas Lighter.
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
84
2
in
some of
its details,
tric gas-lighters.
to
similar hole
must be
drilled
COILS.
85
coil
to the
and
Fig. 61.
Electric Fuse.
etc.,
many
devices,
named
This
past, and
have been invented
many years
electric fuses,
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
86
made by
way
Separate and clean both ends of the wires from guttapercha and bend one end as shown in Fig. 61, that is in
the form of a pair of horns, with the two ends nearly
Place this part of the cable in the cartridge
touching.
fit
the
case,
plug in tight, then make it water-tight with
Fill the case with gunpowder, and close the
a water-tight plug of gutta-percha, coated
end
with
open
varnish.
COILS.
87
An
imitation of this useful fuse mayconstructing a cartridge case as for the pre-
Statham's Fuse.
be made by
inside slightly
ceding experiment, but with the wires
Procure a 6-inch length of No. 20 electric
modified.
bell line wire, with an inner coating of vulcanised
rubber, double this on itself, leaving a small loop or eye
Remove the outer coating from this loop,
at one end.
Cut the
but be careful not to injure the inner coating.
wire clean in two with a pair of shears or scissors, and
Fold a tuft of gun-cotton over
leave a gap of j-inch.
this gap, and over the wire still retaining the inner
in the case
coating of rubber, then enclose the whole
this fuse
may be made
more suited
to the
Decomposition
induced current obtainable from the secondary of an
induction coil is intermittent and alternating, or has a
unequal force and
duration when the points of the dischargers are placed
of
is
two ends
positive
and negative.
That
is
interposed between
resistance, and the
by
be definitely
say, the forward
found
to
to
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
88
movement
Dissolve a large
coil.
On setting the coil in action, it will be seen that
metallic copper has been deposited on one
piece of carbon, whilst the other is unaffected. This shows that
it
is
COILS.
89
tion,
copper
end of each for connection with the coil, and iinch of the other ends for connection to two
platinum
of one
wires
1 inch in
Solder the platinum wires to
length.
the bared ends of the copper wires, and coat the
joint
with gutta-percha, or a water - resisting
compound.
Fig. C2.
Fill the
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
90
On
setting
experiments in decomposition
various acid and
saline
may be attempted
with
solutions.
acidulated with sulphuric acid, the eff ects will vary with
the quantity of acid present in the water, the distance
of the platinum points from each other, their position,
and
The
or a glass cylinder
A very pretty
COILS.
91
the point
is
may be
traced on
the paper.
30.
jars
may
Coil.
Leyden
The instruments
coil.
are
bottles similar to pickle bottles, coated inside and outside with tinfoil, and fitted with ball-pointed rods to
in
teurs," p.
To charge a Leyden
jar
On
coating of the jar at some little distance from it.
a
static
setting the coil in action, the jar will receive
charge, and may be discharged in the usual manner
with insulated discharging tongs.
A Battery of Leyden Jars may be charged by a large
Connect the lining of
coil in the following manner
:
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
92
to
the
coil.
An
battery will receive a static charge from the coil.
conbe
tried
by
interesting variation experiment may
necting a Leyden jar on an insulated stand as a loop, or
That is to say,
in shunt, with a pair of dischargers.
the outer coating is connected by a wire to one terminal
of the coil, and the knob of the jar to the other terminal, both discharger points being also connected to
The Leyden jar forms a supplementary
the terminals.
condenser to the
coil,
and receives a
static
charge from
the secondary coil, much the same as the tinfoil condenser receives a similar chai'ge from the primary.
This charge is discharged across the points in unison
from a
coil,
we
jars
are
With
alone.
performed
COILS.
93
31.
Vacuo.
Experiments
In
induction
with
coil.
Electric
Sparks
in
we
between
each other.
in the globe,
fied,
and beautiful
effects follow
^-inch in diameter
Some
of these
and 3 inches
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
94
COILS.
95
in a smooth
cap, furnished with a metal rod, terminating
knob 1 inch inside the bulb, and furnished with a neck
Fig. 63.
and
By making
Various
the
Striae.
as
therein, a binding screw may be fitted to this part,
shown in the sketch. The two caps must be secured to
the glass by shellac or some other strong cement, and
the joints
made
perfectly air-tight.
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
96
and colour of the sparks will undergo beautiful variaeach withdrawal of air, until a certain stage
of exhaustion has been reached, when the light will
fade altogether, d. Whilst performing the preceding
experiments, we shall have noted the spark having a
tions with
when
mauve
tint
mained
in the bulb.
tints.
into the
COILS.
97
through
this gas.
experiment,
a rose or a deep orange tint from nitrogen, and a pale
green from carbon dioxide, e. Another variety of tints
by placing a little
wool, and holding
it
magnet
light.
different forms of
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
per
t 'ectro-magnets and the electric
h. If electrodes
egg.
of iron are substituted for brass, the
sparks will be
white, those from copper, green, from silver, blue, and
Gassiot's Cascade.
invention of
M.
Fig. 64.
Gassiot's Cascade.
COILS.
99
goblet.
down
appears to
fill
struction here
some
and
some
beautiproduce
glass in some parts of
to other forms,
the apparatus.
When the glass is stained with uranium,
the stream of fire assumes a green tint, and the
goblet
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
100
electric
As
a substitute, a well-fitting
egg
cork bung may be used, with a piece of soft leather
glued to its upper surface and pierced with a hole to
previously described.
fit a
glass tube enclosing the brass rod, which
must be long enough to reach the bottom of the receiver.
A goblet must be next secured, and its inside
exactly
This
goblet
receiver),
coil
with
its
At
first
come
clearer
upwards,
fill
COILS.
101
effects of
an
tubes are
and
it
vacuum
is
not desir-
when
such bulbs
may
.^3
of
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
102
may
also
some
of
in the
annexed
figures.
still
tubes.
Beautiful effects
Fig. 66.
rarefied
Various Forms
of
Vacuum Tubes.
For instance, a
in Geissler tubes.
rarefied nitrogen will show a brush
tinted light at the positive electrode,
tube
containing
of red
or
rose-
and a light-blue
rings or discs,
in
If
bright layers.
COILS.
103
as
shown
row part
may
thin
pipes,
the
bulbs
containing
mercury, powdered calcium, or some
other substances, which are made
As
guide to
intending
chasers, I herewith
pur-
append descrip-
them.
.
,
,
,
between
Fi s- 67.
Appearance of
Strire in a
Contracted
Vacuum Tube.
104
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
Tubes.
These
resemble the
compound
<>3^v^^
Fig. 68.
Various Forms of
Vacuum
Tubes.
it.
In some,
COILS.
105
twisted in the form of a spiral or zigzag, in others a compound is formed of alternating short
pieces of zigzag or spiral tube, and small bulbs con-
is
nected together.
is
mounted
OE
^fe
Fig. 69.
thin
106
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
Several bulbs
may be
&
D0LL0ND
Fig. 70.
COILS.
107
giving
inch and over this length, unless the
platinum wires
are very stout.
Tubes of 6 inches or more, or long
convoluted tubes may be worked with larger coils ; but
1
no definite rule can be laid down to guide us in adapting the length of tube to the size of coil, unless it bo
that of the safe carrying capacity of the platinum wires
ends of the tubes. If these get hot, the tube
at the
If this is not
done, a
may
much bent
or twisted.
off,
the tube
is
Winter or Wimshurst
electric
machine.
108
33.
Tesla's Experiments
newspapers and
Our rooms
will
be electrical
fields of
rapidly
being necessary."
not in any
discoverer.
COILS.
109
may be
vacuum
tube.
Put the
coil
on a
table,
and
set
it
in
vacuum tube
in one
it
the hand
will pass
any part
of the
apparatus.
If the resistance
of the
is
of
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
110
The experiment may also be tried with incandescent electric lamps. It is only necessary to connect one terminal of the lamp to the positive discharger,
and hold the lamp in one hand whilst the other is
success.
as or better than
effects
may be
tinfoil
pasted
Vacuum Tubes.
very pretty exbe
tubes
vacuum
with
performed by
may
periment
whilst the
of
rate
at
a
them
of
one
speed
high
rotating
induced current from a coil is passing through the
The streak of light is then multiplied into
tube.
34.
Rotating
credited to
M.
It will
to a pulley made to
revolve at a high rate of speed by means of suitable
wheels and bands. The third requirement is met by
mounting two metal rings on the wooden hub of the
COILS.
Ill
rings of the
hub
Fig. 71.
Gassiot Star
Hand
Rotator.
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
112
by means
Fig. 72.
Electric
Eing Kotator.
Fig. 73.
vacuum
is sufficiently
work
is
the purpose.
At Figs. 72 to 76 are shown some forms of electric
COILS.
113
Fig. 74.
Crank Motion.
circuit is closed.
H. Dale, who
have the electro-magnets fixed, and the iron ring to
move around them. At Fig. 74 is shown an electric
rotator with crank motion worked by a lever attached
This is
to the movable armature of an electro-magnet.
sold for 18s. Qd.
Any
may be employed
vacuum tubes
if
mounted
i
114
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
Fig. 75.
Bowron's Electric
Ilotator.
1 Is.
1 7s. 6d. Messrs. King, Mendham & Co. sell a small
motor of this type, manufactured by them for a similar
purpose. This can be altered to serve the purpose of
a vacuum tube rotator, and
may be worked by
current
cells
The
1 10s.
price
Those
is
of
my
COILS.
115
readers
to
make a
small
S.
Fig. 76.
King,
Mendham &
Co.'s Electric
&
Co.
Fan.
Tubes.
sections
experi-
vacuum
the
title of
"
From Plenum to
Electricity in Transitu
the substance of a presidential address
Vacuum; being
116
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
at a
meeting of
Engineers."
The student
may
also
find
s
H
a
p
o
e3
>
a
vacuum tubes
the
in
tricity
" Elec-
in
Service of
&
Co.
beautiful
-t-3
CD
effect of
o
CD
a
to
S3
CD
a
a
a
<D
0<
showing the
permanent mag-
experiment
taken
tubes,
from
this
obtained
an
electric
dis-
rarefied
charge through
gases without the use of
electrodes.
vacuum tube
cury)
along
thread.
An
induced
a thread of mer-
taining
coiled
it,
four
times
primary discharge,
show
strise
COILS.
as in the ordinary
117
vacuum
tube experiments.
36.
sent through
living
animal
tissues,
such as the
If this
should
the
persons for
the
purpose of
amusement
is
strongly
to
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
118
force
of
sistances
in
circuit
volume of current
are
sufficient
to pass
is
resistance of say
that which obtains in the coin
little
or no
company
to the
fingers
any
the water.
Some owners
COILS.
119
promulgated.
Such shocks are not good for the nerves of any one,
and may be positively injurious to weak persons of a
sensitive temperament.
For this reason I do not
Fig. 78.
coils
as a
to test the
little
on other people.
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
120
79.
strips of insulated
Long
coils.
copper
Coil No. 1
coils.
Fig. 79.
No. 3
above
Mounted
coil,
it.
con-
if a person grasps
with
the wire coil.
The copper
the handles connected
ribbon coils may be placed vertically side by side or
face to face
results.
Coils
for
this
CHAPTER
IV.
The Production
37.
of Static Electricity.
Al-
known
natural force
the best of
respecting
its
its
to us
nature.
We
flood of
Electricity
What is it ? Hence, although advanced thinkers readily concede that the force, in whatever form it is found or however produced, is always
the same thing, many of them still cling to terms which
one
or
static
The
close relation of
rubbing
it
121
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
122
identical
this
much
they behave
is
the
name given
to the
magnetic
charge.
to
It is named static because electricity is supbe at rest in those charged bodies, but the
posed
term " bound electricity" is also applied to this condition.
As this condition is induced by friction, it is named
" frictional
It is produced by suitable
electricity."
machines and apparatus about to be described.
38.
Simple Producers of Electricity. From the
time when Thales rubbed a piece of amber with silk,
present
under the
electron,
it
power
of
at-
name
of electricity,
a word
derived from
123
physician to
Fig. 80.
Experiment
to
Electrified
If
a rod of sealing-
Rod
wax be
when (obeying
charge,
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
124
Substances that
receive
fail to
material,
may be
material.
On warming
winter's evening.
of a
room
for a
Another winter
On briskly stroking
well-defined depression in the fur.
the back of the cat in frosty weather, a large quantity
of electricity may be produced, of sufficient high tension to cause crackling sparks,
visible
darkened room.
The animal
suffers
some
125
dis-
same evidence of
electricity
may be produced on
the
same ex-
on
its
coat
show streaks
when groomed
in a
dark
of electric light
stable, or
even
when
its
existence,
it
will
be advisable to notice
varieties.
Pith-Ball Electroscopes. It will be seen on referring to the previous section, that a rod of sealing-wax,
when rubbed, has an attractive condition imparted to
1.
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
126
particles
are
It
repelled.
making a
As the
pith of
young elder
shoots,
when
of other English
dry, has a larger diameter than that
for the purpose
selected
material
it
is
the
usually
trees,
of
making
pith balls.
spherical shape
is
selected,
may be
Pith
razor.
The
of ebonite, to
silk
end of which
is
hardwood, as
Instrument
Making."
Pith-ball
electroscopes
are
made
support with one pith ball
insulated
hook. 2.
to
the
support
only suspended
side
with two pith balls suspended
by side, or two
balls suspended to them.
parallel supports with two pith
3. Two pith balls balanced on the ends of a straw and
in three forms.
1.
Published by Whittaker
&
Co., at 3s.
127
letters,
light
Pig. 81.
Goid-Leaf Electroscope.
If
inside a bottle
128
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
nating at the lower end by a clip for holding the goldleaf strips and at the other end by a brass knob, a sharp
Two strips of tinfoil should be
point, or a brass disc.
facilitate
instrument, together
129
of the case.
carrying at
s
Fig. 82.
at the
end of a short
130
ELEGTBIGAL EXPERIMENTS.
marks on the glass, as shown in the figure, or a cardboard disc graduated in 360 divisions to the circle is
fastened to the base of the instrument under the pointer.
If the instrument is to be used for magnetic
experiments, the light shellac rod is replaced by a light steel
magnet. The price of such an instrument, as given in
Messrs. King, Mendham & Co.'s list, is from 3 15s. to
Fig. 83.
and Lever's
There are also
several other forms of electrometers besides Coulomb's
Torsion Balance, among the most important being Sir
Wm. Thomson's Electrometer, and his absolute ElectroCotterell's
Electroscope,
price
4s.
6d. }
10s. 6d.
131
meter,
teresting experiments
may be performed
with electro-
scopes.
1.
Rub
Fig. 84.
The
and present
it
Eod
of
to a
be
at-
Sealing-Wax.
is
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
132
be attracted at
same
when presented
as
first,
to electi'ified sealing-wax.
But,
and
electrified,
silk, etc.,
became
this
the
taking from
133
a catskin
"
''
vitreous
Franklin, are
to describe
cular
still
"
positive
representing the condition
assumed by vitreous substances when excited, and
"
"negative representing the condition of the molecules
matter,
tive conditions.
3.
a pith
ball, it
will
conditions exist,
and,
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
134
rubbed substance.
in this
The
electroscope.
Flannel.
7.
Silk.
Sealing- Wax.
12. Resin.
3.
Ivory.
8.
Wood.
13. Sulphur.
4.
Rock
5.
Glass.
1.
Catskin.
6.
2.
Crystal. 9.
10.
Cotton.
11.
14. Gutta-Percha.
Copper.
India-Rubber. 15. Gun-Cotton.
8)
must be dry.
Rub
piece
ivory
It will
it
will
135
if
smeared with
electric
amalgam, they
and a piece of indiarubber be pressed together, the cork will become posiIf a piece of
tively and the rubber negatively excited.
metal be rubbed with any other substance, the electricity
will escape by the hand and body almost as rapidly as
temperatures.
it is
If a piece of cork
formed, because
all
if
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
136
flannel, or silk,
and
be observed by
handkerchief.
On
two
rod
is
presented, thus showing that
conditions exist in the two materials.
different
A similar
will follow
from
the
presentation of
the
result
electrified
hair,
sent
them
spark
to the disc.
Rub
a sheet
137
up their
positive charge to
the hand.
Fig. 85.
observed until he
is
Insulating Stool.
given
is
also small.
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
138
an
generators of static electricity, is the electrophorus,
instrument invented by Volta, and shown in one of its
forms at Fig. 86. It consists of a cake of resin, or a
cake of a mixture of beeswax, resin, and shellac run
having a diameter
of
of
from
1 to
Fig. 86.
Electropborua.
and sulphuric
of water) is
it is
acids,
deemed
in
an abundance
practically indestructible,
results.
139
instruments,
ones may be
at
a cost of about
made
student himself.
this,
much
42.
to order, or
by dealers
Is.
in electrical
per inch.
Larger
may be made by
the
by doing
How
electrical
imparted
to the
tinfoil.
An
cake of resin by
To use
must be connected
ments, this
is
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
140
This
may be
and again
jar,
much
chain
is
When
the electrophorus
is
floor,
improved, and a
effected by providing an
the circuit
further improvement
is
is
when
the chain
is
141
hand.
are obtained
warmed before
43.
it is
when
the instrument
is
slightly
used.
a good electrophorus,
still further extended.
the
We
Fig. 87.
With
of
experiments is
range
can cause attraction and
Proof Plane.
we can charge Ley den jars and condensers, and perform many of the experiments in which high-tension
The proof plane
sudden discharges are employed.
small
a
is
merely
electrophorus cover, or tiny
(Fig. 87)
disc of sheet metal attached to an insulating rod of glass,
It is used in the same way as
of shellac, or of ebonite.
the
of
the cover
electrophorus, to draw off small charges
142
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
Fig. 88.
jecting
143
Fig. 89.
Biot's
to the outsides of
2. Biot's
Experiment.
This
may be
further proved by
On charging
sphere,
144
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
to
to the
sulating stand (see Fig. 90), then tie a silk thread
Fig. 90.
it
so as to
with
have the
electricity.
On
a proof plane
testing the outside of the net by holding
an
to
electroscope,
to it, and presenting the proof plane
the outside of the net will be found to be charged with
But if the cone
inside is neutral.
electricity, whilst the
silken
string, the
is turned inside- out by pulling the
still be
and
charge will pass from one side to the other,
as long as the
be
found outside. This
may
repeated
145
Fig. 91.
Insulated Metal
Cup and
That an
Eleotroscope.
electric
charge will
pass through supposed insulating substances, may be
Procure a
illustrated by the following experiment.
4.
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
146
knob
of a gold-leaf electroscope.
rod or to a thread of silk,
sliellac
it
Fig. 92.
On
introducing
the electrified ball into the metal vessel, the leaves of the
electroscope will be seen to diverge, thus showing that
the charge has passed from the ball to the metal cylin-
This
and
117
If
slioAvn
ing
it
immediately collapse.
__J9lS3II!13=:
Fig. 93.
5.
or other hard
stand.
On
drill five
T\-inch holes, to
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
148
Fig. 94.
out a cover.
Get
to pieces
the cylinder.
Holding the insulating support in one
and
hand,
bringing the cylinder in a vertical position,
with its lower end over the electrophorus, as shown in
149
charge ;
still wider; thus
showing that the whole cylinder is
inductively charged with electricity, and the extremities,
as well as the central portion, exhibit all the peculiarities of a charged steel magnet with opposite poles
Fig.
%.
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
150
rubbing
it
therefore be
The condition
with
silk.
then
mount
this
with
tinfoil.
151
the
Fig. 96.
Leyden
Jar.
the top.
The mouth
of the jar
is
Leyden
clearly
is
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
152
When
the jar
is
placed in a
electric battery,
which
Fig. 97.
is
a continuous sheet
named a "spotted
the
known tendency
153
wooden cover
inside
may be
tinfoil.
Fig. 99.
Fig. 98.
Jar.
whether the
static
charge
is
It consists of
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
154
Leyden
from
8s.
jars.
The
prices of ordinary
a ^-pint
jar, measuring 4
Qd. for a 2-quart jar, measuring 10
teries
2. for
Fig. 100.
6c/.
from
size.
in.
up
to
according to
jars run
x 2 in., up to
Batin. x 5 in.
Leyden
and
4s. Qd.
each.
With a
Experiments with Leyden Jars.
a
of
large variety
charged Leyden jar,
experiments
45.
155
1.
Deflagration of Wire.
Metal Filings.
3.
Deflagration of
2.
Deflagration
Metal
Foil.
4.
Ignition experiments.
Lighting Gas. 6. Exploding
and
Electric
Pistols or Mortars.
Besides
Fuses,
Firing
5.
ingenious contrivance
It
pressure.
injected in
into a jar,
is
not a fluid in
itself,
Whatever
nor can
it
in a
Leyden
is
with the
size of jar,
The condition
same
much
One
the
of its
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
156
much
of the material
extent of
its
employed
There
fully charged if placed on an insulating support.
must be a complete chain of conductors between its
outer and inner coating, so as to form a complete circuit,
although, to ensure success, some of these must be such
bad conductors as glass, and the human body. To
demonstrate this, place a Leyden jar on an insulating
support near the prime conductor of an electric machine.
When within striking distance of the machine, one or
two sparks will be seen to pass from the conductor to
the knob of the jar, and the inner coating will receive a
faint charge, but the outer coating will
be unaffected.
Now
means
of a piece of sheet
the
157
Fig. 101.
all
together
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
158
(as
by
shown
When
we wish
Lane's Electrometer.
Fig. 103.
The whole
at the
series
named charging
Leyden
jars
in
this
in cascade.
cascade,
source
method
are
shown
in the
annexed
and Magnetism.
The capacity
glass offers too much resistance to the charge. According to Wheatstone, the quantity of electricity which
jar,
is
159
of
quadrant electrometer
(Fig.
83, p.
130), attached
to
through
air space, or
circuit
Fig. 104.
the
to the
ball
rises as the
instrument
is
This
charge increases in the jar.
Gel.
Lane's electrometer is
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
160
wards withdrawn
to a striking distance
The quantity of electricity in the charged jar, is determined by the number of sparks passing- between Lane's
Lane's instrument,
jar and the knob of the metal arm.
costs from
10s. 6d. to
15s.
Harris'
Qd.
unit jar or
Fig. 105.
the
unit
phial
first
receives a
it
number
of unit charges.
certain
quantity of
This is
into the jar.
deemed to have a suf-
The
price of Harris'
is
161
of a
jar.
charged,
is
this insulating
medium
is
quite sufficient to
knob on top
is
If,
whilst
the jar to our knuckles, because the body forms a conductor and completes the circuit of conductors. If the
jar stands on an ordinary table, uninsulated from the
ground, and
its
knob
is
If
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
162
withdrawn
in small quantities.
These experiments may
with
small
On no account
be
performed
jars.
only
should we attempt to take a charge from a large jar, or
a battery of jars, as the sudden shock to the nerves by
the passage of a large volume of current at a high
tension, is likely to have disagreeable and injurious
results.
3.
On account
of this danger,
becomes necessary to use specially insulated instruments in experiments with Ley den jars, and these
it
Fig. 106.
Discharging Tongs.
instruments
glass handle.
163
first
discharge, a
feeble second
instrument
adjusted to
a nicety
whilst approaching
instead of points as terminals to all electro-static instruments, because best effects are obtained from knobs,
the spark from a point being small and of a feeble
character,
electric
and
all
and
draw
off
silently.
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
164
little
shock or a spark.
When
the form of
Fig. 107.
Henley's discharger.
This
is
substituting
as required.
knobbed terminals
shown
in the
annexed
figure,
costs
25s. 6d.
This
is
165
Fig. 108.
Fig. 109.
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
166
or the instrument
to
an
an extra charge. The central table has its foot embedded in paraffin wax contained in a glass jar, and
thus a high insulation
instrument is 1 5s. 6d.
is
attained.
The
price of this
Bottone's
Fig. 110.
Electrical Chimes.
"
Electricity
price
3s. 6d.
&
Co.,
jar
on a
London,
107
stand, as
on a
pillar
near
it.
The
pillar stands
this bell,
to a fibre of cocoon
suspended
on a strip of
tinfoil in
contact
When
the jar is
with the outer coating of the jar.
to itself,
ball
metal
charged, its bell will attract the
which then becomes charged positively, and, as a consequence, will be repelled against the negatively charged
bell on the pillar this in turn will give up a part of its
negative charge to the ball and repel it toward the jar.
;
Fig. 111.
Electric Mortar.
a
or
of
of
168
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
Fig. 112.
Insulated Cup.
Fig. 113.
169
various substances, such as powder, gun-cotton, lycopodium, etc., as described in the experiments with in-
coils,
may be
shown
at
at
Fig. 114.
113
Insulated Table.
experiment of
piercing a card or a piece of glass by discharging a
Leyden jar through a card or glass placed horizontally
between the two vertical knobs shown in the figure.
Fig.
is
effect is ob-
tained.
A thunderstorm is caused
Imitation Lightning.
of
electric
an
accumulation
charge in clouds, which
by
form condensers similar to massive Leyden jars and
7.
170
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
when some
of
electricity at a
Leyden
jars,
spark in
air.
If,
resistance lies
a chain of
means
of
" thunder-houses."
171
chimney, but
tinfoil strip
is
rests.
i.e.
to
touch the
The end
of this
and
Fig. 115.
Thuuder-House.
To
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
172
Hie^
Fig. 116.
Static Magnetizer.
When the
cloud, connected to a charged Leyden jar.
within
comes
distance
of the
mast of the ship
striking
cloud, the circuit
and a
By
flash,
is
completed, there
the exercise of a
effects of the
discharge
little
is
is
a sharp crack
at once dismasted.
may be combined
may be exploded
in the
173
house
or in the ship.
8.
magnetizing a
Fig.
steel rod
by the discharge
Magnetizer
from a Leyden jar. It consists of a helix of copper
wire furnished with terminal knobs, mounted on an insulated stand. A hardened steel bar is placed in the
for
form of condenser
is
may
all
the
effects
also
coil.
Condensers of Electricity. All the effects obtained from a Leyden jar, may also be obtained from a
46.
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
174
induction
in
"
Electrical Instrument
Fig. 117.
47.
Making,"
Among
Fig. 118.
con-
Discharging
Fulminating Pane.
Pane,
which was simply a pane of glass coated on both sides
densers,
with
tinfoil to
within
inch of
its
175
were, a Leyden jar flattened out; Fizeau's Condenser, described in the books above mentioned; and
the Microfarad Condenser, which is simply a Fizeau
as
it
size
is
very useful
compactness, lightness, and portability.
of
thin sheet
be
constructed
condenser
may
temporary
as
in
Fizeau's
and
tinfoil
alternately arranged
glass
When we
a proof plane,
when
it
will
and outer coating has been charg-ed, and also that the
glass itself takes and retains a charge of electricity.
After some practice
Electrical Machines.
47.
with an electrophorus in charging Leyden jars and condensers, we shall find the experiment somewhat tedious
and laborious, because it takes a great deal of time and
labour to get even a moderate charge into a Leyden
We shall also desire a more
jar from an electrophorus.
continuous current than can be obtained from jars and
condensers with their momentary discharges. This has
been the experience of experimenters who have passed
176
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
their labours.
Fig. 119.
Wimshurst
Electrical Influence
Machine.
177
Little pro-
R. Bottone.
may be
The
be obtained from dealers at reasonable rates.
1
10s. for
machines
from
Wimshurst
of
vary
prices
the smallest size, up to 24 for large machines, with
six 30-inch plates, capable of giving over 12-inch sparks
in air.
M
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
178
48.
Working
In
warm
plates
them.
readily charge itself, a gentle rub with a silk handkerchief on one or both pillars will provide the necessary
start.
The following instructions for adjusting and
The
neutralizing rod.
brushes on the opposite sides of the neutralizing rods
must touch the sectors on opposite sides of the centre of
metallic
contact
with
the
each plate at the same time. If the rods are not of the
proper shape to cause the brushes to touch the sectors
in this way, they should be bent into the proper shape.
"In
179
it
rule
also
applies
to
multiple
plate
machines.
The
jar.
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
180
49.
Machine.
outer coating presented to the machine, the outer coating will receive a positive, and the inner a negative
charge. The jar, or a battery of jars, may be charged
Wimshurst machines
Leyden
jars.
These rest
in
machine.
to obtain
If
brilliancy.
spotted
that those coated great
with diamond-shaped patches of
be charged in this way, the
of sparks
is,
tinfoil
effects
beautiful.
jars
50.
with
Experiments
Electrical
181
Machines.
Leyden
jars,
Fig. 120.
Arrangement
of Tinfoil
Fig. 121.
Spangled Tube.
Luminous
Tube.
Procure
glass
tube about
electric
machine whilst in
182
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
will pass
Fig. 122.
Luminous Pane
in connection with
Electric Machine.
Prime Conductor
of
183
mount the
a darkened room.
in
in
cut in
the
strips
of
light will
tinfoil,
number
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
181
knob.
is
Luminous Jar.
ordinary
way except a
Leyden
jar
is
prepared in the
185
strip of tinfoil
very pretty
effect.
Miscellaneous Luminous
vacuum tubes
machine,
when they
will
in our hands,
and
conductors of the
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
186
action, in
fact
that the
air
of
the room
is
If
Fig. 123.
aurora effects
Flask
(Fig.
may be
123)
to
Beautiful
Aurora Flask.
All the
6. Heating Effects
of Electric Discharges.
heating effects of electric discharges, as noticed in
Chapter III., when dealing with the induced current
coils,
may
also
187
Fig. 121.
jars, as
ratus.
noticed in the sections devoted to these appaGas may be lit, fuses fired, metal deflagrated,
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
188
The
with the thumb, as shown in the illustration.
insulated
stem
the
of
the
to
is
current
by
tip
conveyed
Fig. 125.
wires,
Kinnersley's
An
illustrated description of
of this machine is given in
Mechanical
differ
but very
p. 195.
These
Discharges.
of
effects
mechanical
the
from
addition
In
at high pressure.
Effects of Electric
little
when
dealing
189
Fig. 126.
Electric Whirl.
bent
Fig. 127.
at
nearly right
The
Electric Orrery.
knob
of brass
190
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
The
The
main arm
it
conductor.
similarly to the
to revolve
101
One of these
must be connected by a piece of brass chain with the
Fig. 128.
state
number
women
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
192
Electrical Insects.
By
the
exercise of a
little
in-
suspended
fragments
cocoon silk between insulated pillars and insulated
Fig. 129.
Electric Chimes.
Pig. 130.
Dummy Head
of Hair.
tively,
shown
influence of
swing from one bell to another under the
193
method
shown
at Fig.
130,
when
the figure
is
un-
stiff
as
if
The
apparatus on
animal tissues, are precisely the same as those from
For instance, if we
other generators of electricity.
effects of discharges
from
static electrical
felt,
is
delivered at
o
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
194
machine
faster.
The
the handle
the
or
be
coil,
and become
in-
static elec-
electricity
much
the hair on
it
dummy head
teresting experiment to
formed, which
Electric Kiss.
per-
The
195
person charged, may challenge a member of the opposite sex to dare to steal a kiss.
If the challenge is
accepted,
effect,
and both
received such a
will
warm
osculatory salute.
Experiments
be recommended.
a stinging
Leyden
them.
what
to expect
from
obtained
from
articles
on experiments
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
196
with
xxvi.
and a long
taker
&
Co.
many
of
CHAPTER
V.
ELECTROLYTIC EXPERIMENTS.
52.
This
Electrolysis.
"
is
thei-efore
bodies.
portion
divided
When
or particle)
same as water
stances
may
is
electrolysed.
Some compound
be electrolysed whilst
197
in
sub-
a state of fusion,
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
198
of
them
it
is
for electrolytic
solutions of
compound
substances.
Electric
current.
the
is
nature of
the
determined by the
current
for
electrolytic
say, for
illustration,
one moment
ELECTROLYTIC EXPERIMENTS.
199
purposes,
electrolysis.
Electrolysis
of
battery.
If required for
longer experiments,
it
should
be driven by a belt from a gas-engine, oil-engine, watermotor, model steam-engine, or other similar source of
motive power. Small dynamos suitable for this purpose
are described and illustrated in Mr. Bottone's books,
" Electrical Instrument
Making,"
How Made
Published by Whittaker
&
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
200
The apparatus
attempted.
on which
made
rests
water-tight,
Fig. 131.
is
U-Tube Voltmeter.
Fig. 132.
Voltmeter on Stand.
Two
ELECTROLYTIC EXPERIMENTS.
201
gases given
hydrogen
Fig. 133.
Section of Voltmeter.
is
With
a stronger
decompose the
is
absolutely necessary to
is
and some
at the
decomposed
peroxide of hydrogen
For
pense of some of the liberated oxygen.
is
ex-
exact
therefore,
the
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
202
trolled, to
The E.M.F.
As
the resistance
force,
Faraday
electric
construction
its
that
water
current,
could
was invented
honour
ELECTROLYTIC EXPERIMENTS.
tained in the instrument.
off
is
203
of
also
governed
oxygen given
by the same rule. Now, as the quantity of electricity
passing through a resistance of one ohm in one second,
Avill liberate '000158 grain of hydrogen, and one grain
of
its
of space.
The voltameter
may be
filled
marks
to
show
at once the
passes a bent glass tube leading to a glass collector inverted in a trough of mercury, and marked with etched
graduations to indicate the volume of mixed gas liberated in the larger vessel.
Procure a
55.
Electrolysis of Coloured Fluids.
glass tube, from 12 to 15 inches in length, and having
a bore of from -f to 1 inch.
Carefully warm it in the
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
204
let it cool
stance.
When
cut in a
heavy slab
the instrument.
of
This
is
interesting.
1
Sectional Elevation of a U-Tube.
Fig. 134.
1.
tint.
2 volts.
porcelain
cup
immersed
in
made
suitable, or a cell
acidulated water.
As soon
as the elec-
ELECTROLYTIC EXPERIMENTS.
205
tint, whilst
power
is
increased,
Iodide of
electrodes to a battery as before mentioned.
starch will be formed at the positive pole, and will give
the solution a beautiful purple tint, whilst potassium will
affect
in water,
will
Repeat the experiment with nitrate of potash disin water and tinted with tincture of litmus.
Nitric acid will be liberated at the positive pole and
4.
solved
mains unaffected.
red in one limb, whilst the other reAll the foregoing experiments may
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
206
by
Fig. 135.
5.
Wineglass Experiment.
in the
Fig. 135, so that the ends of the cotton dip into all
three glasses. Now place one platinum electrode con-
ELECTROLYTIC EXPERIMENTS.
electrode in the other end glass.
207
delicate variation
through them.
56.
Electrolysis
of Metallic
Salts.
When
an
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
208
the radical S
pole.
metallic
salt,
is
set
free
at the
positive pole.
The
an electro-depositing arrangement is
named an " anode," from Greek words meaning the
positive pole of
"way
into
" or "
down
into," because
it is
the
way by
which the
named
is
ELECTROLYTIC EXPERIMENTS.
209
in the electrolyte, as when platinum is employed in a solution of copper sulphate, or they may be
insoluble
is
employed as
may be
of the
named an
effect
the
decomposition
vary in proportion to the bond of
the
base
to its radical, and the affinity
affinity holding
of this for any other base introduced into the solution.
will
When
is
is
simply
ELEGTEIGAL EXPERIMENTS.
210
of
dissolving
one
of the
metals,
a coat of copper by
may be noted
here, however,
that although brass is electro-positive to platinum, it is
not sufficiently so to cause a deposit of copper on
platinum when both are immersed as a pair in a sulphate
electro-deposition.
ELECTROLYTIC EXPERIMENTS.
211
very pretty
effect
on the
silver plate.
2. Deposition of Silver.
Simple deposition of silver by
chemical interchange, occurs when copper, or zinc, or
common brass is immersed in a solution of silver salts,
the radical of which has an affinity for the immersed
and potassium
(the
formation of a
"
silver filings,
and add
to
it
3 dwts. of
mercury
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
212
crystals,
c.
arborescent
growth.
/.
with silver
nitrate in \
leaves,
dram
g.
Dissolve
of
distilled
15 grains of silver
water, and make a
has for
ELECTROLYTIC EXPERIMENTS.
silver-plating solutions, all metals
213
electro-negative to
become coated with silver when connected together to form electro-negative and electrocopper and
zinc,
trees)
growth.
solution of nitrate
A very beautiful
special
follows.
distilled water,
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
214
oxide of lead, and both will be deposited in manycoloured iridescent rings on the polished plate, the
richest colours of the rainbow being represented. These
rings are known as Nobili's rings, from the name of their
If the current is too strong, only brown
discoverer.
may be
A beautiful
precipitate of
grains of nitrate of bismuth in a wine-glassful of distilled water, by immersing therein a strip or rod of bright
Deposition of Mercury.
in nitric acid,
yield metallic
copper, iron,
ELECTROLYTIC EXPERIMENTS.
with these metals.
215
its
to copper.
iron
7.
zinc
when connected
to zinc.
In a solution of chloride of
Deposition of Tin.
tin,
tin,
or
to
connected to zinc.
10. Deposition of Gold.
gold, all
metals
In a solution of terchloride of
metal on themselves.
when connected
to this metal.
216
ELEGTBIGAL EXPERIMENTS.
ELECTROLYTIC! EXPERIMENTS.
It is possible in
some cases
217
to float
cemented
of
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
218
to
In this arrangement
modern modifications
of
may be of stoneware,
and
the
or
negative element (copper)
glass,
porcelain,
contained therein be of any form, either a cylinder
his
This cell is charged with dilute sulwhich enters into combination with the
forming zinc sulphate, and furnishing, when the
copper solution.
phuric acid,
zinc,
trifle
of electricity,
As
this
is
to
ELECTROLYTIC EXPERIMENTS.
219
current to
As
this
force
separate vessel.
gold and
silver
solutions,
The
paper.
be found
to
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
220
effective
stereotype
printing type.
The
duplicating formes of
employment has been in the
process of
chief
suitable.
when
it
is
press.
Valuable coins,
be
old, may
exactly duplicated in copper by
the electrotype process. For coin cabinets, where it is
desirable to keep the valuable coins under glass to preserve them from the fingers of connoisseurs, and yet
show them both on the obverse and reverse side, this
1.
however
method
under the
side with
ELECTROLYTIC EXPERIMENTS.
221
work
it
To take a mould
harden.
coin before
oil
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
222
it
named,
is
an alloy
of tin,
following proportions
; '
d.
Fusible
sometimes
lead, and bismuth in the
as
it
is
ELECTROLYTIC EXPERIMENTS.
on the face of the
coin,
which
is
223
coin,
and
will
be found to be a copy
of the coin.
Moulds
of
Fig. 13G.
tive
First
embed
it
and
which must
it
224
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
of the mould.
shown
at Fig.
136.
fill
it
up
to the thickness
of the
with type-metal to
original coin, or it may be filled up
This backing should be next
the necessary thickness.
levelled with a coarse file, and a thin disc of copper,
furnished with a loop, soldered to the back.
Small
fish
ELECTROLYTIC EXPERIMENTS.
225
half clean
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
29,f
them
in
wax.
This
is
cake of
The leaf is
and the impression coated with blacklead
Fig. 137.
in the usual
Electrotyping Apparatus.
manner
to
render
it
conductive.
copying
Electrotypes
of
Stamped
or
Engraved
Surfaces.
ELECTROLYTIC EXPERIMENTS.
227
wax
is
site
oak.
60.
ment
is
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
228
containing
next
cell,
cell to
the other.
It is not necessary to
one alone
by a suitable dynamo-electric
Metal may be set free by electrolysis from
several solutions of metals, and under suitable conditions may be deposited on metal plates forming the
to use current supplied
machine.
ELECTROLYTIC EXPERIMENTS.
229
Others, such
as
the nitrates,
and phosphates,
decomposed by light and by atmospheric influences, and are therefore not available for electroAmong the most useful are
depositing experiments.
those of the cyanides, sulphates, and chlorides of
The fluorides and bi'omides have also been
metals.
easily
employed.
A good
list
"
them, are given in the Electro-plater's Handbook." As
a guide to experimental operations, I give here a f aw
directions for
1.
Silver-Plating
of
Next
There
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
230
should
now be
at the
and pour a quantity of fresh water on the precipitate, pour off this and repeat the operation two or
three times to thoroughly wash the silver cyanide.
Then pour in the remainder of the potassium cyanide
solution, which will dissolve the cyanide of silver and
form the double cyanide of silver-plating solution.
jiquid
make one
pint of
2.
of
Gilding Solution.
potassium in
ELECTROLYTIC EXPERIMENTS.
The two
solution.
strips
231
the negative element to form the anode, and the solution may be worked by one cell of a Daniell or Smee
plating.
3.
Nickel
Solution.
To
make
a nickel-depositing
nickel
dissolve 2
and ammonium
Smee
at least
batteries.
cells in series of
Even more
the
care must be
"
Electro-plater's
1
Handbook."
London.
Whittaker
&
Co.,
CHAPTER
VI.
61.
two
such, metals as
gether at one end, and the two free ends are connected
to the binding screws of a delicate galvanometer, the
needle of this instrument will be deflected when the
junction of the two metals
is
warmed by
the flame of
men
as Mat-
Neumann, Wheatstone,
The phenomena
fully investigated,
science.
classify
follows
232
Dr. Matthiessen's
list is
as
233
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
234.
01 per
positive to gas coke, but only to the extent of
the
extent
to
cent., whilst selenium is negative to silver
is
of
of
pair
and
is
pair of anti-
Fig. 139.
difference of tem-
235
value to be only
is
of electric
energy.
62.
Electric-Light Experiments. If we make up
a battery of 4 quart-size Bunsen cells in series, and connect two fragments of carbon by stout copper wires to
carbon edges.
236
small scale.
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
By
increasing the
number
we
seines,
of cells
until
bridge of light.
fades and ceases
It will also
when
burns away more rapidly than the other, and this renTo have an arc
ders the regulation of space difficult.
must
an
we
arrangement for
provide
lamp, therefore,
carbons
at
the
same
rate as they
the
together
bringing
237
Fig. 140.
be of metal or of wood.
hand-regulating
arc
either sliding stiffly in the socket of the brass supporting arm, or working therein by means of a screw. As,
238
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
When
an arc of
illustration of a simple
form
Fig. 141.
cells.
The small
electric
globes seen in
named incandescent
of carbon
Fig. 142.
is
electric lamps.
239
thin thread
Fig. 144.
When
air
was drawn.
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
240
it is
price
1
Is.
241
7s. 6d.
63. Electric
Amalgams.
broken
Cavallo's Electric
Amalgam
mercury 2 parts,
composed
rubbed
all
well
chalk
part,
together in
powdered
a mortar until the mixture forms a paste. Zinc amalof
tinfoil 1 part,
gam
is
rate
it
in a
this has
employed in
smear the silk
It is
and rubbers.
Electric Cement.
Electric Varnish.
dissolved.
Shake occasionally.
This varnish
is
used to
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
242
which
by means
of experiments.
pass from the playground of scientific amusement into the wider field of
To
students
to
application of
of electrolytic experiments,
tage the
little
Messrs.
Dollond
&
Co., 35,
Ludgate
Hill,
London,
243
periments,
INDEX.
A.
238.
Boy, electrified, 137.
Boys' amusements, 32.
Brads, assorting, 33.
122.
Bound
45.
rectangle, 46.
Amusements for boys, 32.
Analysis of water, 203.
Animals, electrified,
Anions, 209.
Anodes, 208.
Arbor Dianse,
125.
211.
Brown
Arborescent figures,
74.
silver, 212.
Arc
lights
78.
72.
B.
Bad
conductors, 171.
Balance, Coulomb's torsion, 128.
Balanced magnet,
124,
flask, 186.
36.
6.
of steel, 9.
of Leyden jars, 158.
Beeswax moulds,
electrified,
Aurora
paper,
136.
221.
INDEX.
246
Cathodes, 208.
Cations, 209.
Cement,
electric, 242.
foil, 73.
coil,
91.
wire, 72.
Crank
rotator, 113.
Crooke's, Prof., experiments, 116
Cup, insulated, 168.
Current for electrolysis, 198.
180.
electric fuse, 87.
Chimes, electric, 166, 192.
Chips, electrified, 135.
Church, electric, 172.
Clichee, 222.
Chatham
Cobalt, magnetic,
D.
Dancers, electric, 191.
Daniell battery, 218, 228.
Dark vacuum
electrified, 118.
plating, 230.
of electric
discharges,
96-98.
Coloured
Deflagration of wire,
fluids,
electrolysis of,
Compound magnet,
vacuum
6, 29.
tubes, 103.
Condensers, 173-175.
microfarad, 175.
211
lead, 213
deposition
bismuth, 214
;
iron,
Dipping
tin,
215.
47.
bodies, 49.
needle, 39.
tongs, 162.
movable
coated
jars, 163.
214
spherical, 149.
72.
of filings, 72.
of metal foil, 73.
Demagnetization, 20.
Deposition of copper, 210 silver,
mercury,
203.
Colour
87.
solu-
copper
tion, 88.
of water, 89.
of iodide of potassium, 90.
6.
of
tube, 93.
Decomposition experiments,
Discharges,
electric,
185,
188.
186,
INDEX.
Dr. Knight's magnets, 12.
Dr. Wright's cohesion experi-
ment,
75.
Da
by, 17.
Dynamo, magnetizing
77.
Dust
247
E.
Effects of
electrical discharges
45.
cal, 188,
luminous,
of
Effects
186.
magnet on
electric
striae, 97.
Effects of various electrodes
electric sparks, 98.
Egg, electric, 96.
Electric bells, 34
on
,,
motors, 115.
Electrodes, 98.
endless chain,
45 hammer, 59 stencil, 73
dust figures, 82
stars, 74
gas lighter, 83 pistol, 84
fuse, 85 cartridge, 86 glass
breaker, 92 egg, 94 lamps,
rotators, 112, 113
110, 235
fan, 115 shocks, 119 mortar,
167
kiss, 194
amalgam,
cement, varnish, 241 light,
;
portation, 55.
solenoid, 58.
235.
Lever's, (Dotterel's,
son's, 130.
Electro-depositions of
227; battery
210,
Thompmetals,
for,
228
Electrical
salts,
condition
of
glass,
ing-wax, 124.
Electrical chimes, 166; machines,
175.
207;
coloured fluids,
203.
Electrolyte, 197.
Electros, backing and mounting,
227.
in
static, 121
;
115
transitu,
Electricity,
and magnetism,
122.
Electrified water
and
coin, 118
brown paper, 124, 135 cat,
125 horse and animals, 125
boy, bombazine, brimstone,
catskin, chips, chalk, coffee,
cork, copper, cotton, ebonite,
;
117.
Engraved
INDEX.
243
Experiments with lighted
taper,
net, 53
etc., 79.
of, 215.
-leaf electroscope, 127.
Gore's experiments, 216.
Guide to books, 196, 242.
Gun, magnetic, 26.
Gun-cotton, 79, 87, 134.
Gutta-percha, electrified, 134.
Gold, electro-deposition
deflagrating, 72.
Finding poles of magnet, 54.
Finishing electrotypes, 224.
Fire from water, 75.
moulding
in, 221.
ether,
79.
electric, 59.
Forms
theories, 132.
Friction, electrical effects of, 134.
,,
168.
pane, 173.
Fur, electrified, 124.
Fuses, electric, 85-87.
Fusible metal, 222.
charged, 143.
Henley's discharger for coils, 71.
universal discharger,
164-5.
pith-ball
electroscope,
130.
quadrant, 159.
Henry's, Prof., experiments, 119.
High insulation Leyden jars, 153.
142.
electro-magnet, 53.
Horse, electrified, 125.
Hot air, conductivity of, 77.
G.
Galvanometers, 35.
Gases, experiment with,
Hammer,
Hand
Heating
Fulminating mixture,
H.
Hair, head
97.
experiments with,
tubes, 106.
100.
INDEX,
Imitation lighting, 169.
Incandescent electric lamps, 239.
249
electric, 235-239.
Lane's electrometer, 159.
Lamps,
27.
Laws
of
,,
,,
magnetic attraction,
21.
suspension, 27.
electro-magnetism, 56.
,,
tic, 18.
of, 224.
Length
of
spark from
coils, 92.
169.
Iodide of potassium, 90, 205.
152
jars,
91,
spotted,
151
153
battery,
experi-
charging,
shocks from, 195
161-165
movdischarging,
able coated, 163.
Lichtenberg's dust figures, 82.
Light, electric, 235.
Lighting gas by electricity, 83,
155, 180
Iron,
Leyden
187.
3.
12.
29.
jar,
184
eggs, 184
effects of electricity,
185.
Lj'copodium, firing,
79.
M.
elec-
8-11
208.
Kathode,
Key, magnetized,
23.
broken, 20
effects of,
on strise, 97.
Magnetic capacity, 6; repulsion,
21 needles, 23 boats, birds,
ducks, geese, insects, swans,
;
INDEX.
250
etc.,
27
suspension, 27
28
induction,
pendulum,
30
Magnetism and
Magnetizing
Nickelling, 231.
Nitrate of potash, 205.
Nobili's rings, 214.
O.
8-11.
Making magnets,
floating
magnetic
sparks on, 77
Mayer's
of,
silver
plate, 210.
needles, 23.
of jars, 159.
instruments, 36.
Measuring charge
124,
Papyroxyline, 138.
electrolysis
salts,
of,
207.
163.
sham, 214.
Points, smoked,
of discharger, 78.
Polarity of solenoids, 61
N.
Nails, assorting, 33.
Natural magnets,
1.
Needle, floating, 23
dipping, 39.
of.
34.
Modifying
clichee,
222.
ing, 230.
P.
elec-
substances, 134.
wire
helix, 62.
Poles of magnet, finding, 54.
Portative force of magnet, 29 ;
of electro magnet, 55.
Positive dust figure, 82; electricity, 133.
Potassium iodide,
phate, 204
90,
205
nitrate, 205.
sul-
INDEX.
Powder, exploding,
Power required
79, 86.
to
magnetize
steel, 14.
electro-
Price
magnets,
160
Wimshurst
meters,
machines, 177.
Printing-type copying, 226.
Proof plane, 111.
Prof. Crookes' experiments, 116.
Henry's experiments, 119.
of
251
mentation
210
of,
211
orna-
moss and
arboi'escent, 212;
plating solution, 229.
Simple electro-magnet, 51 deposition of metals, 210 arc
lamp, 237.
tree, 212;
Q.
R.
Reciprocal action of magnetism
and
electricity, 32.
Rectangle, Ampere's, 46.
Relation of magnetism to electricity, 40, 122.
Ring
of discharger, 78.
Solutions for electro deposition,
229.
Spangled tube, 181.
Spark
71
68 discharge from,
sparks from, 72.
coils,
;
from
from water, 76
77 modifying forms of,
and
de78 brush, flashing,
tonating, 79 impulsion, 80
length of, 92 colour of, 96-
Sparks,
oil,
Sprague's observations, 5.
Spherical condenser, 149.
Spotted Leyden jar, 153.
Stamped surfaces, copying, 226.
Stars, electric, 74, 111.
Static electricity, 121
magne-
tizer, 173.
quality of, 8
6-9
magne8-10, 12-17 filings,
tizing, 3.
of,
52.
134.
from Leyden
98.
capacity
Sealing-wax,
Steel, testing, 4
S.
by,
10.
Smoked points
jars, 195.
String of
Sulphur,
Sulphate
205
;
electrified, 134.
of potash, 204
copper, 208.
indigo,
air,
INDEX.
252
Suspended magnet,
22.
Suspension experiment,
U.
62.
U-tubes, 204.
131, 160.
Swedish iron, 6.
Swing, electric, 191.
Uranium
glass, 99.
Uses of magnets,
magnets, 67 ;
T.
34
electro-
dischargers,
162.
V.
simplified, 109.
Testing
steel, 4.
Thermometer,
electric, 189.
Thermopile, 232.
Thermo-electric pair, 233
Vacuo, experiments
Vacuum
in, 93-97.
value
W.
of, 234.
Thompson's
experiments,
116
electrometer, 130.
Thunder-storms, 169.
Thunder-house, 171.
Wax,
Wimshurst
Tower,
electric. 172.
Tungsten
steel, 6.
decom-
221.
electric, 189.
Whirl,
influence machine,
working, care of, 178.
Wine-glass experiment, 206.
Wire coil, 15 helix, 61 burn-
176
ing, 72.
Wood,
electrified, 135.
Zinc
amalgam, 241
Z.
201, 226.
Eutler & Tanner, The Selwood Printing Works, Frome, and London.
element,
S.
BOTTONE,
Electrician,
WALLINGTON, SURREY,
Manufactures and supplies
all
ings for either, 4/- Electrical Machines Cylinder, Plate, Wimshurst, and
other types from 1 10s.
Galvanometers, 2/6
Electrophori, from 5'Lamps, both Incandescence and Arc, from 5/- to 5 Leyden Jars, Condensers, Wheatstone Bridges, from 5/Volfmeters, 5/- etc., etc.
FULL
BOOKS by
HOW
S.
LISTS,
t BOTTONE.
lid.
POST FREE.
Handbook
for
Illustrated.
Workmen and
others.
Second Edition, revised.
Pott 8vo, for the pocket, cloth, Is.
HOW
USED.
With 88
Illus-
3s.
by amateurs."
Industries.
book
will
form a
Prac-
tical
this
100 Illustrations.
3s.
"
Any one desirous of undertaking the practical
find everything, or nearly everything, he wants to
Amateurs.
With many
Illustrations.
"
Pictorial cover,
Is.
Illustrations.
2s. 6d.
Wbtttaker's
library
OF
Illustrated.
By W. Pebren Maycock,
M.I.E.E.
AND MAGNETISM.
Second
Electrical Engineer.
ELECTRIC
POWER
LIGHTING AND
DISTRIBUTION, An
Elementary Manual of. For Students preparing for the Preliminary and ordinary Grade Examination of the City and Guilds of London Institute and general
readers. Third Edition, revised and enlarged, in 2 volumes. Vol. I., 430 pp.,
with 231 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 6s.
*'
The work will no doubt become a standard text-book for schools and classes on
this subject ; as such it has few equals." Electrical Review.
FITTING,
THE PRINCIPLES
OF.
By
'
Written specially
By J. Horner, M.I.M.E., " a ForeIllustrated with over 100 Engravings. Second Edi-
PRACTICAL IRONFOUNDING.
man
Pattern Maker."
tion.
4s.
"
Every pupil and apprentice would find it, we think, an assistance to obtaining
The book, however, is not intended merely for
the student, but contains much useful information for practical men." Industries.
a thorough knowledge of his work.
ting, etc.
"A
little work." Ironmonger.
" handy
An
By
G. E.
Bonnet.
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
"This
is
an excellent book
for
With
144 Illustrations.
2s. 6d.
By
Bonnet.
G. E.
Electrical Review.
By
G. E. Bonney.
Practical Manual
Amateurs and Young Students in Electro-Metallurgy. With Pull Index
61 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, with an Appendix on ELECTROTYPING. 3s.
"An amateur could not wish for a better exposition of the elements of the subject."
for
and
Electrical
Review.
By
H. Obfoed.
LENS
J.
2s.
M.
With
63 Illustrations.
PHOTOGRAPHIC
3s. 6el.
"
New Telephone
Company, Manchester.
With 228
Illus-
amount
to
By Sydney
F.
is
Prac-
tical Treatise
Enlarged.
"
Revieiv.
By
D. Denning.
Practical
Handbook to the Construction of Cabinet Furniture, the Use of Tools, Formation of Joints, Hints on Designing and Setting Out Work, Veneering, etc.
With 219 Illustrations. 5s.
" We
commend
it."
Cabinet Maker.
Laying
Down
Wiring
By
J.
"Must prove
Chronicle.
Electrical Review.
With
ON.
98
5s.
Review.
THE DYNAMO
By
S. R.
Bottone.
By
Sir
2s.
Used.
Ninth Edition,
6d.
David Salomons,
6s.
advise every man who has to do with installation work to study this work."
"We
Electrical Engineer.
"To say that this book is the best of its kind would be a poor compliment, as
practically the only work on Accumulators that has been written." Electrical
it is
Review.
By
J.
Gray. B.Sc.
count of their Historical Development, their Modern Forms, and their Practical Construction. 4s. 6d.
"This excellent book." Electrical Review.
By Edwin
Ss. Gd.
5s.
an Introductory and
Matcock, M.I.E.E.
THE METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES COMPARED WITH THE IMPERIAL SYSTEM. By W.
Professor of Geometry at
Gresham
College.
Crown
With
H. Wagstaff, M.A.,
8vo.
Cloth.
Is. 6o\
80 Illustrations.
By
Cloth.
Is. 6<Z.
Drawing
An
Office."
Introductory
Crown
8vo.
2s. 6d.
Electricity and their Effects Exercises with Tangent Galvanometer Mirror Galvanometer and Simple Measurements Measurement of Resistance The Theory of
the Wheatstone's Shunts, Measurements of E.M.F.'s, Heating ESects, and Thermal Currents Electro-Magnetism Induction of Currents.
LONDON: WHITTAKER
&.
CO.,
E.C.
October, 1896.
IDanbboofcs
FOR
CIVIL,
Engineers,
AND FOR
STUDENTS
IN SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY.
PUBLISHED BY
WHITTAKER &
THE
'
'
SPECIALISTS' SERIES.
The
1
TRANSFORMERS
nating Currents.
By Gisbert Kapp.
for Single and
Polyphase Alter-
6s.
of
'
RAILWAY MATERIAL.
Contents
Sleepers
Hydraulic Motors.'
for
Plates, &c.
Nature.
Rolling
Wire.
{Preparing.
By W. H. Preece,
A MANUAL OF TELEPHONY.
Appendix, Tables, and
full
Index.
With
Illustrations,
155.
II.
I.
III.
cellaneous Switching
Electrical Engineer.
'The work
minute technical
is
exhaustive of
details.'
Times.
its
subject, withou
Whittaker's Technological
1HE
and
Scientific List.
SPECIALISTS* SERIES
{Continued).
AND
SURVEYING
MENTS. With
SURVEYING
INSTRU-
4s. Gd.
41 Illustrations.
of 'Strains in
Contents
Surveys with Chain only Obstructions in Chain-Line and
Right-Angle Instruments The Uses of the Level Various Forms of Level
and their Adjustments The Uses of Angle-measuring Instruments The
Theodolite and "other Angle-measuring Instruments Instruments for Ascer:
taining Distances.
'
This
is
a very neat
little
By
O.
J.
Arnold,
Contents
students preparing
for
Crown
With 22
Illustrations
The Steel
Works
Laboratory and
Appliances
Section
III.
I.
Refrac-
'This book
is
may
fairly
Engineer.
be called upon to examine finds
a place
Prof.
We
By
C.
Hawkins, M.A.,
THE DYNAMO,
MANUFACTURE.
Drawings.
Electrician.
in
Nature.
AND
With
original
190
Illustrations,
John Parry
mostly
from
ior. 6d.
Dynamos Bi- and Multi-polar Alternators Unipolar Alternators OpenThe Magnetisation of Iron
Closed-Coil Armatures
Coil Armatures
Turns of the Field
Field Magnets The Ampere
Armatures
Series,
of
'
is
the excellence
Electrical Review.
'We welcome
this
book as
Elect} iciam.
A tkenautH.
01
modern dynamo.
W/iittaker's Technological
and
Scientific List.
[Continued).
Member
and
practice.
'
one which must of necessity be found in the hands of every one who
This book
desires to become acquainted with the best and latest information on the
Electrical
subject,'
Engineer.
'An ideal book on applied science.' Saturday Rev lew.
'
is
The book
'
Wkittaker's Technological
and
Scientific List.
Sir
{Continued).
Seventh
Edition, Revised
Vol.
'A
The
best
work on
Mechanical World.
5*.
Lamps
8. Practical Applications.
305 Illustrations. 7s. 6d.
With
APPLICATION. With
Vol.
32 Illustrations. 340 pp.
Contents Precautions Conductors Testing Methods of Working
Alternate
Currents Estimates, Index,
III.
55.
&c.
'
The book
useful than
'
am
'
By
Oscar
Assoc.
Guttmann,
Member of the
M.Inst.C.E., F.I.C.,
EXPLOSIVES: The
Manufacture of.
Theoretical
and Practical Treatise on the History, the Physical and Chemical ProWith 328 Illustrations. In
perties, and the Manufacture of Explosives.
two Vols. Medium 8vo. 2.1. 2s.
\* The work contains the most recent information on Gunpowder, Guncotton, Dynamite, Smokeless Powders, Fulminates, &c.
'An extremely able book.' Alhcn&vm.
'
The author has been fortunate in finding a clear field for a fall and Comprehensive work giving the details of the most modern systems of manufacture.
This has been so well done in the volumes before us, that we regret
command prevents us from giving more than a brief indication of
Engineer.
work
'
Whittaker's Technological
and
Scientific List.
(Continued).
'Practically
modern
1
1
'This work
'
its rival
'
and not
wants
most
way
He who
"
volumes.
'
commends
itself
strongly to all manufacturers and users of
less to experts.'
Chemical News.
of cordite and
to know all about everything in the
ites," will find whatever he can possibly desire to know in Mr. Guttmann's
explosives,
Daily Chronicle.
mam
Specimen of Illustrations from Guttmann's
'
Explosives.'
W/iittaker's Technological
and
Scientific List.
{Continued).
By G. R. Bodmer, A.M.Inst.C.E.
HYDRAULIC MOTORS
Engines.
With 204
Illustrations.
and
Index.
'
Second.
14^.
The
'
best
jSo.
&
Specimen of Illustrations from Bodmer's 'Hydraulics.'
Common
Edition, Revised
Crown 8vo. 7^. 6d.
of
'Steam Locomotion
Roads.'
Practically Considered.
and Enlarged.
With 63
Illus-
Contents
History of the Steam Jacket Cylinder CondensationMeans proposed for Preventing Cylinder Condensation The Abuse of the
Steam Jacket Practical Proofs of the Efficacy of the Steam Jacket, &c, &c.
It ought to be read not only by engineers, but by steam userB.'
:
'
An
A
Textile Recorder.
most excelle
THE
Scientific List.
SPECIALISTS' SERIES
{Continued).
GUARDS.
Treatise on the
Protection
of
Telegraph
Instruments
of
Buildings,
and
Submarine
and of
Cables,
Electric Installations generally,
from
Damage by Atmospheric
Discharges.
In one volume, with numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 1 55.
cation.
Times.
'
(Specimen of
Illustrations.)
Sec. of the
Physical Society.
$s.
Induction
in
Contributions to Dynamometry.
'
It is
Electrician.
By Stuart A. Russell,
&c,
VAlue.' Electrical Review.
107 Illustrations.
DIS7 s. 6d.
Whittaker's Technological
and
Scientific List.
{Continued).
By William Anderson,
Institution
of Civil
Edition.
We
'
Third
Illustrations.
6s.
have no
saying there are young engineers and a good many old
engineers, too who can read this book, not only with profit, but pleasure, and this is
more than can be said of most works on heat.' The Engineer.
hesitation in
The volume bristles from beginning to end with practical examples culled from every department of technology. In these days of
'
By G. W. Sutcliffe,
this,
having
Modern
Storage and Manipulation of Coal Coal Washing for the Removal of Solid
in.
Draft
Shafts, Gearing,
&c, &c.
'
'
'The work is one which is to be commended to the notice of naval architects and
marine engineers.' Steamship.
HELICAL GEARS
Practical Treatise.
;
By the
Author of 'Practical Ironfounding,' 'Metal Turning,' 'The Principles
'
of Pattern Making,'
The
and Frontispiece.
6d.
"js.
Principles of Fitting.'
With 100
useful
By D. W. Taylor, Naval
book to machinists.'
Illustrations
we can recommend
the
Builder.
With
Seventy-three
Figures
and
numerous
Diagrams.
Marine Engineer.
Whittaker's Technological
and
Scientific List.
(Continued).
By Gustav May.
BALLOONING: A
Concise Sketch of
and
its History
and English. With
'
Mr. May gives a clear idea of all the experiments and improvements in aeronavigation from its beginning, and the various useful purposes to which it has been
applied.'
Contemporary
Review.
Tables
The
book a
1
chemist.' Professor
By
Professor
COLOUR
J. J.
Hummel.
IN
WOVEN
DESIGN. With
Illustrations.
Industries
thirty-two
21s.
Contents
Theories of Colouring Attributes of Colours Contrast and
Elements of Textile Colouring
Check
Stripes
Harmony Mixtures
Patterns Simple Colourings Compound Colourings Fancy Shades applied
to Special
Designs Colouring
of Combination
'
of colour to
woven
design.'
Textile Manufacturer.
The illustrations are the finest of the kind we have yet come across, and the
publishers are to be congratulated on the general excellence of
the work.' Textile Mercury.
'
Whittaker's Technological
10
THE
and
Scientific List.
SPECIALIST'S SERIES
By A.
(Continued).
A TREATISE ON MANURES;
of
Manuring.
the
With
Agriculturist,
Crown
'
Saturday Review.
By
J.
W. Slater,
for
of Corporations,
the
With
'
Illustrations.
The
6s.
By W. Lee Beardmore,
Hon. Sec. of the
House Drainage
4
Civil
THE DRAINAGE
Illustrated.
'
'
'
of
'
HABITABLE BUILDINGS.
Jy.
By Captain M.
A new
P.
treatise
SANITARY DRAINAGE
Sewage Matter.
Demy
8vo.
Nadieine.
is.
on
of
By
C. C.
Whittaker's Technological
and
of
FUTURE TRADE
Full Page Views, Sketch
IN
London Chamber
THE FAR
Crown
8vo. cloth,
The Trans-Siberian
of
EAST.
Trans-Siberian Railway.
Contents
Scientific List,
Commerce.
With
16
6d.
gilt, Js.
'
British
care.'
Irish
Times.
'Mr. Wakefield has based this most interestini? work of the Trade of the
Far East upon recent personal observations.' British Trade Journal.
By
Bowen Cooke,
C. J.
Assistant,
happy
Department.
BRITISH LOCOMOTIVES.
struction,
Crown
Edition, Revised.
Svo.
Their
With 150
History,
Illustrations.
ConSecond
is. 6d.
Contents:
I.
Modern Locomotives
{continued)
XVI.
'We
successful.'
'This new
literature.'
Railway Engineer.
Raihvay Herald.
most valuable
'
Sun.
deservedly
addition to railway
Whittaker's Technological
12
and
Scientific List.
George Findlay,
(Continued).
Manager of the
OF.
Railways On
Law
'
By
J.
Alexander.
With
Practical
Part Part
Contents
with Tools.
II.
Boiler
Different
I.
xpaAiAicn,Va&/&
easier
for the model maker.'
things considerably
Engineer.
This book, besides affording an efficient and comprehensive
guide to the
'
'
__.,,
Will
be cordially welcomed by
is
Satur-a
Prof.
all
W.
v Review.
who
J.
Lineham,
in the Technical
World.
and
Whittaker's Technological
Scientific List.
R.
Nelson Boyd,
(Continued).
M.Inst.C.E.
Second
and
Edition, Revised
8vo.
is
"js.
The
'
13
Crown
the United
Kingdom
6d.
story of the development of the great coal ndustry o
an interesting manner.' Engineering.
'
By A.
J.
With Eighty
Illustrations,
Complete
possession.
'
By James Dredge.
'
Engineering.'
1893.
4to.
Reprinted from
Illustrations.
Imp.
[Engineering.
'
Engineering.'
LUCANIA,' and
the
IRON.
com-
plete account of all the best-known methods for the Analysis of Iron,
Steel, Pig Iron, Iron Ore, Limestone, Slag, Clay, Sand, Coal, Coke, and
Furnace
and
Producer
Gases.
Half-
'
ELECTRIC ILLUMINATION.
cloth.
301.
Vol.
I. is
out of pi int.
[Engineering.
Whittaker's Technological
14
By William H. Maw.
RECENT
and
Scientific List.
PRACTICE IN
'
Engineering.'
New
York.
THE METALLURGY OF
AND
SILVER, GOLD,
MERCURY
cloth.
By
1/. lis.
J.
6d. each.
[Engineering.
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
IRRIGATION.
G.
By
Profusely Illustrated.
M. BORN.
Cr. 4to.
Reprintedfrom
INDIA-
IN
3*. 6d.
[Engineering.
'
Engineering.'
Cloth.
[Engineering.
3s.
By H. M. Martin, Wh.
Sc.
45.
By James Dredge.
THAMES
THE SOURCE.
Parts
I.
and
Demy
By
With numerous
II.
Price
4to.
$s.
TOWER TO
Plates.
each.
To
be com-
[Engineering.
C. C. P. Fitzgerald.
Now
Ready.
48 Pages.
Crown
4to.
Price
is.
[Engineering.
.ELECTRIC
RAILWAYS
AND TRAMWAYS,
practical
Hand-
Working
305.
[Engineering.
Whittaker* s Technological
Reprintedfrom
and
Scientific List.
Chapter
in the
'
Engineering.'
Demy
Illustrated.
SAID:
8vo.
is.
[Engineering.
By
Reprinted from
'
Engineering.'
STONE.
Record of a Journey of 10,000 Miles from New York to
the Shores of Alaska and back.
Illustrated.
Demy 4to. cloth. 15^.
[Engineering.
By James Dredge.
Reprintedfrom
'
Engineering.'
(The
St.
Cha-
By
J.
&
Co.
its
By W. Westhofen.
Reprintedfrom 'Engineering.'
Royal
Illustrated
5*.
[Engineering,
Reprintedfrom
'
Engineering.'
Illustrated
with Four Two-page Plates and numerous Figures in the Text.
Royal
31. 6d.
4to. 46 pp. Cloth, gilt lettered.
[Engineering.
Reprintedfrom 'Engineering.'
as applied to the
Working
Crown
Illustrations.
4to. cloth.
With
5j.
[Engineering.
By
J.
'
of 'Cable Traction;'
Reprintedfrom Engineering.'
<x.
Rope Hau'ag
'
By
Lieut. -Colonel
Crown
4to. cloth,
Bucknill, R.E.
SUBMARINE MINING.
Royal 8vo.
cloth.
12s. 6d.
Js.
6d.
Pro
[Engineering,
With numerous
[Engineering.
Whittake rs
Teclinological
By James Dredge.
and
Scientific List.
Reprintedfrom
'
Engineering.'
Its
Organiza-
tion,
'
'
'GUNS.'
By
Reprinted
Engineering.
THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY from
OF A WHITEHEAD
TORPEDO.
By
Cr. 4to.
Bottone, Author of
S. R.
Illustrated.
2s.
'
oz.
[Engineering.
GUIDE
Weight 14
'
'
Electro-
TO ELECTRIC LIGHTING.
For
Fifteenth Thousand.
Third
Electrical Review.
Engineer's Gazette.
shilling spent on this book will be well repaid.'
Will be found very useful to those desiring elementary knowledge on the subject.'
Iron.
'A
'
By A. D. Southam.
It gives
much
valuable information.'
Second Ed.
Illus.
Engineering:
By A. R. Bennett, M.I.E.E.
CITIES
AND
By O. Gregory,
late Professor of
Demy
Mathematics
in
8vc.
Sewed,
Two
is.
con-
LOGARITHMS
also
;
taining the Common, Hyperbolic, and Logistic
Sines, Tangents, Secants, and Versed Sines, both Natural and Logarithmic.
Together with several other Tables useful in Mathematical.Calcula
tions ; also the Complete Design and Use of the Tables. With Seven
additional Tables of Trigonometrical Formulae.] { New Edition.
Med. 8vo. cloth, 12s.
Dr.
Albert
C.
Crehore,
ALTERNATING CURRENTS.
of Cornell University.
An
Analytical
325 pages.
Graphical Treatment for Students and Engineers.
112 Illustrations. Second Edition.
Medium 8vo. cloth, I os. 6d.
By Frank
B. Cox, B.S.
CONTINUOUS-CURRENT DYNAMOS
TORS
and
and
With
MO.
ly
IN
THEORY AND
By Carl IIering.
IN.
By
THE QUADRUPLEX.
Electric
By
II.
A. Foster,
Mem. Am.
Inst.
E.E.
With an Appendix
for Street
Railways and
10s. 6d.
By Gisbert Kapp.
ALTERNATING CURRENTS
of
ELECTRICITY,
With 37
and Application.
With
By
E. J.
Houston, Ph.D.
By
4s. 6d.
E. J.
Houston, A.M.,
'
Fills
The
Appendix.
Price 21s.
Review
'A book of
and
Whittaker's Technological
Scientific List.
By Nikola Tesla.
EXPERIMENTS WITH
RENTS
of
ALTERNATE CUR-
With
By
T. D.
Lockwood,
Electrician,
4J.61/.
192 pages.
4-r.
6d.
By E. A. Merrill.
Complete Rules for the Safe Installation of Electrical Plant.
For
DESIGN.
TOWN
TRANSFORMER
CURRENT
ALTERNATE
25.
TRIC LIGHTING.
Illustrated.
Price
is.
'
By
J.
T. NlBLETT.
SECONDARY BATTERIES.
Edition.
Second
Illustrated.
51.
By
Prof.
Hamilton
Kilgour.
Part
Martin
Part
By
2s.
II.
I.
and C. H.
W.
Biggs.
ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION
AND PRACTICE.
Illustrated.
'
Mr. Kilgour's treatment of his subjects will
in them.*
Engineer.
'An excellent compendium on the subject.'
'Of high interest and usefulness.' Nature.
ITS
THEORY
10s. 6d.
commend
itself to all
who are
interested
Electrical Engineer.
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ELECTRO-DEPOincluding every known mode of depositing metals, preparing
metals for immersion, taking moulds and rendering them conducting,
SITION,
Illustrated.
Crown
8vo.
is.
By
J.
6d.
T. Niblett.
PORTATIVE ELECTRICITY.
Illustrated.
2s. 6d.
G IS BERT
M.I.E
Scientific List.
E., and
ELECTRICAL
PRACTICAL
19
ENGINEERING.
2/.
2s. net.
By
II. J.
Skelton.
8vo.
Price
Illustrated.
51.
By Arthur
F.
Guy, A. M.Inst.C.E.
sults of Practical
'
forces with
which he has
to deal.'
Nature.
Illustrated.
C.
II.
W.
Biggs.
The book
will
Illustrated.
Crown
8vo.
By
C.
3s.
6d.
Engineer.
H. W. Biggs.
The
first
Illustrated.
Second Edition.
EN-
Svo.
We commend
By
Crown
2s. 6d.
Nature.
8vo.
Illustrated.
2s.
By A. Reckenzaun.
'
Illustrated.
instructive.'
Engineer.
10s. 6d.
Electrical Reviezu.
By M. Reynolds.
FIRST PRINCIPLES OF
45
Illustrations.
1
Crown
book.'
THE LOCOMOTIVE.
to
know
all
will f nd
it
in this little
Whittaker's Technological
20
and
Scientific List.
DYNAMOS,
FORMERS.
'
AND TRANS-
ALTERNATORS,
Crown
Invaluable to
designer.'
Electrician.
'
'
REFUSE DESTRUCTORS
WITH RESULTS
Town
By H.
P.
for
Municipal
Officers,
$ s-
By E.
B.
Savage, A. M.Inst.C.E.
By
E.
Illustrated.
MANAGEMENT OF HIGHWAYS,
By
of Nottingham.
i*.
HIGHWAY BRIDGES.
By
of a
5-r.
{Nearly Ready.
WATER SUPPLY
IN
RURAL DISTRICTS.
[Nearly Ready.
By
C.
STREET
and
By A. E.
TOWN
St. Martin's-in-the-Fields,
SANITATION.
[Nearly Ready.
PHYSICAL UNITS.
By
Crown
Illustrated.
8vo.
2s. 6d.
Illustrated.
7^.
Wliittaker's Tecluiological
By
J.
and
Scientific List.
21
IN
Vol.
I. THE
In two vols,
demy
8vo.
6oopages,
212 Illustrations.
:
II. THE
Vol.
Transformers Chapter
:
The
Arranged by
J.
FORMS
in University College,
London.
LABORATORY
ELECTRICAL
By
F.
Fcap.
NOTES
AND
Martin Weymouth.
(Theory and Practice). A complete treatise on the the theory and conDrum Winding, and of Commutators for Closed Coil Armatures, together w ith a full resume of some of the principal points in their
and an exposition of Armature Re-actions r.nd Sparking. With
design
struction of
162 Illustrations.
Demy
By H.
F.
Svo.
"js.
6</.
4'.o.
370 pages.
65 Full-page Tables
30^.
Edited by
W. W. Beaumont,
INDI-
6d.
Practical Treatise on the Steam Engine Indicator and Indicator Diawith
Notes
on
Steam
Engine Performances, Expansion of Steam,
grams,
Behaviour of Steam in Steam Engine Cylinders, and on Gas Engine Diagrams.
By
Dr.
3s.
ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY.
2s.
Fully Illustrated.
105. 6d.
Whittaker's Technological
22
in
Cambridge.
IRON
Second
Illustrations.
Scientific List.
Professor of
in the University of
MAGNETIC INDUCTION
METALS.
and
and
issue,
OTHER
iar. 6d.
By Oliver Heavyside.
IntroELECTRO-MAGNETIC THEORY. Containing
duction Outline of the Electro-magnetic Connexions The Elements of
Vectorial Algebra and Analysis Theory of Plane Electro-magnetic
Waves, &c.
Vol.
By
I.
12s. 6d.
Professor
With Appendices,
31
Illustrations,
and
HIS
Portrait.
By W. Geipel and
II.
KlLGOUR.
&c.
By W.
S.
Boult.
Two
Cloth,
55.
Vols, stout paper covers, 2s. ; strong cloth, 2s. 6d. each volume
Single Primers, 3d.
PRIMERS OF ELECTRICITY.
Series of Helpful Primers
Fully Illustrated.
on Electrical Subjects.
Effects of
Lightning Protectors
19.
20.
Thermopiles.
Volume
22.
Whittaker's Technological
and
Scientific List.
23
By Mining Experts.
Being a series of carefully prepared Quesand Answers, dealing with every branch of Mining operations. Each
Price, 6d. each part
part complete in itself.
or, bound in cloth, is.
tions
3.
4.
Part
i.
,,
2.
Ventilation,
,,
Ventilation by
Machinery,
the
Anemometer,
Coal Working,
Blasting in Mines.
We
'
little
handbooks.'
Colliery Guardian.
By Wm. Tate.
MINING ARITHMETIC.
Contains
Questions and
By Wm. Tate.
Includes
By Wm. Tate.
Inst.
M.E.
plete in
itself,
is.
6d. each.
Part i. Mathematics. Contains information on the Preparation for Examinations, Proceedings of the Board for Examinations, Forms of Qualification, Mathematical Questions and Answers, &c.
Part 2. Economic Geology and Prospecting. Contains information on
the Department of Science and Art, the Examinations, University College of
South Walas and Monmouthshire, County of Glamorgan Scholarships, &c.
Also a large number of Questions and Answers are given on Economic
Geology, Prospecting, Sinking, Explosives, Mining Tools.
24
WJiittaker's Technological
and
Scientific List.
By Wm. Li.oyd.
MINE MANAGER.
u. 6d.
By A. Dury Mitton.
Being
a description of the Duties assigned to each Department in the Management of Fiery Mines, including Safety Lamp, Coal-getting, Off-handed,
and Office Departments.
Also
Engineering, Banking or Surface,
u.
Managers' and Under-Managers' Duties. Second Edition,
By Wm. Walker.
1892.
The
By H. W. Halbaum.
Illustrated, is.
By J. A. Kingdon, B.A.,
APPLIED MAGNETISM
An
Introduction to the
75 Illustrations,
many
original
Js. 6d.
By
E. Hospitalier.
POLYPHASED ALTERNATING
CURRENTS.
31. 6d.
Illustrated.
By Rankin Kennedy.
OZONE
cations.
for
Copying
Purposes
for
on
this
in existence treating
2s. 6d.
59 Illustrations.
By Emile Andreoli.
:
Its
35 Illustrations,
By Ed.
C.
its
Appli-
is. 6d.
De Segundo,
A.M.I.C.E.
is.
Treated from
WJiittaker^s Technological
and
Scientific List.
25
By T. E. Gatehouse.
in the
By
F. B.
Badt.
45'.
97
Illustrations.
6d.
By
F. B.
Badt.
Illustrations
FortyTenth thousand.
Fourth Edition.
By
F. B.
Badt.
Illustrations
NEW DYNAMO
Illustrations.
By
F. B.
With
Badt.
TENDER'S HANDBOOK.
140
HOW
TO WIRE BUILDINGS: A
Manual
of the
SUBMARINE CABLE-LAYING
and
REPAIRING.
With 221
M.Inst. E.E.
By Gilbert
S.
Ram.
7s.
ITS
MANU-
6d.
IN-
26
Whittaker's Technological
and
Scientific List.
Practical
Modern Type of
Manual of
Instruction
By Alfred H. Gibbings,
DYNAMO ATTENDANTS
and their
DYNAMOS.
'A handy
little
book, containing
many
useful hints
and suggestions.
Mechanical World.
Institute.
NEW
EX-
Illustrated.
Price
is.
Second Edition,
With between
Revised.
Crown 8vo.
6d.
By
SUBMARINE TELEGRAPHY.
the subject in a thoroughly practical
Crown 8vo. Illustrated,
Drawings.
Wilson.
A Work
manner and
dealing with
is. 6d.
Practical
Guide
Fully Illustrated,
is.
to the Establishment of a
Carbon Manu-
6d.
MAY'S POPULAR
PLANT.
WOOD'S
IMPROVED
Fourth Edition.
Cloth,
ii-.
DISCOUNT
TABLES.
W/iittaker's Technological
and
Scientific List.
27
Engineers.
PRACTICAL DYNAMO-BUILDING
How
to
trated.
Wind
for
Cloth
gilt.
Amateurs.
Fully Illus-
2s.
By
TABLES AND
TRICAL ENGINEERS.
By W. R.
for
any Output.
P. Hobbs,
2s.
Head Schoolmaster
of the Naval
Torpedo School,
Portsmouth.
With
numerous
Examples
fully
worked.
Revised
is.
By G. Plante.
With
Portrait
and 89
By
GASEOUS FUEL
Its
Illustrations.
B.
is.
6d.
of
'A Handbook
for
Steam Users.'
112 pp.
6d.
'A useful little work, inasmuch as it touches on data regarding things which are too
new to be found in the standard works on engineering. It contains only about 100
pages and as far as it goes is excellent.' Electrical Review.
'A very useful guide to users of shafting, gearing, pulleys, belts, and other
appliances for transmitting power.' Iron and Steel Trades Journal.
Illustrated,
is.
By A.
J.
SUGAR MACHINERY.
Descriptive Treatise on
Machinery and Apparatus used in Manufacture of Cane and Beet Sugars.
With 51 Illustrations and Appendix. 5-f.
By Sydney
F.
M.I.E.E., Assoc. M.
Walker,
Inst.
C.E.
SCREWS
and
on Milling.
J.
Lukin, B.A.
SCREW-MAKING. With
Crown
a Chapter
8vo. 3J.
By
J.
Lukin, B.A.
TURNING LATHES. A
Cutting, Metal Spinning, &c.
1
This
Cloth,
2j. 6d.
fcap. 4to.
is
28
By George Bousfield.
TIMBER MERCHANT
MECUM,
The.
BUILDER'S VADE
and
and Enlarged.
120 pp.
4s.
TREE PRUNING:
and Ornamental Trees.
'
It
cannot
woods and
'
A.
fail
a Treatise on
64 pp.
to be useful to
all
Glasgow Herald.
plantations.'
Pruning Forest
54 Illustrations.
who are interested
2s. 6d.
in
work of one
PRACTICAL FORESTRY.
Mr. Webster has done a good service by the publication of his excellent manual,
Journal 0/ Horticulture.
Forestry."
"
'" Practical
is condensed and
Forestry
practical, is written by a forester who
what
he
is
knows
talking about, and who is fairly abreast of the times on his subject.'
The Garden.
'
'
'
Practical
HOLTZAPFFEL'S TURNING
and
MANIPULATION.
MECHANICAL
Volume I. Materials, their Differences, Choice, and Preparation Various Modes of Working them, Generally Without
Cutting Tools. 300 Woodcuts, price 155. net.
Volume II. The Principles of Construction, Action, and Application, of Cutting Tools used by Hand and also of Machines
;
Derived from the Hand Tools. 700 Woodcuts, price 20*. net.
Volume III. Abrasive and Miscellaneous Processes, which cannot be Accomplished with Cutting Tools. 430 Woodcuts, price 21s. net.
Volume IV. The Principles and Practice of Hand or Simple
Turning. 750 Woodcuts, price 221. net.
Volume V.
The Principles and Practice of Ornamental or
Complex Turning. With numerous Practical Examples. 590 Woodcuts,
separately.
Whittaker's Technological
and
Scientific List.
29
By W. Stevenson.
TREES OF COMMERCE.
Practical
Manual,
'
By T. Eustace Smith,
HOW
the
Barrister-at-law.
TO PATENT AN INVENTION
of an Agent.
Intervention
Without
and
enlarged.
'This
is
8vo. cloth,
is.
Edition.
6d.
BOOKKEEPING.
terms.'
Schoolmaster.
mercial
is
English-Spanish.
Spanish-English.
I.
Vol. II.
WERSHOVEN
TIONARY
(F. J.),
of the
SCIENCES.
1/.
16s.
1/.
I2.r.
TECHNOLOGICAL
DIC-
2 vols, cloth.
2s. 6d.
each.
By Charles Scholl.
Volume, Bound
in
Half Morocco,
1/.
is.
cloth.
'
is
The book
so varied
1
There
is
and
The
Titties.
and
is
The Daily'jOhronicle.
30
Scientific List.
PETROLEUM
Its
Crown
'
lamp
trade.'
We
Library Edition,
ARMORIAL FAMILIES.
Arthur Charles Fox-Davies.
and
Compiled
With Engraved
and
Edited
by
Plates of Armorial
'
Edited by
W.
E.
Henley and T.
Henderson.
In Four Vols,
F.
demy
8vo.
Of
From cover to cover this [ the first volume] yields testimony of the care and the
thought, the taste and the cost bestowed upon its production. ... Of the scholarship'
and literary acumen displayed in the Notes, it is also not easy to speak in adequate
terms of praise.' The Scotsman.
'
Seems certain, if the other volumes maintain the high standard of the volume
before us, to become the standard edition.' Saturday ReviewIt is a rare satisfaction to be able to say that we
possess at last the definitive,
final edition of Burns.'- Pall Mall Gazette.
'
'
A Work
FAIRBAIRN'S
Edited
by
Half morocco,
4/. 4s.
Artificers' Edition, specially bound in pigskin, 3/. 15s. 6d. net.
Buckram Edition, 3/. 3^. net.
Athenatun,
ENGLISH MINSTRELSIE
a National
Monument
SCOTS MINSTRELSIE
of Scottish Song.
gilt, red edges, $is.
With Airs
in
31
both Notations.
Six Volumes.
Cloth,
CAMBRIAN MINSTRELSIE
ment of Welsh Songs.
With Airs
in
National Monu-
both Notations.
Cloth
gilt, red'
edges, 51J.
3/.
y.
net.
Strongly Half-bound,
3/.
10s.
Cyclopedia of
'
Crookes.
Such a work can hardly fail to be of the greatest
manent national value.' Daily Telegraph.
'
J.
In-
'
Excellently arranged.'
The arrangement
'
work.'-
Board Teacher.
is
clear,
Educational Times.
and the
'
By Matthew Wyatt,
circles.'
DIFFERENTIAL
and
Practical Teacher.
'A
Treatise on
INTEGRAL CALCULUS:
An
Builder.
practical purposes.'
That at first the Calculus does present to the mind of the ordinary student great
difficulties will, we think, be generally admitted, and the way in which Mr. Wyatt
smoothes these over is indeed a work of art.' Railway Engineer.
'
of Logarithms
Examples.
'
im
1*
IV/iittaker's Technological
32
By
JOINTS IN
the
and
Scientific List.
Same Author.
WOODWORK.
Third Edition.
Proportions of Bolts, Strength of Fastenings, &c.
Demy 8vo. 44 pp. with Large Plate of 80 Joints, is.
Sixth
Thousand.
'
'
aeijittafter's
JUhrarp
OF
Illustrated.
In Square Crown 8vo. Cloth.
Messrs. Whittaker's valuable series of practical manuals.'
Electrical Review,
and
By
J.
for Apprentices,
its
'
The book
3^.
6d.
This
is
is
found
value.'
Steamship.
____ c
*K&SSiS*b^ i ;*
l
'-.
**.:
'.
*..<:,>.
>^'l
yt
^
yb
Scientific List.
33
(Continued).
AND MAG-
Illustra-
2s. 6d.
tions.
'
Students who purchase a copy, and carefully
study it. will obtain an excellent groundwork of
the science.' Electrical Review.
As
'
first
'
An admirable work,'-&^
By
the
Teacher.
Same Author.
An
mentary Manual
preparing
for
Students
Ele-
for
London
Institute.
Written in accordance
new
Third edition,
Syllabus.
thoroughly revised and enlarged, in 2
Volumes. Vol. I. ready, with 231 Illus6s.
trations,
(Copies of the Second
Edition in 1 Vol. may still be had,
with the
price
6s.
'
METAL TURNING.
as such
One of the
it
best
'
81 Illustrations.
By
Second Edition.
J.
manuals now
Horner, M.I.M.E.
With
4s.
Boring
'
'
'
A handy
illustrate the practice of plain hand turning and slide-rest turning as performed in
engineers' workshops.' Industries.
Whittaker's Technological
34
and
Scientific List.
THE PRINCIPLES
FITTING,
{Continued).
For Engineer
OF.
By
Students.
Horner,
J.
'
Memoranda.
'
'
5*.
practical
tical people.'
and
aid
to
Calculated
en-
Specimen of Illustrations in
'
Daily Chronicle.
Principles of Fitting.'
PRACTICAL IRONFOUNDING.
M.I.M.E., 'a Foreman Pattern Maker.'
4s.
gravings. Second Edition.
By
Horner,
J.
En-
Every pupil and apprentice would find it, we think, an assistance to obtaining a
thorough knowledge of his work. The book, however, is not intended merely for the
for practical men.'
student, but contains much useful information
'
Industries,
By
G. E.
Bonney.
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS.
'
With
This
is
an excellent book
With 144
By G. E. Bonney.
new Chapter on Radiography for those wishing
Rontgen's
2s. 6d.
Illus.
Rays.
INDUCTION
COILS.
Manual for
Amateur Coil makers.
Practical
With
101
Illustrations.
3*-
'In
Mr.
Bonney's
the
coil
minutely in
is
part
described
and
fully
in
considered.'
Review.
Sectional
Diagram
of Coil
Winder {Specimen
re-
insulating
quired
0/ Illustrations).
Electrical
Whittaker's Technological
and
Scieritific List.
35
{Continued).
By G. E. Bonney.
Manual for Amateurs and Young Students in Electro MetalWith Full Index and 61 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised
lurgy.
and Enlarged, with an Appendix on ELECTROTYPING. 3*.
I.
Contents
Electro-Deposition of Metal II. Electro-Deposition by
Practical
Current from Batteries III. Dynamo-Electric Plating Machines IV. ElectroPlaters' Materials
V. Preparing the Work VI. Electro-Plating with Silver
IX. Copper X. Alloys
XI. Zinc, Tin,
VII. Gold VIII. Nickel
Iron, &c.
'
An amateur
of the subject
'
'
valuable
is
it
By
II.
Orford.
The book
is
The author
to others in
With numerous
Illustrations.
'
of practical
It
series
The work of evident utility, and has before a future.' Chemical News.
contains a large amount of sound information.' Nature.
3^.
a trustworthy guide to the manufacturer of lenses, suitable alike for
the young workman.' Nature.
By
the
his
knowledge
same Author.
With
88
2s. 6d.
Illustrations.
The Eye
an Optical Instrument Properties and Aberraof the Eye Examination of the Eye The
and their Uses The Morton OphthalVarious
Forms
of
moscope
Ophthalmoscopes Retinoscopy Spectacles and
Various Forms of Spectacles Illustrated and Described
their Selection
Stereoscopic ProjectionAnderton's System Principles of the Optical Lantern
Contents:
tions
of Lenses
as
Aberrations
Ophthalmoscope Ophthalmoscopes
To those of our readers who wish to inquire into the elements of optical instrument
construction and the principles involved therein, we can cordially recommend the little
book.' Photographic News.
'
'
By
J.
Traill Taylor,
late Editor of
'
The
With 68
Illustrations.
An
3s.
6d.
Nature.
excellent guide, of great practical use.'
Personally we look upon this book as a most valuable labour-saving invention,
no questions are so frequent, or take so long to answer, as those about lenses.'
'
foir
Practical Photographer.
Written so plainly and clearly that we do not think the merest tyro will have any
Amateur Photographer.
difficulty in mastering its contents.'
'
Whittaker's Technological
36
and
Scientific List.
A~c. (Continued).
to the
make
the book
more complete.
From
'This
the Preface.
is
pub-
Electrician.
contains readable accounts of all the bestknown and most widely used instruments, together
with a considerable amount of information not
Electrician.
hitherto published in book form.'
'
It
The Hunnings
(
Transmitter.
Specimen of Illustrations)
By
Practical
'
Nature.
'
A more
efficient
impossible to conceive.'
this little
book
it
is
Railway Engineer.
By D. Denning.
Practical
Handbook
to the Construction
ot
Use of Tools,
tions.
5 J
'We
heartily com-
Scientific List.
F.
Walker,
37
{Continued).
M.I.E.E., A.M.Inst.C.E.
Electrician.
Mr. Walker's book is evidently the work of a practical man who has had much
The practical hints are likely to be of solid value.'
experience.
Saturday Review.
'The work is a valuable contribution to the literature of electrical science in its
more practical forms.' Iron and Coal Trades Review.
'
F. C. Allsop, Author of
By
'
their Construction.'
The book
is
J.
98 Illustrations, $s.
Must prove of great value to the student and young engineer.' Electrical Review
S.
R. Bottone.
Practical
Handbook.
With 78
will
its
Sixth
(Specimen of Illustrations.
Illustrations.
iVorld.
Whittaker's Technological
38
and
Scientific List.
By
{Continued).
Bottone.
ELECTRO-MOTORS, How
Made and How Used. A
Handbook for Amateurs and
Men. With 70 Illustrations.
Practical
3s.
'
'
We
Electrical Engineer.
By
S.
R. Bottone.
Practical
Book
for Practical
Men.
No
and enlarged.
bell-fitter
By
S.
R.
it. T
electric bell-fitting
Electrician.
Bottone.
Made and
Illustrated.
How
illustrations.
TO MANAGE A DYNAMO.
Author.
will
Building News.
HOW
work of
he wants to know.'
should be without
Illustrations.
35.
Used.
2s. 6d.
By
the
same
Pott 8vo.
Pocket size.
cloth.
'This little book will be very useful.' Electrical Engineer.
'The book should prove extremely useful." Electrical Review.
We heartily commend it to the notice of our readers.' Electricity.
'
By Edwin
Houston, A.M.,
Vol. II.
Vol.
$s.
W/iittaker's Technological
Whittaker's
By
Librae
and
Scientific List.
of Arts, Sciences,
39
etc. {Continued).
David Salomons,
Sir
practical
handbook.
6s.
tions.
Electrical Review
'Will be found very valuable to those owning or having charge of installations.*
Industries
By
J.
Gray, B.Sc
Con
Modern
Electrical Plant.
Series of easy introductions to the Physical Sciences, suitable for general use.
GEOLOGY.
An
Bottone.
With
By A.
J.
With 95
Illus-
2s. 6d.
trations.
'
S.
By
2s. 6d.
one.' Nature.
PICTORIAL ASTRONOMY. By
'
G. F. Chambers, F.R.A.S.
With 134 Illustrations. Second Edition, revised. 2s. 6d.
One of the most interesting popular treatises that we have had in our
'
hands
for
An
LIGHT.
is
With 85
worthy of the
Illustrations.
2s. 6d.
'
We have
G. Massee.
'
Its
tions,
many
With 56
Its
Past,
Illustrations.
Whittaker's Technological
40
and
Scientific List.
MINERALOGY
The
and Description.
By
{Continued).
25. 6d.
'
Dr. Hatch has admirably united brevity and clearness in his treatment of
the crystallographical and physical characters of minerals.' Nature.
'
cordially recommend this little book of Dr. Hatch's as
one of the best that students could purchase.'Science Gossip.
We
PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE,
and JOURNAL
OF SCIENCE, THE LONDON, EDINBURGH, AND DUBLIN.
A Journal devoted to Physics, Astronomy, Mechanics, Chemistry,
Mineralogy, and Applied Sciences. Conducted by Lord Kelvin, LL.D.,
F.R.S.; G. F. Fitzgerald, M.A., Sc.D., F.R.S.; and W. Francis,
Ph.D., F.S.S.
Works.
flfceotcal
By
C. J. S.
Thompson.
DIARY.
It will
It is
Edition.
SCIENCES.
Re-
vised and Enlarged by J. A. P. Price, B.A., M.D. Oxon., AssistantSurgeon to the Royal Berkshire Hospital ; late Physician to the Royal
'
'
'hit'taker's
Technological
Tenth Edition.
and
Scientific List.
41
Principles
book
,,
III.
,,
IV.
ABDOMEN.
16 Coloured Plates.
20 Coloured Plates.
10s.
10s.
A book which will certainly make its influence felt in the teaching of
anatomy in this country.' British Medical Journal.
The
The plates are exceedingly well drawn and placed on the stone.
'
'
explanatory letterpress
is
clear
and
concise.'
The Lancet.
'
'
Medical Press.
Students will find this an invaluable hand-book. The plates are drawn so
the
are
that
and
so
and
nerves
of
each dissection
large
muscles,
vessels,
clearly,
they
can be found without any difficulty.' Nature.
'
'
No
ATLAS
4to. cloth.
work
contains at least
of
one
Super Royal
THE
HUMAN BRAIN
of
it
and
DESCRIP-
By
L.
STUTTERING, AND
By Dr. E.
Translated by
Klindworth.
HOW
TO CURE
IT
thousand Diagrams.
By August Dittmar.
New
It is a fair
their Application
gd. net.
and correct review of the history of the subject.'
Photography,
Lancet.
W/iittaker's Technological
42
and
Scientific List.
Graining Classes,
By
BARTER,
Edition.
Work-room and
js. 6d.
its
The above Work covers the Requirements of the Examinations of the City and
Guilds of London Institute and the Science and Art Department in the subject.
Sir Philip Magnus says: 'Mr. Barter, in his book on "Woodwork," has
succeeded in showing, what is most important, the educational value of manual
training in school instruction, and has thus rendered a great service to those seeking
a trustworthy guide in the practical study of the subject.'
J. H. Reynolds, Esq., Director and Secretary Municipal Technical Schools,
Manchester, says: 'One of the best, if not the best book, that has hitherto
been published on this subject, whether English or American.'
Professor W. Ripper, of Sheffield Technical School, says
Mr. Barter, by his
ability, experience, and success as an instructor of manual training classes, is the right
man to write a book on woodwork, and the book he has produced is a most
'
am
aware,
it is
fact, so far
the most complete and satisfactory work, as a course of instruction
By
S.
Barter, Author
of
'
Manual Instruction
Woodwork.'
Showing
Examination.
32 plates with 98 subjects, cloth.
Foolscap 4to, y. 6d.
The examples and illustrations are admirable, and the work is a worthy
the
author's
treatise
on
of
Woodwork.'
School
Board
Chronicle.
companion
'
By
CHARLES
G.
LELAND,
With 42
It
is.
Illustrations.
M.A.
In a Series of 29
Second Edition.
Fcap.
4to.
6d.
is
full of
valuable practical
system of teaching which requires a high standard of manipulative skill before the
student is instructed in design. In this we entirely agree with him.' Literary World.
Manual Training
List.
43
(Continued).
WOOD-CARVING.
With numerous
Illustrations.
Third Edition.
Fcap. 4to. 5-r.
'An excellent manual.'
Morning Post.
'
An
'
Such
admirable
little
book.'
Builder.
patient,
explicit,
road
to excellence.'
Saturday Review.
book.'
H. Howard, Sec-
'Avery useful
Mr. \V.
to the Institute of
Wood Carvers, and
Instructor at King's College,
retary
British
London.
Amateurs
beginning
manual
Technical School.
Initial
LEATHER -WORK.
Cuir-Bouilli,
numerous
'A
Sewn, &c.
Illustrations.
Manual
for
Learners.
%s.
With
Times.
METAL WORK.
$s.
on Preparing
Whit takers
44
and
TecJinological
Scientific List.
Manual Training
{Continued).
MODERN PRINTING.
Practice of Typography.
each
zs. 6d.
Monthly
vol.
Parts,
is.
and
8vo. cloth,
each.
to
xos.
Quarterly Sections,,
4to. 21s.
By
C. T.
Jacob 1.
With many
Enlarged and
Classified.
useful Tables
Piice
and an Index.
Second
Edition.,
5.?.
IN TYPOGRAPHY,
QUESTIONS
inclusive
the Examinations
1895
LAUNDRY WORK,
monstrated for use in
Post 8vo. 2S.
The Art
Homes and
of;
Schools.
De-
Practically
With many
Illustrations.
'
GRANDMAMA'S CAKES:
A Book
'
good things
'
of
Recipes.
my
grandmother,
for
the
ITS AIMS,
$s.
net.
By
Crown
8vo. cloth,
2s. 6d.
15.
6d. net.
INSTI-
TUTE.
London: Whittaker
&
INDEX
rAGE
Salomons',
ACCUMULATORS,
and 6s.
5 s,
4-39
Plants, 12s.
Adams' Joints in Woodwork, is.
Prac. Trigonometry, 2S. 6d. net
27
32
...
31
3s. 6d.
'4
12
Fleming,
Hospitalier,
Kapp,
4s. 6d.
...
6d.
3s.
...
...
16
18
21
17
iS
13
6s.
6d.
2s.
Arithmetic, Electrical,
24
27
...
is.
Astronomy, Chambers,
6d.
2s.
BBALLOONING,Works
May,
...
Badt's Electrical
...
Bale's Mod. Shafting and Gearing, 2S.6d.
Barter's
Drawing
Woodwork, 7s.
6d.
...
Steam Engine
'5
17
13
64.
2s.
39
..
9
25
27
42
42
15
19
10
21s.
Indicator, 3s 6d.
Bell's
Submarine Telegraphy,
is.
6d.
3s.
...
16
...
Public Arms,
3s
3/. 3s.
net.
3s.
Electric Bells, 3s
Manage a Dynamo,
The Dynamo, 2s. 6d.
to
6
1
*5
34
35
34
29
30
31
14
3s.
How
19
19
13
Book of Crests,
16
26
26
6d.
39
37
38
38
39
16
is.
...
...
...
13
...
...
30
...
Brain, Flatau's Atlas of, 16s. net
British Locomotives, Cooke, 7s. 6d.
...
...
Brodie's Dissections, 2/. 2s.
...
Browne's (Jukes) Geology, 2s. 6d.
...
Bucknill's Submarine Mining, 12s. 6d.
...
...
Building, Black, 3s. 6d. ...
41
C_y AB IN ET Making, 5s
11
41
39
15
19
36
...
rents of Electricity, 10s. 6d. ...
Crellin's Bookkpg., is. 6d. Key, 2s. net
;
38
44
31
31
20
17
39
31
40
44
24
13
27
9
11
44
16
16
29
30
17
-55
13
6d. each
23
14
36
42
29
...
..
...
37
24
...
Anderson's Heat,
Andreoli's Ozone,
..
Dictionaries, Technological
Dictionary of Medical Terms, 10s. 6d.
Discount Tables, is.
\
Dissections Illustrated, Brodie
(
1 Vol. 2I. 2S., or
...
26
'"
36
42
42
3/. 3s.
...
Modern French
Artillery, 50s.
Pennsylvania Railway, 52s. 6d. ...
Drum Armatures, 7s. 6d.
Durham University Calendar, is. 6d. net
Dynamo, Bottone, 2s. 6d.
Gibbings,
is.
...
41
4i
10
10
40
15
16
21
44
38
27
17
26
...
13
38
37
24
5
20
7s. 6d.
16
46
Scientific List,
PAGE
PAGE
.CdUCATION,
Practical, 6s
Egleston's Metallurgy, 2 vols., 31s. 6a!. ea.
Electric Bell Hangers, H. B., 4s. 6d. ...
Bells, Bottone, 3s.
...
...
39
20
..
6d.
24
25
26
26
16
iS
33
24
...
iS
25
17
is.
10s. 6d.
...
Transformers, Kapp, 6s
Transformers, Weekes, 2s....
Transmission, Badt ...
Transn. of Energy, Kapp, 10s. 6d.
Wiring, Badt, 4s. 6d.
Wiring, Noll, 6s
Wiring Tables, 2s. 6d.
Electrical Engineering, 4s. 6d. ...
Engineering, Biggs, 2s. 6d.
Engineering Formulas, js. 6d.
Engineering, Kapp and others, 42s.
2s.
2s. 6d.
...
Instrument Making, 3s
Lab. Notes, Fleming, 12s. 6d. net
Measurements, Arithmetic of, is.
Notes, Kennelly, 6s. 6d.
Terms, Houston, 21s.
Electricity, Alternating Currents of,
Bedell and Crehore, 10s. 6d. ...
Alterng. Currents of, Blakesley, 5.J.
Fleming, 2 vols., 25.?.
4.J.
6d.
...
Experiments, Tesla,
4s. 6d....
2s.
17
14
19
25
3
25
25
26
16
6d.
...
Fitting, $s. _
English Minstrelsie, 4/.
...
...
TAIRBURN'S
...
...
2/. 2s.
...
Forth Bridge,
5s.
...
CjASEOUS
is.
Fuel,
6d.
is.
6d.
37
21
27
20
17
16
7
21
17
18
18
18
38
39
33
37
22
17
21
4s. 6d.
Griffith's
R
_
lATCH'S
36
34
30
22
4
30
37
14
41
21
20
21
6
29
18
28
22
15
17
30
30
25
8
22
39
29
26
20
21
18
21
19
27
27
34
18
21
27
22
3S
35
12
34
js. 6d.
22
17
...
...
Electro-platers' H.B., Bonney, 3s.
Electrolytic Separation, Gore, 10s. 6d.
Engineer Draughtsmen's Work, is. 6d.
19
&c,
Experiments, Bonney,
Heaviside,
19
19
to, is.
39
Lighting, Guide
Salomons',
..
Kapp,
H
25
38
and
Dredge
by
Illumination,
others, 30s.
43
Mineralogy,
2s. 6d.
Haulbaum's Ventilation, is
Hawkins' and Wallis's Dynamo,
Heat Engines, Anderson, 6s.
39
10
4
19
40
24
10s. 6d.
Heaviside's Electro
magnetic Theory.
17
22
3i
...
is.
...
Bridges, Silcock
...
Hobbs' Electrical Arithmetic, is.
_
Hoblyn's Medical Dictionary, 10s. 6d.
Holtzapftel's Turning, 5 vols,
5/. gs.
...
20
20
27
40
28
20
3 vols.
...
24
17
38
and
Whittaker's Technological
Scientific List.
47
PAGE
PAGE
Hurter's Alkali Makers' Hndbk, ios.6d.
Hutton's Mathematical Tables, 12$. ...
Hydraulic Motors, Bodmer, 14s.
and Biggs' Mechanical Engi-
IMRAY
neering,
3s. 6d....
25
34
44
29
How
13
r
9
34
Cooking, is
2s.
44
44
44
...
Jukes-Browne's Geology,
K^APP'S
Dynamos, &c,
20
2s. 6d.
39
Alternating Currents,
4.5.
6d.
17
20
10s. 6d.
Transformers,
6s.
2s. 6d.
2i
Silver
315. 6d.
3-r.
6d.
...
...
23-
24
24
6d.
2 Parts,
Davies,
Examinations,
is. 6d. each
Student's Examples,
W.
Tate,
Handbooks, 4
41
...
Library of Art, Sciences, &c.
of Great Industries
1 1 e(
of Pop. Science, 2s. 6d. per vol.
Light, Sir H. T. Wood, zs. 6d. ...
Lightning Conductors, Lodge, 15J.
35
34
seq.
6d. each
Mineralogy, Hatch,
24
19
1 5 j.
I\LADIEINE,
I
Naval
22
27
6d....
40.
Scots,
us. 30, 31
4/.
2/.
is.
...
is.
...
5.9.
...
Instruments, Orford
Modern
Work,
3.?.
3s.
6d.
H
18
18
14
25
...
...
...
Optical Instruments
Ozone, Andreoli,
2s. 6d.
PARKHURST'S
...
Dynamo
Building,
Winding,
30s.
22
24
15
Marshall's Cakes, is
Martin's Structures, 4^
Mason's Sanitation
Massee's, The Plant World,
Mathematical Tables, 12$.
44
Handbook,
10s.
27
Makers'
6d.
M.ACLEANS
2S. 6d.
Maver's Quadruplex,
13
6s.
6d.
4t
10
H
14
zs.
6d.
...
20
39
24
12-
is
Drainage,
Photography,
Orford's Lens
...
10s. 6d.
Optics
23
23
23
Tactics, Fitzgerald,
O,'PTICAL
of
23
Parts,
6d.
2s.
Secondary Batteries,
3'J
39
7
18
24
24
...
6d.
")
14
...
8'-
6d.
and
...
Mill
18
44
43
18
33
43
...
...
6.?.
...
$s.
Students'
19
40-
4s.
Work, Leland,
Metallurgy, Gold,
33
33
29
...
6d.
Metal Turning,
9
26
26
2s.
...
24
20
22
2.J.
...
Laundty Work,
14
3/....
6d.
Belting Table, 2s. 6d.
May's Ballooning,
J ACK'S
9
r
...
35
35
35
35
24
17
21
29-
32
40
35
41
20
26
39
27
29
36
43=
I
40
22
4+
44
28
Public Arms,
31
3/. 3s.
16
V^UADRUPLEX,
'7
Questions
in
!7
44
48
Scientific List.
PAGE
RAILWAY
Management,
7s. td.
Findlay,
Bodmer
Material Inspection,
Pennsylvania, 52s. td.
16
7s.
td.
19
43
20
4i
18
SALOMONS'
tion,
'9
6.?.
Sanitary Drainage
Mason
Savage's Sewage Disposal,
5s.
4
10
20
20
Sanitation,
...
3s.
27
...
Dom.
Segundo's
Treatment,
Slater's
Sewage Treatment,
20
10
6s.
24
44
2s. td.
27
8
20
J9
6s.
10
...
26
42
15
29
15
25
16
44
29
...
...
...
Specialists' Series ..
...
Steam Engine Indicator, 3s. 6d.
td.
...
...
Fletcher,
7s.
Jacket,
...
Locomotives, Cooke, ys. td.
...
Model, Alexander, 10s. td.
Power and Mill Work, Sutcliffe,
21s
Steamships, Atlantic, ys. td. and 2s. td.
Steel Works Analysis, Arnold, 10s. td.
Stevenson's Trees of Commerce, 3s. td.
Structures, Martin, 4s
Stubbs' Telephony, 15s
Stuttering, Klindworth, 12s. td.
Submarine Cable Laying, 12s. td.
21
6
n
12
8
13
2
29
14
1
...
41
25
15
...
...
26
...
...
...
27
2
Thames
3s.
td.
...
...
36
25
16
...
...
18
...
...
...
...
18
..
5s.
...
...
...
Electric, 10s. td.
Trade in Far East, Wakefield's, 7s. td.
..
...
...
Transformers, Kapp
...
Tree Pruning, Des Cirs, 2s. td.
Trees of Commerce, Stevenson, 3s. td.
2s.
td.
net
Trigonometry (Prac), Adams,
Tuit, Tower Bridge, 5s. ..
Turbines and Pressure Engines, 14s. ...
Turning, &c, Holtzapffel, 5 vols. 5L gs.
...
...
Turning Lathes, Lukin, 3s.
Metal, 4s.
td.
Typography Questions,
see Jacobi and Southward.
Trade
td.
WAKEFIELD'S
7
in
40
27
28
it
15
15
19
11
1
28
29
31
15
6
28
27
33
44
11
2s. td.
Colliery Lighting,
Dynamo Building,
...
...
...
...
td.
2s.
2s.
24
27
27
37
27
Electricity, ts.
Electric Engineer's Tables, 2s.
...
Wallis's Dynamo, 10s. td.
...
...
27
20
..
25
28
...
5s.
4s. td.
18
...
29
15
21
tionary, 5s.
...
..
Specialists' Series
...
...
...
...
...
Wiley's Yosemite, 15s.
Wilkinson's Electrical Notes, 6s. td.
...
td.
Cable Laying, 12s.
Wire, by Bucknall Smith, 7s. td.
Table, Boult, 5s
Wiring Tables, 2s. td.
Wood's Discount Tables, is
Light, 2s. td.
Wood Carving, Leland, 5s.
Woodward's Manual Training, 5s.
...
15
...
...
...
Barter,
is
Diff.
and
YOSEMITE,
...
Design, Beaumont,
21s
Alaska,
&c, Wiley,
15
26
7s. td.
Adams,
20
25
22
Woodwork,
39
32
...
15s.
4)
Whittaker 6
14
Far East
s.
Wyatt's
...
26
..
each
ThompsonVChernist'sCompdm.2s.6</.net
...
Thwaite's Gaseous Fuel, 'is. td.
Timber Merchant's Vade Mecum, 4s. ...
...
Torpedo, Autobiography of a, 2s.
Tower Bridge Tuit, 5s. ..
...
...
Traction, Cable or Rope, 5s.
Woven
23
35
td.
Bridges, 7 parts,
Joints,
...
4-f.
..
29
Webb,
25
...
26
39
43
44
42
32
9
31
15
TORONTO LIBRARY