Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
How does Intra E-UTRAN Handover is performed?[ VNL , Larsen & Toubro
Infotech ]
How does policy control and charging works in LTE?[ US Infotech , Larsen &
Toubro Infotech ]
What is SON & how does it work in LTE?[ US Infotech , NXP Semiconductors India
Pvt. LTD ]
How does Network Sharing works in LTE?[ NECHCL , VotaryTech ]
How does Timing Advance (TA) works in LTE? [ MindTree Consulting Pvt. Ltd. , Innominds
Software ]
What is Relay Node and how does Relaying works in LTE-Advanced?[ NECHCL ,
VotaryTech ]
LTE ANSWER'S
What is LTE?
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is initiated by 3GPP i to improve the mobile phone standard to cope
with future technology evolutions and needs.
What is goal of LTE?
The goals for LTE include improving spectral efficiency, lowering costs, improving services,
making use of new spectrum and reformed spectrum opportunities, and better integration with
other open standards.
What speed LTE offers?
LTE provides downlink peak rates of at least 100Mbit/s, 50 Mbit/s in the uplink and RAN
(Radio Access Network) round-trip times of less than 10 ms.
What is LTE Advanced?
LTE standards are in matured state now with release 8 frozen. While LTE Advanced is still
under works. Often the LTE standard is seen as 4G standard which is not true. 3.9G is more
acceptable for LTE. So why it is not 4G? Answer is quite simple - LTE does not fulfill all
requirements of ITU 4G definition.
Brief History of LTE Advanced: The ITU has introduced the term IMT Advanced to identify
mobile systems whose capabilities go beyond those of IMT 2000. The IMT Advanced systems
shall provide best-in-class performance attributes such as peak and sustained data rates and
corresponding spectral efficiencies, capacity, latency, overall network complexity and quality-ofservice management. The new capabilities of these IMT-Advanced systems are envisaged to
handle a wide range of supported data rates with target peak data rates of up to approximately
100 Mbit/s for high mobility and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility.
See LTE Advanced: Evolution of LTE for more details.
What is LTE architecture?
The evolved architecture comprises E-UTRAN (Evolved UTRAN) on the access side and EPC
(Evolved Packet Core) on the core side.
The figure below shows the evolved system architecture
What is EUTRAN?
The E-UTRAN (Evolved UTRAN) consists of eNBs, providing the E-UTRA user plane
(PDCP/RLC/MAC/PHY) and control plane (RRC) protocol terminations towards the UE. The
eNBs are interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interface. The eNBs are also
connected by means of the S1 interface to the EPC (Evolved Packet Core), more specifically to
the MME (Mobility Management Entity) by means of the S1-MME and to the Serving Gateway
(S-GW) by means of the S1-U.
What are LTE Interfaces?
The following are LTE Interfaces : (Ref: TS 23.401 v 841)
S1-MME :- Reference point for the control plane protocol between E-UTRAN and MME.
S1-U:- Reference point between E-UTRAN and Serving GW for the per bearer user
plane tunnelling and inter eNodeB path switching during handover.
S3:- It enables user and bearer information exchange for inter 3GPP access network
mobility in idle and/or active state.
S4:- It provides related control and mobility support between GPRS Core and the 3GPP
Anchor function of Serving GW. In addition, if Direct Tunnel is not established, it
provides the user plane tunnelling.
S5:- It provides user plane tunnelling and tunnel management between Serving GW and
PDN GW. It is used for Serving GW relocation due to UE mobility and if the Serving
GW needs to connect to a non-collocated PDN GW for the required PDN connectivity.
user plane during inter-eNB handovers and as the anchor for mobility between LTE and other
3GPP technologies (terminating S4 interface and relaying the traffic between 2G/3G systems and
PDN GW).
Packet Data Network Gateway
The PDN GW provides connectivity to the UE to external packet data networks by being the
point of exit and entry of traffic for the UE. A UE may have simultaneous connectivity with
more than one PDN GW for accessing multiple PDNs. The PDN GW performs policy
enforcement, packet filtering for each user, charging support, lawful Interception
and packet screening.
What are LTE protocols & specifications?
In LTE architecture, core network includes Mobility Management Entity (MME), Serving
Gateway (SGW), Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN GW) where as E-UTRAN has EUTRAN NodeB (eNB).
See LTE protocols & specifications for specification mappings.
Protocol links are as below
Air Interface Physical Layer
GPRS Tunnelling Protocol User Plane (GTP-U)
GTP-U Transport
Medium Access Control (MAC)
Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) Protocol
Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
Radio Link Control (RLC)
Radio Resource Control (RRC)
S1 Application Protocol (S1AP)
S1 layer 1
S1 Signalling Transport
X2 Application Protocol (X2AP)
X2 layer 1
X2 Signalling Transport
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What is VoLGA?
VoLGA stands for "Voice over LTE via Generic Access". The VoLGA service resembles the
3GPP Generic Access Network (GAN). GAN provides a controller node - the GAN controller
(GANC) - inserted between the IP access network (i.e., the EPS) and the 3GPP core network.
The GAN provides an overlay access between the terminal and the CS core without requiring
specific enhancements or support in the network it traverses. This provides a terminal with a
'virtual' connection to the core network already deployed by an operator. The terminal and
network thus reuse most of the existing mechanisms, deployment and operational aspects.
see VoLGA - Voice over LTE via Generic Access for more details.
What is CS Fallback in LTE?
LTE technology supports packet based services only, however 3GPP does specifies fallback for
circuit switched services as well. To achieve this LTE architecture and network nodes require
additional functionality, this blog is an attempt to provide overview for same.
In LTE architecture, the circuit switched (CS) fallback in EPS enables the provisioning of voice
and traditional CS-domain services (e.g. CS UDI video/ SMS/ LCS/ USSD). To provide these
services LTE reuses CS infrastructure when the UE is served by E UTRAN.
See Understanding CS Fallback in LTE for more details.
How does LTE Security works?
The following are some of the principles of 3GPP E-UTRAN security based on 3GPP Release 8
specifications:
The keys used for NAS and AS protection shall be dependent on the algorithm with
which they are used.
The eNB keys are cryptographically separated from the EPC keys used for NAS
protection (making it impossible to use the eNB key to figure out an EPC key).
The AS (RRC and UP) and NAS keys are derived in the EPC/UE from key material that
was generated by a NAS (EPC/UE) level AKA procedure (KASME) and identified with
a key identifier (KSIASME).
The eNB key (KeNB) is sent from the EPC to the eNB when the UE is entering ECMCONNECTED state (i.e. during RRC connection or S1 context setup).
See LTE Security Principles for more details.
What is IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)?
The 3GPP IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) technology provides an architectural framework for
delivering IP based multimedia services. IMS enables telecom service providers to offer a new
generation of rich multimedia services across both circuit switched and packet switched
networks. IMS offers access to IP based services independent of the access network e.g. wireless
access (GPRS, 3GPPs UMTS, LTE, 3GPP2s CDMA2000) and fixed networks (TISPANs
NGN)
IMS defines a architecture of logical elements using SIP for call signaling between network
elements and Provides a layered approach with defined service, control, and transport planes.
Some of IMS high level requirements are noted below:
The application plane provides an infrastructure for the provision and management of services,
subscriber configuration and identity management and defines standard interfaces to common
functionality.
The IMS control plane handles the call related signaling and controls transport plane. Major
element of control plane is the Call Session Control Function (CSCF) , which comprises ProxyCSCF (P-CSCF), Interrogating-CSCF (I-CSCF) and Serving-CSCF (S-CSCF). The CSCF
(Call/Session Control Function) is essentially a SIP server.
The IMS transport plane provides a core IP network with access from subscriber device over
wireless or wireline networks.
Along with LTE introduction, 3GPP also standardized Single Radio Voice Call Continuity
(SRVCC) in Release 8 specifications to provide seamless continuity when an UE handovers
from LTE coverage (E-UTRAN) to UMTS/GSM coverage (UTRAN/GERAN). With SRVCC,
calls are anchored in IMS network while UE is capable of transmitting/receiving on only one of
those access networks at a given time.
See Evolution of Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) for more details.
How does Location Service (LCS) work in LTE network?
In the LCS architecture, an Evolved SMLC is directly attached to the MME. The objectives of
this evolution is to support location of an IMS emergency call, avoid impacts to a location
session due to an inter-eNodeB handover, make use of an Evolved and support Mobile
originated location request (MO-LR) and mobile terminated location request MT-LR services.
Release 9 LCS solution introduces new interfaces in the EPC:
SLg between the GMLC and the MME
SLs between the E-SMLC and the MME
Diameter-based SLh between the HSS and the HGMLC
For details read LCS Architecture for LTE EPS and LTE UE positioning in E-UTRAN
How does Lawful Interception works in LTE Evolved Packet System?
3GPP Evolved Packet System (EPS) provides IP based services. Hence, EPS is responsible only
for IP layer interception of Content of Communication (CC) data. In addition to CC data, the
Lawful Interception (LI) solution for EPS offers generation of Intercept Related Information (IRI)
records from respective control plane (signalling) messages as well.
See Lawful Interception Architecture for LTE Evolved Packet System for more details.
What is carrier aggregation in LTE-Advanced?
To meet LTE-Advanced requirements, support of wider transmission bandwidths is required than
the 20 MHz bandwidth specified in 3GPP Release 8/9. The preferred solution to this is carrier
aggregation.
It is of the most distinct features of 4G LTE-Advanced. Carrier aggregation allows expansion of
effective bandwidth delivered to a user terminal through concurrent utilization of radio resources
across multiple carriers. Multiple component carriers are aggregated to form a larger overall
transmission bandwidth.
See Carrier Aggregation for LTE-Advanced for more details.
What is Relay Node and how does Relaying works in LTE-Advanced?
For efficient heterogeneous network planning, 3GPP LTE-Advanced has introduced concept of
Relay Nodes (RNs). The Relay Nodes are low power eNodeBs that provide enhanced coverage
and capacity at cell edges. One of the main benefits of relaying is to provide extended LTE
coverage in targeted areas at low cost.
The Relay Node is connected to the Donor eNB (DeNB) via radio interface, Un, a modified
version of E-UTRAN air interface Uu. Donor eNB also srves its own UE as usual, in addition to
sharing its radio resources for Relay Nodes.
See Introduction of Relay Nodes in LTE-Advanced for more details.
1. What is LTE?
2. What's the difference between 3G & LTE?
3. What's the benefit of LTE?
4. What's technology applied in LTE? (both in UL and DL)
5. What's the max. throughput we can achieve from LTE?
6. In the market, which type/categ. of UE are available now?
7. Do you have any experience in LTE dimensioning/planning and drive testing?If so,
please kindly answer the following questions?
1. what is main frequency band for LTE?
2. In coverage planning, what are the most influence factors?
3. In 3G, RSCP and Ec/Io are used to determined in coverage planning. How's about in
LTE? And why?
4. What are the range of SINR, RSRP, RSRQ, MCS and CQI values?
5. What is the typical cell range of LTE?
6. How do you understand RB and how does RB impact on Throughput?
7. What is the typical value of latency?
6. What are the type of HO? If so, pls. explain me a bit of best cell HO and coverage HO?
7. For HO, pls. explain me the difference between HO via X2 and S1?
8. Do we still need Scraming code planning in LTE? If not, why?
9. Please explain me about eNodeB, MME and core network layout.
10. For capacity planning, do we still need Channel element (CE) dimensioning? If not,
why?
11. Have you experience in Atoll and Momentun?
12. Have you expereince in XCAL and Agilent NiXT?
13. Please explain me about QoS and Scheduling in LTE?
14. Pls. explain me about MIMO, SIMO and TxDiV configuration?
15. How's about those configuration and expected throughput?If you can answer above
questions, you will be in short list