IRD

Seminar

The UN system
in Interna0onal Rural Development
Andrew Speedy Visi4ng Professor, School of Agriculture


Wednesday 21 October 2015

 Development is a mul4dimensional process

involving changes in structures, ins4tu4ons, and
aGtudes as well as the accelera4on of economic
growth, the reduc4on of inequality, and the
eradica4on of absolute poverty.

Michael Todaro, 1983. Economics for a Developing World, Longman.

Development is the process of social and

economic progress. Rural development is
that process applied in rural areas by
central and local government, ins4tu4ons,
organiza4ons, the private sector, civil
society and communi4es themselves.

Andrew Speedy, 2012

The Interna4onal Telecommunica4on Union 1865

Universal Postal Union was established in 1874
Interna4onal Peace Conference, The Hague 1899
Conven4on for the Pacic SeYlement of Interna4onal
Disputes / Permanent Court of Arbitra4on 1902.
The League of Na0ons (Treaty of Versailles )1919
The Interna4onal Labour Organiza4on 1919
(Declara4on by United Na4ons 1 January 1942 (26
countries))
UN Charter, San Francisco, 1945 (50 countries +
Poland = 51)
The United Na0ons 24 October 1945

United Na4ons Monetary and Financial

Conference Bre=on Woods, New Hampshire 1-22
July 1944
Interna4onal Monetary Fund IMF 1946
World Bank 1945
Interna4onal Bank for Reconstruc4on and
Development 1945
Interna4onal Finance Corpora4on 1956
Interna4onal Development Associa4on 1960
Interna4onal Centre for SeYlement of Investment
Disputes 1966
Mul4lateral Investment Guarantee Agency1988

UN Agencies
UNDP
UNICEF
UNFPA
FAO
IFAD
ILO
IOM
UNAIDS

UNESCO
UNHCR
UNIDO
UN Women
UNODC
UNV
WFP
WHO

 3600 sta
192 Member Countries

SEUR

SLAC

FAO HQ
SNEA
RAF

RNE
RAP
SAFR

RLC
Headquarters in Rome
Five Regional Oces
Five Sub-regional Oces
Five Liaison Oces
Seventy-Four* Country Representa4ons
Thirty-six countries with mul4ple accredita4on

SAPA

FAO Strategic Objec4ves

Help eliminate hunger, food insecurity and malnutri4on
Make agriculture, forestry and sheries more produc4ve and
sustainable
Reduce rural poverty
Enable inclusive and ecient agricultural and food systems
Increasing their par4cipa4on in food and agricultural systems
is cri4cal to achieving FAOs goal of a world without hunger.
Increase the resilience of livelihoods to disasters

Funding
in US$ millions

From Global Policy Forum

Source: United Na4ons/General Assembly: Sta4s4cal
Reports of the Administra4ve CommiYee on Coordina4on

Environmental services
Land

Water

Energy
Industry

Agriculture
Incentive

Goods

Food

Work

Biosphere

Business
Tax

Culture

Environment

Finance
Leisure

Housing

Tax
People

Health
Education

Social
protection

Social services

Pension

Interna4onal
agreements

Trade
Environmental services

Industry
Goods

Land

Water

Energy

Agriculture
Incentive

Food

Work

Biosphere

Business
Tax

Culture

Environment

Finance
Leisure

Housing

Tax
People

Health
Education

Foreign
Policy

Social
protection

Social services

Pension

Na4onal
Security

Interna4onal Law
Universal Declara4on of Human Rights (UDHR)1948
Interna4onal Covenant on Civil and Poli4cal Rights (ICCPR)
Interna4onal Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights (ICESCR)
Interna4onal Conven4on on the Elimina4on of All Forms of
Racial Discrimina4on (CERD)
Conven4on on the Elimina4on of all Forms of Discrimina4on
Against Women (CEDAW)
Conven4on Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT)
Conven4on on the Rights of the Child (CRC).
Geneva Conven4on

Some Human Rights

Right to food
Health care (medical care)
Educa4on
Equality of both males and females; women's
rights
The right to work
To own property
Free Speech
Safety from violence

Interna4onal Conven4ons

Rio Declara4on on Environment and Development 1992

Conven4on on Biological Diversity 1992
Framework Conven4on on Climate Change 1992
Conven4on on the Law of the Sea 1982
Interna4onal Grains Agreement 1995
Grains Trade Conven4on 1995
Food Aid Conven4on 1999

Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organiza4on

1994
Agreement on the Applica4on of Sanitary and
Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement)

Interna4onal Conferences
Universal Declara4on on the Eradica4on of Hunger and
Malnutri4on 1974
World Declara4on on Nutri4on 1992
Vienna Declara4on on Human Rights 1993
Cairo Programme of Ac4on (Interna4onal Conference on
Popula4on and Development) 1994
Copenhagen Declara4on on Social Development (World
Summit on Social Development) 1995
Declara4on on World Food Security and World Food Summit
Plan of Ac4on, Rome, 1996
Declara4on Interna4onal Alliance Against Hunger, World
Food Summit: ve years later, Rome, 2002

Other Interna4onal Instruments

Codex Alimentarius Commission
Oce interna4onal des pizoo4es (OIE) or World
Organiza4on for Animal Health
Interna4onal Animal Health Code
Interna4onal Aqua4c Animal Health Code

Interna4onal Plant Protec4on Conven4on

Interna4onal Health Regula4ons 2005 (WHO)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Types of Aid

Project aid
Programme aid
Sector Wide Approaches
Technical Assistance
Food Aid
Interna4onal Research
Government nancial support

Types of assistance

Emergency assistance
Technical assistance
Informa4on resources
Educa4on and training
Policy advise
Laws and regula4ons
Infrastructure, irriga4on, roads, bridges

Management for Results

Outcomes

Reduced poverty
Improved nutri4on
Improved health

Outputs

Poverty reduc4on programme

Agriculture improvement programme
Disease control and preven4on

Ac4vi4es

Projects
Programmes

Indicators

Sta4s4cs

Means of Verica4on
Risks and Assump4ons

Results Framework

What agencies do

Regional Development Banks

European Investment Bank(EIB)
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
European Bank for Reconstruc4on and
Development (EBRD)
CAF - Development Bank of La4n America (CAF)
Inter-American Development Bank Group (IDB,
IADB)
African Development Bank (AfDB)
Islamic Development Bank (IsDB)

Philanthropic founda4ons

Bill & Melinda Gates Founda4on

Open Society Founda4onz
Ford Founda4on
William and Flora HewleY Founda4on
Childrens Investment Fund Founda4on
United Na4ons Founda4on
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Founda4on
Conrad N. Hilton Founda4on
Rockefeller Founda4on
Gordon and BeYy Moore Founda4on

NGOs

Ac4onAid
CAFOD
CARE
Mdecins Sans Fron4res
Oxfam*
Plan
Red Cross
Save the Children
World Vision
World Wide Fund for Nature
*Income 389 million in 2013-14

Consulta4ve Group on Interna4onal Agricultural Research CGIAR

AfricaRice
Bioversity Interna4onal
Center for Interna4onal Forestry Research (CIFOR)
Interna4onal Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)
Interna4onal Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)
Interna4onal Crops Research Ins4tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)
Interna4onal Food Policy Research Ins4tute (IFPRI)
Interna4onal Ins4tute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)
Interna4onal Livestock Research Ins4tute (ILRI)
Interna4onal Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)
Interna4onal Potato Center (CIP)
Interna4onal Rice Research Ins4tute (IRRI)
Interna4onal Water Management Ins4tute (IWMI)
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
WorldFish

Bilateral Agencies

USAID
DFID
AFD
GIZ
DANIDA
NORAID
SDC/SECO
JICA
Australian Aid (Formerly AUSAID)
NZAID
IrishAid
See UN General Assembly Resolu4on A/RES/25/2626 24 October 1970
and Report of the Interna4onalvConference on Financing for Development,
Monterrey, Mexico, 18-22 March 2002

Foreign aid received in millions of US dollars

Top 10 aid donor countries

(2013)

Why give aid to Middle Income Countries?

Most poor people live in MICs
Contribu4on to interna4onal public goods
Support to civil society
Regional eects
Sharing exper4se and knowledge transfer
Successful projects and results
Value for money
. Jonathan Glennie, 2011. The role of aid to middle-income countries: a contribu4on to

evolving EU development policy. ODI Working Paper 331.

Is it working?
If not, why not?

Work together?
Too many cooks spoil the broth

Emergency Clusters
Sector of Area of Activity

Global Cluster Lead

Agriculture (and fisheries)

FAO

Camp coordination/management (IDPs)

UNHCR/IOM

Early recovery (including Non Food Items)

UNDP

Education

UNICEF/ Save the Children

Emergency shelter

UNHCR/IFRC (convener)

Emergency telecommunications

OCHA/UNICEF/WFP

Health

WHO

Logistics

WFP

Nutrition

UNICEF

Protection

UNHCR/UNICEF

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

UNICEF

Paris Declara4on on Aid Eec4veness, February 2005

Ownership: Developing countries must lead their own

development policies and strategies, and manage their
own development work on the ground.
Alignment: Donors must line up their aid rmly behind the
priori4es outlined in developing countries na4onal
development strategies [and] must use local ins4tu4ons
and procedures for managing aid
Harmonisa4on: Donors must coordinate their development
work beYer amongst themselves to avoid duplica4on and
high transac4on costs for poor countries countrya
na4onal health plan for examplerather than fragmented
into mul4ple individual projects.
Managing for results: All par4es in the aid rela4onship
must place more focus on the result of aid, the tangible
dierence it makes in poor peoples lives.

Delivering as One
High Level Panel on UN System-wide Coherence

One UN Pilot countries

Albania
Cape Verde
Mozambique
Pakistan
Rwanda
Tanzania
Uruguay
Viet Nam

Reform based on Four Principles

One Leader
One Budget
One Programme
One Oce

Whats Wrong with the World?

Equality
Gender
Economics
Environment
Poli4cal system

Whats Wrong with the World?

Conict
Food crisis
Economic crisis
Poli4cal crisis
Natural disasters
Climate Change

Is it working?
If not, why not?

The Sustainable Development Goals 2015-2030

UN Sustainable Development Goals (Post-2015)

Goal 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Goal 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutri4on and promote
sustainable agriculture
Goal 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Goal 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality educa4on and promote lifelong
learning opportuni4es for all
Goal 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
Goal 6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanita4on
for all
Goal 7 Ensure access to aordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for
all
Goal 8 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and
produc4ve employment and decent work for all
Goal 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrializa4on and foster innova4on

UN Sustainable Development Goals (Post-2015)

Goal 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries
Goal 11 Make ci4es and human seYlements inclusive, safe, resilient and
sustainable
Goal 12 Ensure sustainable consump4on and produc4on paYerns
Goal 13 Take urgent ac4on to combat climate change and its impacts*
Goal 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development
Goal 15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat deser4ca4on, and halt and reverse land
degrada4on and halt biodiversity loss
Goal 16 Promote peaceful and inclusive socie4es for sustainable development,
provide access to jus4ce for all and build eec4ve, accountable and inclusive
ins4tu4ons at all levels
Goal 17 Strengthen the means of implementa4on and revitalize the global
partnership for sustainable development

RemiYances
Dilip Ratha The hidden force in global
economics: sending money home.
TED Talks 9 Oct 2014

RemiYances and other resource ows

into developing countries (US$ billions)
Resource(flows(
!
Migrant!
Remittances!
!
Foreign!Direct!
Investment!
!
Private!debt!and!
Portfolio!Equity!
!
Official!
Development!
Assistance!

1995(
!
54!

2005(
!
198!

2006(
!
232!

2007(
!
286!

2008(
!
331!

2009(
!
316!

2010(
!
341!

2011(
!
381!

95!

307!

398!

559!

637!

428!

583!

644!

59!

193!

277!

429!

186!

180!

284!

201!

57!

108!

107!

108!

127!

126!

130!

I!

!
Source: World Development Indicator, and World Bank Development Prospects 18

Thank You
Collec4on of books and ar4cles at:
hYps://docs.google.com/folder/d/0BxHirJwNdGgkQVBFSE80dHhNeE0/edit
YouTube:
hYp://www.youtube.com/user/AndrewSpeedy/videos?ow=grid&view=1
Now working on:
hYp://ird-informa4on.wikispaces.com/