Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Design of 4-Storey
Reinforced Concrete
Commercial Building
Certification
This is to certify that part or parts of our work was not copied from somebody else work. A proper and full referencing was included for all ideas
including plans, drawings, pictures and diagrams taken from the internet
and other sources.
For the materials which is quoted essentially word-for-word is given in quotation marks and referenced.
Signed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Executive Summary
The reinforced concrete structure analyzed is located at T.N. Pepito
St., Poblacion, Valencia City. It is a four-storey building which is fifteen meters high. It is a reinforced concrete structure with commercial
and office spaces at the ground floor and a hotel from the second floor
up to the third floor. The building has five bays at its longest side and
two bays at its shortest side. To improve the safety of the building,
metal escape routes are installed in the right side of the building.
The analysis of the building focuses only on Frame 2 shown in
Figure 4.11 in Chapter V. The loads applied in the frame where individually calculated. These loads were then input on the software
GRASP (Graphical Rapid Analysis of Structures Program). Different
load combinations are used to determine which load combination can
produce the maximum effect in terms of moment, shear force and axial
force.
To simplify the analysis and design, several design aids were used.
One of which is the interaction diagram for columns shown in Figure
A.3 and Figure A.4. Spreadsheets were also used in the design and
analysis of the structural members. The design of the structural members were based on the computed loads. Beam dimension were found to
be 500mm x 280 mm, 480mm x 280m and 450mm x 250mm for beam
A and B, beam C, and beam D, respectively. Column sections were
also determined: 450mm x 400mm for column 1; 400mm x 300mm for
column 2; 400mm x 350mm for column 3; and 400mm x 300mm for
column 4.
For the slabs, analysis and design were done according to the provisions provided by NSCP. In addition, slabs used in the structure were
assumed to be one-way slabs. The slabs is 130mm thick and uses 912mm diameter bars. Footing 1 has a dimension of 2.0 m x 2.0 m
and utilizes 15-16 mm diameter bars. Footing 2 has a dimension of
1.7m x 1.7 m and uses 13-16 mm diameter bars. For a more detailed
discussion of the result refer to Chapter V of the book.
Contents
1 Project Background
1.1 Project Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Scope and Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Project Outline/Workflow . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.1 Conceptualizing . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2 Considering the Design Standards .
1.4.3 Computing the Structural Loads . .
1.4.4 Design of Structural Members . . . .
1.4.5 Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.6 Construction of the Written Report
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13
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21
3 Design Methods
3.1 Strength Design Method (SDM) . . . . .
3.1.1 Description of SDM . . . . . . . .
3.1.2 NSCP Design Assumptions . . . .
3.1.3 Loads and Load Combinations . .
3.1.4 NSCP Safety Provisions . . . . . .
3.2 Structural Analysis and Design . . . . . .
3.2.1 Structural Analysis Methods . . .
3.2.1.1 Classical Methods . . . .
3.2.1.2 NSCP Moment and Shear
3.2.1.3 Computer Programs . . .
3.2.2 Structural Design Procedures . . .
3.2.2.1 Design of Beams . . . . .
3.2.2.2 Design of Slabs . . . . . .
3.2.2.3 Design of Columns . . . .
3.2.2.4 Design of Footings . . . .
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Coefficient
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83
C Design Computations
96
References
116
List of Figures
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
14
16
17
20
21
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
Perspective View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First Floor Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second Floor Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third Floor Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Roof Deck Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section Thru A-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Front Elevation(Left) and Rear Elevation(Right)
Right Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Left Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building Framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frame 1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frame 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frame A, B and C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frame D and E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frame F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Foundation Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second Floor Framing Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third Floor Framing Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rooof Deck Framing Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
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5.8
5.9
Sketch of Footing 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sketch of Footing 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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82
B.1
B.2
B.3
B.4
B.5
B.6
Structural Analysis .
Strtuctural Analysis
Structural Analysis .
Structural Analysis .
Structural Analysis .
Structural Analysis .
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90
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C.1
C.2
C.3
C.4
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112
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78
List of Tables
2.1
2.2
19
19
3.1
29
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
Dead Load . . . . . . . . . . . .
Live Load . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wind Load . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seismic Loads . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum Moment for Beams . .
Maximum Shear for Beams . . .
Maximum Moment for Columns .
Maximum Shear for Columns . .
Maximum Axial LOad . . . . . .
Beam Design . . . . . . . . . . .
Column Schedule . . . . . . . . .
SLAB DESIGN . . . . . . . . . .
Footing Schedule . . . . . . . . .
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B.1
B.2
B.3
B.4
B.5
B.6
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84
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C.1
C.2
C.3
C.4
C.5
C.6
Design
Design
Design
Design
Design
Design
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of
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Beam A
Beam B
Beam C
Beam D
Column .
Column .
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C.7
C.8
C.9
C.10
C.11
C.12
C.13
C.14
C.15
Design oc Column 2
Design of Column 2
Design of Column 3
Design of Column 3
Design of Column 4
Design of Column 2
design of Footing 1 .
Design of Footing 2 .
Design of Slab . . . .
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104
105
107
108
110
111
113
114
115
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their sincere appreciation to all
the generous persons who have helped them from the start, those who
are always at their side in all hardships and sacrifices, those people who
are always with them through thick and thin, those who have accepted
and loved them for who they are, and for those persons who never left
them through all the obstacles in life.
To Engr. Richard J. Aquino, for his intellectual contributions, encouragement, guidance, understanding, helpful criticism, and time in
answering the authors query when they are in doubt.
To their classmates and friends who were never tired of giving them
warm friendship, encouragement and cherished memories, and many
others who had been an inspiration to the authors.
To their families, who were always on their back, who supported
them with all they can emotionally, physically, spiritually, morally, and
financially, who always enfold them with care, understanding, patience,
and an unconditional love.
And above all, to the Almighty God in Heaven, for all the guidance
and blessings that He has showered the authors all the way.
10
Chapter 1
Project Background
1.1
Project Description
1.2
1.3
11
2. Environmental loads except wind loads and seismic loads are excluded
in the design.
3. The project is also limited to the analysis of Frame 2.
1.4
Project Outline/Workflow
1.4.1
Conceptualizing
The building plan was first obtained from the city engineers office of
Valencia. The work was then divided among the members of the group.
1.4.2
The design standards used in analysis was referred to the National Structural Code of the Philippines, 2010, Sixth Edition
1.4.3
The structural loads (i.e., dead load, live load, seismic load, wind load)
were computed with the aid of spreadsheet. The factors and the minimum design dead loads were referred to the National Structural Code of
the Philippines, 2010, Sixth Edition. The computed structural loads were
then used in the analysis. sstructural analysis was then done with the aid
of GRASP.
1.4.4
1.4.5
Checking
To verify the results acquired in the previous step, the shear and moment
capacity of each structural members were taken. For the design to be accepted the design strength must be larger than the factored loads, (Mn )
Factored loads.
1.4.6
The written report will be created using LATEX. The format used was
the one the instructor provided.
12
Chapter 2
2.1
Concrete
2.1.1
13
Portland Cement
USE
For use when the special properties specified for any other
type are not required.
For general use, more especially when moderate sulfate
resistance is desired.
For use when high early strength is desired.
For use when a low heat of hydration is desired.
For use when high sulfate resistance is desired.
Water
2.1.1.4
Admixtures
2.1.2
Compressive strength
2.1.3
Tensile strength
2.1.4
Stress-strain curve
2.1.5
Modulus of elasticity
16
2.1.6
17
2.1.7
Quality control
2.2
2.2.1
18
19
Figure 2.4:
Identifying Marks
http://www.steelasia.com/conw.htm
.
2.2.2
on
Rebars
adapted
from
Stress-strain diagram
20
2.2.3
Yield strength
Yield point is the point where the stress-strain diagram becomes almost horizontal and the corresponding stress is known as the yield stress or
yield strength.Yield strength is the stress at which a material has undergone
some arbitrarily chosen amount of permanent deformation, often 0.2 percent
(Britannica Encyclopedia, 2015). The yield strength of steel varies due to
materials used in the fabrication of steel.
2.2.4
Modulus of elasticity
21
Chapter 3
Design Methods
3.1
3.1.1
Description of SDM
3.1.2
3.1.3
0.05 0
(fc 28), 28M P a fc0 56M P a
7
0.65, fc0 56M P a
(3.1)
(3.2)
(3.3)
1. Dead load
Dead loads consist of weight of all materials and fixed equipment incorporated into the building or other structure (NSCP 202).
For minimum design dead loads refer to NSCP Table 204-2.
2. Live load
Live loads are those loads produce by the use and occupancy f the
building or other structure and do not include dead load, construction
load, or environmental load such as wind load, earthquake load and
fluid load (NSCP 202).
23
3. Wind load
When structures block the wind flow, the winds kinetic energy is converted into a potential energy of pressure, which causes wind loadings.
The effect of wind on a structure depends upon the density and velocity of air, angle of incidence, shape and stiffness of the structure, and
the roughness of its surface.
Velocity pressure shall be determined using the formula below.
qz = 47.3x106 Kz Kz tKd V 2 Iw
(207-15)
(207-17)
4. Earthquake load
Earthquakes produce loadings on a structure through its interaction
with the ground and its response characteristics. These loadings results from the structures distortion caused by the grounds movement
and the lateral resistance of the structure.
Design base shear shall be calculated using the following equation:
V =
Cv I
W
R
(208-4)
(208-5)
V = 0.11Ca IW
(208-6)
0.8ZNv I
W
R
(208-7)
V =
And should not be less than
V =
(403-1)
U = 1.2D + 1.6L
(403-2)
24
3.1.4
(403-3)
(403-4)
(403-5)
U = 0.90D + 1.0E
(403-7)
25
(3.4)
(3.5)
Pn Pu
(3.6)
Mn Mu
(3.7)
Vn Vu
(3.8)
3.2
Structural analysis and design were performed with the aid of computer
programs. The analysis of the structure is done with the aid of GRASP
(Graphical Rapid Analysis of Structures Program).
The design of beams, footings, column and slabs are done with the aid
of Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet. The maximum shear, moment and axial
load used in designing the structural members are taken from the analysis
of frames. For the design of column, the interaction diagram is used.
3.2.1
3.2.1.1
These days the analysis of most structures are carried out with the aid
of computer programs based on the stiffness method or so-called matrix
method of structural analysis. Stiffness method is a subset of the more general analysis method called the finite element method. Engineers cannot
simply rely on the generated output from a computer program when designing a structure as there could be many sources of errors such as input
data errors (due to misunderstanding of input parameters) and modelling
errors. Classical methods of analysis provide means of checking computer
generated outputs.
3.2.1.2
26
wu ln2 /11
wu ln2 /14
wu ln2 /16
wu ln2 /9
wu ln2 /10
wu ln2 /11
wu ln2 /12
wu ln2 /24
wu ln2 /16
1.5wu ln /2
wu ln /2
Computer Programs
27
3.2.2
The structural design procedures developed are based on provisions provided by NSCP 2010 and ACI.
3.2.2.1
Design of Beams
(3.9)
1.4
fy
fc0
cu
= 0.85 1
fy
cu + s
(3.10)
(3.11)
The minimum required reinforcing area is then calculated with the formula As = bd. Determine the number of reinforcing bars by dividing the
required steel area by the area of one reinforcing bar.
n=
As
db2
4
(3.12)
b 2c 2ds ndb
n1
28
(3.13)
3.2.2.2
Design of Slabs
Design of Columns
Select the column section and the diameter of reinforcing bars. Then
compute the factored axial load (Pu ) and moment ( Mu ). Compute the load
eccentricity, e.
Mu
e=
(3.16)
Pu
Compute Kn and Rn , using the formula below.
Kn =
Pu
fc0 Ag
(3.17)
Rn =
Pn e
fc0 Ag h
(3.18)
29
(3.19)
Plot Kn and Pn in the interaction diagram and determine the steel ratio
g .
Use g in the formula As = g bd to determine the required steel area for
the column section.
To determine the number of reinforcing bars use the formula below.
n=
3.2.2.4
As
db2
4
(3.20)
Design of Footings
qe = qa df s ft c
(3.21)
D+L
qe
(3.22)
Check the adequacy of the effective depth, d, by determining the punching shear and beam shear.
The average punching shear in the footing will be taken using the formula
below:
1/3
p
1 + 2
Vc = fc0 bo d
s d
bo + 2
Beam shear can be taken as
1 p
Vc = fc0 bd
6
(3.23)
31
Chapter 4
Architectural Drawings
4.1.1
Perspective
4.1.2
Floor plans
A floor plan is a drawing that shows a room as seen from above. The
floor plan shows the lay out of the building. Floor plans also show the dimensions of the buildings, often, it shows the dimension of the doors and
windows.
The floor plans of the building are shown in Figure 4.2, Figure 4.3, Figure
4.4, and Figure 4.5.
4.1.3
Cross-sections
A section drawing shows what you would see if you made a vertical cut
through the building, took one half away, and looked into the other half.
32
Sections and sectional views are used to show hidden detail more clearly.
They-are created by using a cutting plane to cut the object.
4.1.4
Elevations
33
34
Figure 4.1: Perspective View
35
Figure 4.2: First Floor Plan
36
Figure 4.3: Second Floor Plan
37
Figure 4.4: Third Floor Plan
38
Figure 4.5: Roof Deck Plan
39
Figure 4.6: Section Thru A-A
40
Figure 4.7: Front Elevation(Left) and Rear Elevation(Right)
41
Figure 4.8: Right Elevation
42
Figure 4.9: Left Elevation
4.2
Structural Drawings
4.2.1
Frames
The building frame shows the arrangement of the beams and columns
in a two-dimensional drawing. For the project only Frame 2 is analyzed.
The result of the analysis of Frame 2 is used for the design of the structural
members.
4.2.2
Foundation plan
Foundation Plan is a top view of the footings or foundation walls, showing their area and their location by distances between centerlines and by
distances from reference lines or boundary lines. Actually, it is a horizontalsection view cut through the walls of the foundation showing beams,
girders, piers or columns, and openings, along with dimensions and internal
composition.[18]
4.2.3
4.2.4
Floor slab plans show what type of slab is used for the flooring.
43
44
Figure 4.10: Building Framing
45
Figure 4.11: Frame 1 and 2
46
47
48
49
50
Figure 4.16: Foundation Plan
51
Figure 4.17: Second Floor Framing Plan
52
Figure 4.18: Third Floor Framing Plan
53
Figure 4.19: Rooof Deck Framing Plan
Chapter 5
The following assumptions shown in Table 5.1 are used in the analysis
and design of the structure. The assumptions for material strength are taken
from the provisions in the NSCP code.
The sections of the beam and column where assumed based on the plan.
54
5.2
Parameter
Material Strength
fc0
Value
Units
Remarks
21
MPa
fy
Es
Other Assumptions
df
276
200000
MPa
MPa
2.0
ave
20.435
kPa
qa
Structural Sections
Beam
A
B
C
D
Column
C1
C2
C3
C4
Footing
F1
F2
Slab
hf
215.657
kPa
280
280
280
250
mm
mm
mm
mm
beam
beam
beam
beam
450 x 400
400 x 300
mm
mm
mm
mm
column
column
column
column
2.0 x 2.0
1.5 x 1.5
m
m
130
mm
500
500
480
450
x
x
x
x
section
section
section
section
section
section
section
section
footing area
footing area
5.2.1
Dead load
55
Third
Floor
Roof
Deck
3.2256
3.2256
Roof
Frame
3.36
3.36
3.2256
4.68
4.68
7.1604
7.1604
4.68
7.1604
4.68
4.68
7.1604
0.21
0.21
0.3213
0.21
0.21
0.3213
0.21
0.21
0.3213
2.88
3.36
7.6725
1.488
8.1675
1.584
8.1675
1.584
1.155
1.155
1.76715
1.155
1.155
1.76715
1.155
1.155
1.76715
0.3
0.3
0.459
0.3
0.3
0.459
0.3
0.3
0.459
0.3
0.3
0.459
0.075
0.075
0.11475
0.075
0.075
0.11475
0.075
0.075
0.11475
0.075
0.075
0.11475
0.596128
0.596128
0.073045
0.397419
56
5.2.2
Live load
The live load is computed by multiplying the design live load with the
tributary width and the span length. The live load applied on frame 2 is
shown in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2: Live Load
Live Load
Live Load
Rectangular
Trapezoidal
Triangular
Balcony
5.2.3
Second
Floor
Third
Floor
Roof
Deck
2.85
2.85
4.3605
2.85
2.85
4.3605
2.85
2.85
4.3605
Roof
Frame
Wind load
57
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.7004
0.731
0.75548
0.78064
0.81736
0.84798
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
-0.5965
kPa
-0.7642
kPa
P4.5
P6
P7.5
P9
P12
P13.5
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.69626
0.72686
0.75134
0.7765
0.81322
0.82818
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
-0.5826
kPa
-0.7463
kPa
-0.32
kPa
-0.746
kPa
Leeward walls
Side Walls
Windward Roof
Leeward Roof
58
5.2.4
Earthquake load
The computation of the seismic load is done with the aid of spreadsheet
and the provisions in NSCP Tables 108-2 to 108-8. Due to unavailability of
soil type data, the soil is assumed to be SD . The obtained Ct was 0.0731.
From Table 108.5 and 108.6, the seismic coefficient and framing system were
0.44Na and 8.5, respectively. Shown in Table 5.4 are the seismic load acting
on each floor and frame.
Table 5.4: Seismic Loads
Seismic Loads
Frame 2
5.2.5
1st Level
59.932
2nd Level
111.219
3rd Level
150.452
4th Level
43.392
Table 5.5, Table 5.6, Table 5.7 and Table 5.8 shows that the load combination U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L gives the largest value for the factored
loads in terms of moment for beams and columns. While load combination
U = 1.4D gives the smallest factored load. Maximum axial load is given by
the load combination U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L, as shown in Table 5.9.
Table 5.5: Maximum Moment for Beams
Mumax
Load Combination
left
middle right
1.4D
1.2D +1.6L
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.80W
1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L
1.2D + 1.0E +1.0L
0.90D + 1.0E
73.467
80.326
86.904
86.967
216.114
139.333
59
29.623
38.013
37.72
33.147
24.562
10.835
60.873
72.882
66.847
53.235
58.733
84.667
88.749
101.751
104.642
97.543
150.187
115.119
2.806
1.668
4.379
7.367
60.01
59.87
83.138
98.415
95.704
82.81
30.166
4.621
1.01
2.954
13.979
24.22
176.43
175.496
1.534
0.543
0.43
0.625
15.624
15.535
2.175
1.859
6.802
10.349
145.182
144.0426
0.216
0.891
5.125
8.5956
59.558
59.245
0.216
0.891
4.29
7.286
59.558
59.245
60
Pumax
471.11
561.666
567.69
496.06
591.91
426.48
0.216
0.891
1.069
0.893
59.558
59.245
5.3
5.3.1
Design Envelope
Design envelope for shear, moment and axial loads are taken from
GRASP. The design envelope can serve as a guide in the design of the
structural members.
61
62
Figure 5.1: Design Envelope for Moment
63
Figure 5.2: Design Envelope for Shear
64
Figure 5.3: Design Envelope for Axial Loads
Maximum and minimum moments The maximum and minimum moments are
used as basis for the limitation of the cross-section and reinforcements of the
structural members. For the design, only the maximum moment is used.
The maximum moment acting on the beam is 216.114 kN-m which can
be found at the leftmost beam in the second floor. A 24.562 kN-m and
58.773kN-m moment is also acting on the middle san and right support of
the same beam. For roof beams the maximum moments are 25.801 kN-m,
7.371 kN-m and 9.41 kN-m for left support, middle span and right support,
respectively.
The maximum moment for the columns is 175.43 kN-m. In the design
of columns this moment will be utilized.
Maximum and minimum shear forces The maximum shear with a magnitude
of 150.187 kN is also found acting on the same beam. A 69.028 kN and
30.166kN shear magnitude is also acting on the middle span and right support of the same beam.
The maximum shear acting on the exterior columns is equal to 50.2kN
and 59.6kN for interior columns. Both columns are found on the ground
floor.
Maximum axial forces Maximum axial force is 591.91kN. This axial force will
be used in the design of footings and columns.
65
5.4
5.4.1
Th beam sections were determined to have the dimensions and reinforcement shown in Table 5.10. All the beams in the structure requires 8-20mm
diameter bars for the reinforcement. For the stirrups, 10 mm diameter bars
with seismic hooks are used: five at 50 mm; 6 bars at 100 mm; and 120 mm
for the rest.
Table 5.10: Beam Design
BEAM DESIGN
Beam
A
Dimension
500 mm x 280 mm
Reinforcement
8-20 mm bars
Spacing
33.33 mm
500 mm x 280 mm
8-20 mm bars
33.33 m
480 mm x 280 mm
8-20 mm bars
33.33 mm
450 mm x 250 mm
8-20 mm bars
35 mm
66
Stirrups
5 @ 50mm
6 @ 100 mm
rest @ 120 mm
5 @ 50mm
6 @ 100 mm
rest @ 120 mm
5 @ 50mm
6 @ 100 mm
rest @ 120 mm
5 @ 50mm
6 @ 100 mm
rest @ 120 mm
67
5.4.2
The design of reinforcement in the column were based from the computed ultimate moment by GRASP. Steel reinforcement required for C1, C2
and C3 are twelve 20 mm diameter bars and eight 12 mm diameter bars for
C4. The lateral ties are 12 mm diameter bars with seismic hooks.
The sketch of the column schedules as shown in Figure 5.5 are drawn
with the use of AutoCAD.
Table 5.11: Column Schedule
COLUMN DESIGN
Column
C1
Dimension
400 x 450 mm
Reinforcement
12-20 mm bars
Spacing
73.33 mm
C2
300 x 400 mm
12-20 mm bars
53.33 mm
C3
350 x 400 mm
12-20 mm bars
95 mm
C4
300 x 400 mm
8-20 mm bars
70 mm
68
Ties
4 @ 50mm
rest @ 75mm
4 @ 50mm
rest @ 75mm
4 @ 50mm
rest @ 75mm
4 @ 50mm
rest @ 75mm
69
5.4.3
70
135 mm
29-12 mm bars
8-12 mm bars
5.4.4
The design of the footing from the plan is enough to support the load.
Reinforcement used for both footing are 16 mm diameter bars, sixteen bars
for footing 1 and thirteen bars for footing 2. Both footings lies 2 meters
below the ground surface of the structure.
Table 5.13: Footing Schedule
FOOTING
Footing
F1
F2
Dimension
2.0 m x 2.0 m
1.7 m x 1.7 m
Bars
15-16 mm bars, bothways
13-16 mm bars, bothways
72
74
Chapter 6
Conclusion
With the aid of NSCP 2010, ACI and other design aids, the design of the
structure was completed. Overall the structure is properly designed which
only requires few revisions.
The loads applied in the structure were determined using the provisions
provided by the NSCP. Load combinations were then taken from NSCP
409.3.1. Among the six load combination equation 409-5 provides the maximum moment. Thus the said load combination is used for the design
of the structural members. In addition, the analysis is only focused on
Frame 2 since it is the frame that can give the maximum reaction. Four
sizes of columns were determined in the design: 450mm x 400mm,400mm x
300mm,350 m x 400 mm and 400mm x 300mm. There are also four beam
sections: 500mm x 280mm for beams A and B, 480 mm x 280 mm for beam
C and 450 mm x 250 mm for beam D. Both beams and columns uses 20
mm diameter bars for the main reinforcements and 12 mm diameter bars
for the ties. The main reinforcement used in the slab are twenty-nine 12
mm diameter bars. For the shrinkage and temperature in slabs eight 12 mm
diameter bars are added. The footing of the structure are 2.0 m x 2.0 m and
1.7 m x 1.7 m. The computed design for footing 1 coincides with the design
stipulated in the plan. But for footing 2, the number of reinforcements used
should be thirteen instead of 10.
In general, the building design is quite good and utilizes economical sections. The columns of the building are also designed with seismic detailing.
Aside from the minimal revisions, overall the building is serviceable.
75
6.2
Recommendations
Although the analysis and design of the structure were aided with numerous softwares, there are still possible constraints in the design and analysis.
However, several recommendations are developed to at least minimize or
eliminate the constraints.
To further improve the course project, the following recommendations
are suggested
1. Stability analysis of the footing should be done so that the required
depth to stabilized the structure can be determined.
2. Securing a copy of the material specification is also important so that
the dead load acting on the structure can be properly determined.
3. Soil analysis should be taken into account so that the actual bearing capacity and the soil surcharge is included in the design of the
structure.
4. Since most of the slab in the structure is a two-way slab, a two-way
analysis of slab is also recommended.
76
Appendix A
Design aids
A.1
Table
Table A.1: Design Aid for Wind Load
Design Aid For Wind Load
Fig. 207-1
Table 207-2
Table 207-3
A.2
Occupancy Category
Wind Zone
V
Wind Directionality
kd
Importance Factor
Exposure Category
Gust Effect
Enclosure Category
Enclosed Building
GCPi
Chart
77
IV
Zone 3
150 kph
0.85
1
C
0.85
18
Figure A.1: Minimum Design Densities, adapted from NSCP Table 204-1,
p 2-7
78
Figure A.2: Minimum Design Dead Loads, adapted from NSCP Table 204-2,
p 2-8
79
80
81
82
Appendix B
Structural analysis
83
15
8
24.32
0.32895
m
m
m
kz
V
Iw
kzt
kd
G
Gcpi
Gcpi
Cp
qh
= 0.98603
kPa
qz4.5
=
0.769
kPa
qz6
=
0.814
kPa
qz7.5
=
0.85
kPa
qz9
=
0.887
kPa
qz12
=
0.941
kPa
qz15
= 0.98603
kPa
For Front, Rear and Left Side
For Windward Wall
P4.5
=
0.7004
P6
=
0.731
P7.5
= 0.75548
P9
= 0.78064
P12
= 0.81736
P15
= 0.84798
For Leeward Walls
P
= -0.4191
For sidewalls
P
= -0.5867
For Right side
Windward Walls
P4.5
= 0.69626
P6
= 0.72686
P7.5
= 0.75134
P9
=
0.7765
P12
= 0.81322
P13.5
= 0.82818
84
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
1.09
150
1
1
0.85
0.85
-0.18
0.18
0.8
-0.4093
kPa
-0.573
kPa
-0.32
kPa
-0.746
kPa
Side Walls
Windward Roof
Leeward Roof
85
86
Level
5
4
3
2
Total
W2
W3
W4
W5
Wt
=
=
=
Occupancy
Cv=
C=
IV
0.64
0.0731
0.80302048
890.7358706
hx
13.1
9.2
6.2
3.1
h
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.1
2337.100
2168.530
1976.910
400.419
6882.959
Wx(kN)
400.419
1976.910
2168.530
2337.100
6882.959
KN
KN
KN
KN
KN
Wxhx(kN.m)
5245.4889
18187.572
13444.886
7245.010
44122.96
Ca
I
R
Nv
hn
=
=
=
=
=
Soil Type
V= (2.CaIW)/R
0.44
1
8.5
0.64
24.42
SD
518.2463247
Wxhx/Wxhx
0.11888344
0.412
0.305
0.164
Fx(kN)
105.8937444
367.163
271.420
146.259
Vx(kN)
105.8937444
473.057
744.477
890.736
Mx(kN.m)
349.449357
1910.537
4367.310
7128.591
Area
105.477
23.315
128.792
=
=
87
15y-bar
y-bar
15x-bar
x-bar
X-bar
2.335
5.903
y-bar
11.291
4.441
2.9954
10.0509
Center of Rigidity
=
147.659
=
9.844
=
=
49.918
3.328
Ax-bar
246.289
139.494
385.783
Ay-bar
1190.93
103.542
1294.47
88
Frame
Relative
Direct
1
2
3
Total
A
B
C
D
E
F
Total
6
6
3
15
3
3
3
2
2
2
15
0.4
0.4
0.2
3.328
1.3429
3.9679
11.08
1.80
15.74
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.133
0.133
0.133
9.844
5.5222
0.962
3.598
8.158
12.718
96.904336
30.49469284
0.925444
12.945604
66.552964
161.747524
Torsion
Direct+torsion
66.45
10.82
49.21
0.024208
0.009768
0.015034
0.424208
0.409768
0.215034
290.713
91.484
2.776
25.891
133.106
323.495
993.945
0.035803
0.020084
0.003499
0.008724
0.019781
0.030837
0.235803
0.220084
0.203499
0.141724
0.152781
0.163837
FRAME
Level
Level
Level
Level
5
4
3
2
(F)
(F)
(F)
(F)
44.9209746
155.754
115.138
62.044
43.39190073
150.452
111.219
59.932
24.97004485
86.578
64.002
34.488
23.30555655
80.807
59.735
32.189
21.5492514
74.717
55.234
29.764
15.00768508
52.036
38.467
20.728
16.1785038
56.095
41.468
22.346
17.34932257
60.155
44.469
23.963
89
90
Figure B.1: Structural Analysis
91
92
93
94
95
Appendix C
Design Computations
96
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
yielding!
Mn
Mn
=
=
(min)
Rn
m
(max)
req
As
n
say n
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
spacing
Requirements
20
mm
21
Mpa
2512
mm2
276
Mpa
280
mm
500
mm
138.718
mm
163.198
mm
0.005
0.00138
40
mm
ds
ES
d
cu
=
=
=
=
10
200000
437.5
0.003
mm
Mpa
mm
693312
0.9
0.005
=
=
=
Mu
216.114
kN-m
DESIGN IS
Design of rectangular beams
sqrt(fc)/4/fy
=
1.4/fy
0.00415
= 0.00507
use
= 0.00507
4.48050
15.46218
Assume
0.01903
b
0.02061
h
0.02061
db
2331.77
mm2
Adb
7.426
8
bars
OK!
280
480
20
314
mm
mm
mm
mm
2
255.2366121
229.7129509
33.33
Design is ok!
97
Moment
kN-m
mm
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
yielding!
Mn
Mn
=
=
(min)
Rn
m
(max)
req
As
n
say n
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
spacing
Requirements
20
mm
21
Mpa
2512
mm2
276
Mpa
280
mm
500
mm
138.718
mm
163.198
mm
0.005
0.00138
40
mm
ds
ES
d
cu
=
=
=
=
10
200000
432.5
0.003
mm
Mpa
mm
693312
0.9
0.005
=
=
=
Mu
216.114
kN-m
DESIGN IS
Design of rectangular beams
sqrt(fc)/4/fy
=
1.4/fy
0.00415
= 0.00507
use
= 0.00507
4.58469
15.46218
Assume
0.01957
b
0.02061
h
0.02061
db
2370.29
mm2
Adb
7.549
8
bars
OK!
280
480
20
314
mm
mm
mm
mm
2
251.7700521
226.5930469
33.33
Design is ok!
98
Moment
kN-m
mm
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
yielding!
Mn
Mn
=
=
(min)
Rn
m
(max)
req
As
n
say n
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
spacing
Requirements
20
mm
21
Mpa
2512
mm2
276
Mpa
280
mm
480
mm
138.718
mm
163.198
mm
0.005
0.00138
40
mm
ds
ES
d
cu
=
=
=
=
10
200000
432.5
0.003
mm
Mpa
mm
693312
0.9
0.005
=
=
=
Mu
216.114
kN-m
DESIGN IS
Design of rectangular beams
sqrt(fc)/4/fy
=
1.4/fy
0.00415
= 0.00507
use
= 0.00507
4.58469
15.46218
Assume
0.01957
b
0.02061
h
0.02061
db
2370.29
mm2
Adb
7.549
8
bars
OK!
280
480
20
314
mm
mm
mm
mm
2
251.7700521
226.5930469
33.33
Design is ok!
99
Moment
kN-m
mm
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
yielding!
Mn
Mn
=
=
(min)
Rn
m
(max)
req
As
n
say n
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
spacing
Requirements
20
mm
21
Mpa
2512
mm2
276
Mpa
250
mm
450
mm
155.364
mm
182.781
mm
0.004
0.00138
40
mm
ds
ES
d
cu
=
=
=
=
10
200000
432.5
0.003
mm
Mpa
mm
693312
0.9
0.005
=
=
=
Mu
216.114
kN-m
DESIGN IS
Design of rectangular beams
sqrt(fc)/4/fy
=
1.4/fy
0.00415
= 0.00507
use
= 0.00507
5.13485
15.46218
Assume
0.02253
b
0.02061
h
0.02061
db
2435.87
mm2
Adb
7.758
8
bars
OK!
280
480
20
314
mm
mm
mm
mm
2
245.9995656
221.399609
Moment
kN-m
45.00
Design is ok!
100
mm
=
=
=
=
101
As1
As2
As3
As4
x1
x2
x3
x4
fs1
fs2
fs3
fs4
c
a
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.85
450
400
276
21
0.65
40
0.75
942
628
628
942
110
220
276.473
390
276
28.9231
218.154
465.231
267.123
227.055
mm
mm
MPa
MPa
mm
mm
mm
mm
MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa
mm
mm
not Yielding
not Yielding
Yielding use fy!
n1
n2
n3
n4
=
=
=
=
3
2
2
3
db
ds
d
z2
z3
z4
Mu
Pu
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
20
10
390
280
170
60
176.4
591.91
Cc
C2
C3
C4
T
=
=
=
=
=
1621171
18163.7
137001
259992
259992
N
N
N
N
N
compression!
tension!
compression!
compression!
tension!
Pnb
X
e
Mn
=
=
=
=
1740008
332.038
277.038
313.331
N
mm
mm
Kn*m
Desing is ok!
tension!
tension!
compression!
compression!
Design is ok!
102
Mu
Pu
=
=
176.4
591.91
Knm
Kn
e
e/h
kn
Rn
=
=
=
=
298.018
662.263
0.24091
0.15954
mm
Ag
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
180000
0.023
3588
11.4268
12
4
73.3333
mm2
from interaction diagram
mm2
As
n
say n
one face n
clear spacing
fc
use
d
cover
db
ds
Asdb
b
h
paits kaayo!
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
21
400
450
390
40
20
10
314
0.65
Mpa
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
2
103
As1
As2
As3
As4
x1
x2
x3
x4
fs1
fs2
fs3
fs4
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.85
400
300
276
21
0.65
40
0.75
942
628
628
942
93.3
186.6
279.9
241.028
276
35.3576
205.027
445.412
mm
mm
mm
mm
MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa
c
a
=
=
232.877
197.945
mm
mm
h
b
fy
fc
cover
mm
mm
MPa
MPa
104
not Yielding
not Yielding
Yielding use fy!
n1
n2
n3
n4
=
=
=
=
3
2
2
3
db
ds
d
z2
z3
z4
Mu
Pu
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
20
10
340
246.6
153.3
60
176.4
591.91
Cc
C2
C3
C4
T
Pnb
X
e
Mn
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
tension!
tension!
compression!
compression!
1059997
22204.6
128757
259992
259992
1166549
326.872
280.222
212.481
N
N
N
N
N
N
mm
mm
Kn*m
compression!
tension!
compression!
compression!
tension!
Desing is ok!
Design is ok!
105
Mu
Pu
=
=
176.4
591.91
Knm
Kn
e
e/h
kn
Rn
=
=
=
=
298.018
596.037
0.25508
0.15204
mm
Ag
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
170000
0.02
2992
9.52866
12
4
53.3333
mm2
from interaction diagram
mm2
As
n
say n
one face n
clear spacing
fc
use
d
cover
db
ds
Asdb
b
h
paits kaayo!
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
21
340
500
440
40
20
10
314
0.65
Mpa
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
2
106
107
As1
As2
As3
As4
x1
x2
x3
x4
fs1
fs2
fs3
fs4
c
a
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.85
400
350
276
21
0.65
40
0.75
942
628
628
942
93.3
186.6
279.9
241.028
276
35.3576
205.027
445.412
232.877
197.945
mm
mm
MPa
MPa
mm
mm
mm
mm
MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa
mm
mm
not Yielding
not Yielding
Yielding use fy!
n1
n2
n3
n4
=
=
=
=
3
2
2
3
db
ds
d
z2
z3
z4
Mu
Pu
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
20
10
340
246.6
153.3
60
176.4
591.91
Cc
C2
C3
C4
T
=
=
=
=
=
1236663
22204.6
128757
259992
259992
N
N
N
N
N
compression!
tension!
compression!
compression!
tension!
Pnb
X
e
Mn
=
=
=
=
1343215
320.694
274.044
239.265
N
mm
mm
Kn*m
Desing is ok!
tension!
tension!
compression!
compression!
Design is ok!
108
Mu
Pu
=
=
119.04
359.791
Knm
Kn
e
e/h
kn
Rn
=
=
=
=
330.859
827.147
0.18827
0.15573
mm
Ag
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
140000
0.026
3094
9.8535
12
3
95
mm2
from interaction diagram
mm2
As
n
say n
one face n
clear spacing
fc
use
d
cover
db
ds
Asdb
b
h
paits kaayo!
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
21
350
400
340
40
20
10
314
0.65
Mpa
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
2
109
110
As1
As2
As3
As4
x1
x2
x3
x4
fs1
fs2
fs3
fs4
c
a
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.85
400
300
276
21
0.65
40
0.75
942
628
942
0
107.123
140
280
0
276
84.7059
445.412
232.877
197.945
mm
mm
MPa
MPa
mm
mm
mm
mm
MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa
mm
mm
not Yielding
Yielding use fy!
not Yielding
n1
n2
n3
n4
=
=
=
=
3
2
3
0
db
ds
d
z2
z3
z4
Mu
Pu
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
20
10
340
200
60
0
66.803
174.88
Knm
Kn
Cc
C2
C3
C4
T
=
=
=
=
=
1059997
53195.3
122934
0
259992
N
N
N
N
N
compression!
compression
compression!
compression!
tension!
Pnb
X
e
Mn
=
=
=
=
976134
159.219
105.657
67.0381
N
mm
mm
Kn*m
Desing is ok!
tension!
compression!
compression!
compression!
Design is ok!
111
Mu
Pu
=
=
66.803
174.88
Knm
Kn
e
e/h
kn
Rn
=
=
=
=
381.993
954.983
0.10676
0.10196
mm
Ag
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
120000
0.013
1326
4.22293
8
3
70
mm2
from interaction diagram
mm2
As
n
say n
one face n
clear spacing
fc
use
d
cover
db
ds
Asdb
b
h
paits kaayo!
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
21
300
400
340
40
20
10
314
0.65
Mpa
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
2
112
Vu
Vc
Mu
Rn
As
As(min)
As(min)
use
n
say n
clear spacing
clear spacing
=
2
=
1.142857
=
20.435
bo
=
2.736
=
215.657
=
40
=
0.35
m
=
15.46218
=
0.4
=
169.987
fy
=
276
=
0.016
c
=
0.075
=
4.8
d
=
0.309
=
21
hf
=
0.4
OF BASE AREA
=
591.91
=
174.787
=
3.48208981
=
1.86603585
say width
2
m
DESIGN DEPTH OF FOOTING
PUNCHING SHEAR
PUNCHING SHEAR
=
180.380184
Vu
=
617.4821
=
401.204502
Vc
=
1331.763
DESIGN IS
OK!
DESIGN IS
OK!
DESIGN OF FOOTING REINFORCEMENT
=
159.415
=
0.9275551
=
0.003
=
2133.87979
.25*sqrt(fc)*B*d/fy
= 1.4*B*d/fy
=
2565.24618
=
3134.783
=
3134.78261
=
3134.78261
mm2
=
15.5990377
=
16
bars
=
106.266667
mm
25
mm
DESIGN IS
OK!
113
=
335.65
=
1.142857
=
122.74
bo
=
2.736
=
2
=
40
=
20.435
m
=
15.46218
=
215.657
fc
=
21
=
0.35
fy
=
276
=
0.4
c
=
0.075
=
174.787
d
=
0.309
=
2.622563
hf
=
0.4
=
0.016
OF BASE AREA
=
599.164
=
220.0786
=
1.619433
=
1.65
=
2.723
DESIGN DEPTH OF FOOTING
PUNCHING SHEAR
PUNCHING SHEAR
Vu
=
123.8272
Vu
=
496.3365
Vc
=
330.9937
Vc
=
1331.763
DESIGN IS OK!
DESIGN IS
OK!
DESIGN OF FOOTING REINFORCEMENT
Mu
=
76.71115
Rn
=
0.541022
=
0.002
As
=
1015.044
.25*sqrt(fc)*B*d/fy
= 1.4*B*d/fy
As(min)
=
2116.328
=
2586.196
As(min)
=
2586.196
use
=
2586.196
mm2
n
=
12.86921
say n
=
13
clear spacing
=
107.6667
mm at bothways
clear spacing
25
mm
DESIGN IS
OK!
114
115
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Mpa
m
m
m
mm
Knm
mm2
mm2
mm
mm
OK!
mm2
bars
References
[1] Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (2010). National
Structural Code of the Philippines 2010.
[2] McCormac, J. C. and Brown, R. H. (2013). Design of Reinforced Concrete: Eight Edition, ACI 318-08 Code Edition. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., Asia.
[3] Pytel, A and Kuisalaas, J (2003). Mechanics of Materials: Thomson
Asian Edition. Thomson Learning Asia, 5 Shenton Way # 01-01 UIC
Building, Singapore.
[4] Hibbeler, R.C. 2009. Structural Analysis, 7th Edition.Pearson EducationInc., 23-25 First Lok Yang Road, Jurong, Singapore.
[5] Leet, K. 1991. Reinforced Concrete Design, 2nd Edition. New York,
McGraw-Hill.
[6] Oetiker, T. and Partl, H. and Hyna, I. and Schlegl, E. (2009). The Not
So Short Introduction to LATEX2e.
[7] Power Steel. Deformed Bar. Accessed on February 24, available at
https://www.powersteel.com.ph/deformed-bar-2/.
[8] wiseGEEK. What is Concrete Compressive Strength. Accessed on
February 24, 2015, available at http://www.wisegeek.com/what-isconcrete-compressive-strength.htm.
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