1962

PROCEEDINGS OF THE IRE

207 1

The Analytic Signal Representation

of Modulated Waveforms*
EDWARD BEDROSIANt,
Summary-This report offers a rather general and mathematically convenient formulation of analog-modulated signals which
makes use of the analytic signal concept. Known types of modulation are readily identified as special cases. As a result of examining
the various cases which the model embraces, a new type of modulation has been discovered-single sideband frequency modulation
(SSB FM)-which can be derived from a conventional phase-modulated signal by an additional amplitude modulation, using the exponential function of the modulating signal's Hilbert transform. The
resulting modulated signal will have a one-sided spectrum about the
carrier frequency, will be compatible with existing FM receivers,
and will cause a decrease in signal bandwidth.

INTRODUCTION
R ECENT STUDIES of compatible single sideband
(SSB) modulation systems have stimulated interest in the theoretical aspects of simultaneous
amplitude and phase modulation [I]- [4].1 These studies
are notable for at least two reasons which are not connected with the SSB application. First, they underscore
the fact that although amplitude and phase modulation
are distinct techniques, they have an intimate connection. Second, theoretical studies invariably introduce
the Hilbert transform [5], [6] sooner or later and become, in fact, applications of the "analytic signal"

[7], [8].

Other studies dealing with various types of signal and

noise waveforms [9]- [12] further attest to the growing
utility of the analytic signal representation as a theoretical device. This paper considers the application of
the analytic signal to Baghdady's representation of
analog modulation [13 ] in order to obtain a more general
formulation which embraces known types of analog
modulation and in which signals having one-sided spectra
are implicit.

THE ANALYTIC SIGNAL

Basically, the analytic signal is a complex function of
a real variable whose real and imaginary parts are a

SENIOR MEMBER, IRE

Hilbert pair. In practice, the actual waveform under

consideration is identified with either the real or the
imaginary part of the analytic signal; the analytic
signal is then simply substituted for the actual signal for
the purpose of analysis.
Frequently the result is a more convenient and compact notation which can be used in convolution integrals
or in conjunction with transfer functions in the same
fashion as the real signal and which, in addition, has
several interesting and useful properties:
1) The Fourier transform of the analytic signal
vanishes for negative frequencies while that of its
complex conjugate vanishes for positive frequencies.2
2) The real and the imaginary parts of the analytic
signal have identical autocorrelation functions and
power spectra.
3) The magnitude and phase of the analytic signal
serve to define mathematically an envelope and
phase for the actual waveform. In practice, the
envelope and phase of an actual waveform have
physical significance only for narrow-band signals
and cannot be measured precisely except for pure
sinusoids.
It is clear from the foregoing that the analytic signal
is simply a formalized version of the "rotating vector"
or "phasor" that is frequently used in circuit analysis
and studies of communication systems.3 The theoretical
justification of this representation is gratifying because
it brings to light some of the otherwise unsuspected
properties listed above as well as eliminating the need
for its intuitive introduction. Details of these properties
are given in [5], [7]-[12], [15] and [16].
THE MODULATED SIGNAL

While the actual processes employed in generating an

analog-modulated signal mav differ considerably for
various types of modulation, the resulting signal appears
* Received April 19,
1962; revised manuscript received, July 9,
1962. The work described in this paper was sponsored by the U. S. representable as the product of two time functions, viz.,
Air Force under Project RAND-Contract No. AF 49(638)-700. It
also appears as RAND Memo. RM-3080-PR, March 1962. Views or
s(t) = c(t)m(f(t)),
(1)
conclusions contained in this study should not be interpreted as representing the official opinion or policy of the United States Air Force.
t Electronics Department, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica,
Calif.
I This list of references is by no means complete. The first three
are merely the most recent which have come to the author's attention. Lyannoy [41 reviews the previous literature giving numerous
references, and asserts that the notion of simultaneous amplitude
and phase modulation originated with Tetel'baum in 1937; Taylor
[1] credits Barkhausen, also in 1937. Additional references are given
by Kahn [3].

2 The question of the reality of positive vs negative frequencies

is seen to be academic. The presence of only onie or the other appears
related to the fact that the analytic signal and its complex conjugate always rotate in opposite directions in the complex plane.
I The date at which the rotating vector was introduced is difficult
to determine precisely. Many of the modern concepts associated with
analysis of FM and SSB systems are given by Wheeler [141.

PROCEEDINGS OF TIHE IRE

2072

October

where c is a function representing the carrier and im is oo > 0. Whether or not s(t) is in turn analytic depends on
the modulation functional representing an operation on the spectral extent of both c(t) and m(t) , the test being
the modulating signal f. The form of (1) has the ad- whether or not S(w) vanishes for w negative.
vantage of mathematically disassociating the operation
of providing a carrier from that of characterizing the The Modulation Function
Usable nmodulation functions must be limited, of
actual modulation technique.
course, to those which yield modulated signals amenable
The Carrier Function
to subsequent demodulation. The techniques currently
The purpose of the carrier function in (1) is to transfer available are: coherent (amplitude) detection in which a
the intelligence spectrum to a frequency region which is replica of the carrier function is used to render the
more suitable for propagation. The effect on the result- amplitude of the modulation function, phase or frequency
ing spectrum is seen from the Fourier transform of the detection in which the oscillatory character of a narrowband modulated signal permits an approximate measureproduct [17] in (1),
ment of its phase or frequency, and envelope detection
(2) in which a suitable rectifying and filtering network can
s(w) = f-00C(,)M(w - )d
yield an approximation to the envelope of a narrowmodulated signal. Thus, the modulation function
band
If the carrier is a narrow-band waveform as might be
must
the modulating signal to appear (though not
cause
employed for noise modulation, then the convolution
linearly) in either the aimplitude, phase
necessarily
expressed in (2) results in a spreading of the signal band
or envelope of the modulatecd signal. The
/frequency,
as well as its translation to the vicinity of the carrier
functionals are unique in their
linear
and
exponential
frequency. If the carrier is a pure sinusoid, then a simple
effects and are, therefore,
these
to
ability
just
produce
frequency translation is effected and (2) becomes
the only ones considered here.
(3)
S(W) = 1 [M(co -coo) + M(Wo + co)].
As might be suspected, the linear functional correto amplitude modulation. The exponential funcsponds
If the carrier is written as an analytic signal whose
however, corresponds not only to the familiar
tional,
spectrum, therefore, exists only for positive frequencies,
but also to the emergent technique of
modulation4
phase
then the frequency transfer is only toward the positive
and phase mnodulation which
simultaneous
amplitude
frequencies as illustrated in Figs. 1(a) and 1(b) for
may be better characterized as envelope modulation.
The latter will be discussed in greater detail in a sublM(W)l
sequent section.
If the modulation function is written for the analytic
as well as the purely real modulating signals, then both
the SSB and double sideband (DSB) forms of the modulated signal appear. The SSB form results, of course,
from the fact that an analytic function m of an analytic
functionf is itself analytic, and therefore has a spectrum
Wa
which vanishes for negative frequencies. Frequency
translation by the carrier function then results in a
modulated signal which has only an upper sideband. A
Wa
one-sided spectrum having only a lower sideband can be
generated by using the complex conjugate of the ana(a)
lytic function f, since its spectrum vanishes for positive
II
frequencies.
8- w

lC(aj)t
O

WC

Wa

IS(w)l

lo

(A

(b)
Fig. I-Spectral translations due to introduction of analytic carrier.
(a) General (band limited) analytic carrier. (b) Harmonic analytic carrier, eit(t.

HARMONIC-CARRIER SYSTEMS
The modulated signals resulting from the foregoing
modulation functions are best illustrated by using the
harmonic analytic carrier eiwot in (1). For each modulation function m(t), a complex modulated signal s(t) results; when analytic, both its real and imaginary parts
are valid representations of the actual modulated signal,
and its magnitude gives the envelope. The modulating
4No fundamental distinction need be made between phase and
frequency modulation since they differ only by a linear operation
(differentiation or integration) on the modulating signal. Frequency
'modulation can be obtained by phase modulating with the integral
of the modulating signal and conversely using differentiation.

Bedrosian: Signal Representation of Modulated Waveforms

1962

2073

modulating signal f(t) is band-limited, the exponential

operation used in generating m(t) assures that it will
have a spectrum of infinite extent in both positive and
Linear (Amplitude) Modulation
negative directions. Shifting the center frequency to coo
cannot, therefore, produce a spectrum containing only
Double Sideband:
positive frequencies so, as noted also by Dugundji [11],
m(t) = f(t)
the representation is not analytic. In a practical sense,
of
course, it is known that the spectrum falls off rapidly
(4)
s(t) = f(t) cos wot + if(t) sin coot
some frequency. Thus, the representation can
beyond
|s(t) I = f(t), co .> Oax.
be taken approximately to be analytic if the center
The representation of a conventional amplitude- frequency is high compared with the highest significant
modulated signal5 is immediately apparent in (4). It is frequency component Qmax in m(t).
analytic for coo > COmax, where COmax is the highest angular
Single Sideband:
frequency component in f(t), as noted both by Oswald
[9] and by Wozencraft [16]. Coherent detection can
m(t) = ei[V(t)+if(t)l
recover f(t) exactly for all coo. Theoretically, the signal
s(t) = e-(t) cos [wot +f(t)] + ief(t) sin [coot + f(t)] (7)
must be analytic to permit envelope detection; praco > O.
|s(t) I = e-f (t),
tically, it must also be narrow-band.
The modulated signal given by (7) appears to be
Single Sideband:
novel. Since the modulation function is now analytic,
m(t) = f(t) + i(t)
it contains no negative frequencies (though the spectrum still extends infinitely in the positive direction).
s(t) = [f(t) cos coot - .(t) sin coot]
s(t) is analytic for all values of co0 > 0.
Thus,
+ if(t) sin coot + ./(t) cos coot]
By analogy with (5), the modulated signal given by
coo > 0.
s(t) = [I2(t) + 12(t)] 122
(7) represents a SSB version of phase modulation since
IThat (5) represents a SSB amplitude-modulated it contains no frequency components below coo. Though
signal is easily shown by noting that cos at and sin at are the instantaneous frequency
a Hilbert pair, so the Fourier series representations of
Windst-do = COO + f(t)
f(t) and J(t) are

signal is denoted by f(t) and its Hilbert transform

by .7(t).

00

f(t) =

nr=O

c,, cos (co0t +

&:);

00

=
J(t)

1o

c,n sin (cnt + 0k)n-

Thus, (5) can be written

s(t) -E C cOs [(Wn + wo)t + (knJ
n=O

+ i Z cn sin [(con + Wo)t + sbn]

n=O

where the simple translation of all frequency comnponents by an amount coo is apparent. The representation
is analytic for all values of co>O and only coherent detection can recover f (t) exactly.

Exponential (Phase) Modulation

Double Sideband:
m(t) = eif(t)
s(t) = cos [w ot +f(t) + i sin [coot +f(t)J (6)
coo >> 2ma."
s(t)I
The conventional representation of phase modulation

is apparent in (6); it is designated as DSB to emphasize

that the spectrum is two-sided about coo. Even if the
6 The carrier is suLppressed in this representation, but the distinction is trivial since it is easily inserted by adding a constant to

m(t) in (4) and (5).

has the same excursions for both (6) and (7), the multiplicative factor e-f(t) causes the lower sideband to disappear in (7). To demonstrate that this is indeed the
case and, also, to gain insight as to the effect on the
upper sideband, consider frequency modulation by the
single sinusoid
f(t) = Q cos ct
where Q is the peak frequency deviation. The phase
function and its Hilbert transform become

f(t)

Q
-

Li

.(t)

sin cot,

= - -cos
Li

ct

where Ql/ is the deviation ratio or modulation index.

The modulation function in (7) becomes

m(t)

ei[f(t)+if(t)] = exp [-eiwt]

w

)
=E ()eikt
k!co

k=O

yielding the analytic modulated signal

1

00

m(t)eiwot=

E1

k=o k!

ei(-o+kw)t
w

The actual modulated signal may be taken as the real

part or
e-f (t) Cos

[ot + f(t) =

Z
T.o

(-)

k.

cos

(co + kco)t (8)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE IRE

2074

October

bert transform (by means, say, of a 7r/2 phase shifter)

from which the one-sided nature of the spectrum is and amplitude modulating with the exponential; limitclear.6 The mean-square value of the amplitude factor ing in the receiver will then restore the lower sideband
is Io [2 (Ql/) ], so the ratio of peak-to-average power over and permit the use of a conventional discriminlator.
the modulation cycle becomes
However, the new threshold behavior is not cleair.

e2(Slv)/jIo(2-).
A conventional frequency-modulated (FM) signal using
the same modulating signal has the familiar expansion
cos

[coot +f(t)]

E Jk (-)cos (wo + kw)t. (9)

k=-oo

Cd

Exponential (Envelope) Modulation

Double Sideband:

m(t)
s(t)

s(t)

=
=

logf(t), f(t) > 0

fa(t) cos wot + ifa(t) sin ,ot

e(t), g(t)

p(t),

= a

@(O >>

(10)

Qrliax-

The intermediate function g(t) is introduced to clarify

The line spectra of (8) and (9) are plotted in Fig. 2 for the incorporation of the analytic signal in (11). The difseveral deviation ratios. The component magnitudes ference between (4) and (10) is obviously trivial and the
have been adjusted so that the spectra represent signals latter has been included mainly for completeness; they
of equal average power. Generally speaking, the cancel- are, of course, identical for ao 1.
lation of the lower sideband is accompanied by an exSingle Sideband:
tension of the upper sideband. Nevertheless, the "widths"
of the one-sided spectra appear reduced by roughly
m(t) = e[g(t)+i$(t), g(t) = a logf(t), f(t) > 0
one-third.
The one-sided signal can be generated from a cons(t) = f(t) cos [Coot + a logf(t)]
(11)
ventional phase-modulated signal by forming the Hil+ ifr(t) sin

Conventionol FM

SSB: -p

w0- a

wo+a

wo

5.1 db

(a)
Conventional FM

SSB:

W6-n

WO

wO+a

-a
WOQ

we+Q

Ppek 7.8 db

(b)
Conventional FM

---

O lI . I

- ' I I

* I I

w0-di

w0

w0+di

Wd-n

WO

Wa+n

SSB: tp -ek B.9 db,||||||Xt..-

(c)
Fig. 2-Magnitudes of spectral components for conventional and
SSB forms of FM with sinusoidal modulation. (a) Modulation
index Q/co=1. (b) Modulation index O/w=3. (c) Modulation
index U/co=5.
6 It would be difficult to find a more striking example of the
mathematical simplicity afforded by the use of the analytic signal
than that demonstrated by the development leading to the Fourier
series expansion giving by (8). The conventional approach is to
multiply the Fourier series expansion

= tIn(t-) cos not

e-f
(

by that for cos [lwot+f(t)l given by (9) and then reduce the double
summation; needless to say, the procedure is tedious.

[coot + a logf(t)]

)o > 0.
s(t) I = p(t)
The SSB version given by (11) is related to (7), froimi
which it can be derived by considering the logarithm of
the modulating signal. The reason these two classes of
exponential modulation have been inade distinct here is
that (6) and (7) contain the modulating signal in the
phase of the modulated signal, while (10) and (It) contain the modulating signal in the envelope; hence, the
designations.
The exponent a is important because of the relationship which the choice of its value as either 1 or 2 bears
on the question of compatible SSB modulation. Powers
[2 ] considers the case a= 2, so that the modulating signal is contained in the square of the envelope, thus
requiring a square-law envelope detector for distortionless reproduction. Since it is this case which produces a
modulated signal having the same spectral width as a
conventional SSB signal, he concludes that true compatibility (i.e. a system usable with a linear envelope

detector) is impossible.
Lyannoy [4] reaches the samie conclusion and, incidentallv, labels the case Optimal Amplitude and Phase
Modulation (OAPM) for Square-Law Detection. He
also considers a= 1 or OAPM for Linear Detection and
points out that this modulated signal occupies a bandwidth just twice the miaximum modulating frequency
and that it is compatible with a linear envelope detector.
Naturally, there would be no advantage to a compatible SSB system which has the samne spectral width
as a conventional AM system, but Lyannoy adds that
the bandwidth can be halved in practice by suitable
filtering because of the characteristics of speech. T'his
derives from the fact that "a real signal has components

Bedrosian: Signal Representation of Modulated Waveforms

1962

whose modulation depth approaches 100 per cent only

in the range up to 1500 or 2000 cps, the modulation
depth decreasing rapidly thereafter." Hence, removal of
the upper half of the signal spectrum permits the largemodulation-index, low-frequency components to be received without distortion, while the small-modulationindex, high-frequency components are received with a
small but tolerable distortion.
An experimental study of OAPM for Linear Detection
is reported by Tetel'baum and Grinevitch [18]. Their
method of deriving the proper phase function in (11) is
to approximate the logarithm by a nonlinear vacuumtube characteristic and to obtain the Hilbert transform
from its defining integral by means of a delay-line
summation.
A method of composite amplitude and phase modulation was demonstrated by Villard [19] as early as
1948. His technique is to form 900 phase-shifted versions
of the modulating signal, then amplitude modulate with
one and phase modulate with the other. Such a procedure amounts, in fact, to using the linear approximation to (11) for a= 1.7 As a result, his sideband elimination is imperfect, and third- and higher-order sidebands appear. Villard also observes that reception of the
second-order sidebands is necessary only for the lower
modulating frequencies, because of the characteristics
of speech referred to above.
The Kahn system of Compatible SSB (CSSB) [3] is
apparently closely related to that given by (11) for
a= 1. However, the Kahn system is unique in that it
derives the phase modulation by limiting a SSB (plus
carrier) version of the modulating signal. It can readily
be deduced from (5) that this is equivalent to phase
modulation with the function

(t)

-tan-l'(

))'

which has the same leading term as log f(t) forf(t) small.
Kliagin [20] uses this method with sinusoidal modulation to compare the Kahn system with one of "quadrature" modulation which closely resembles Villard's.
In its latest configuration, the Kahn system includes
an additive pair of unspecified nonlinear operations on
the SSB signal before limiting. Thus, it is not possible,
at the moment, to express the phase modulation analytically in order to make further comparisons with the
optimal modulation of (11).
CONCLUSION
It has been shown that analog-modulated signals are
representable in general as the product of a carrier
function and a modulation function. When an analytic
signal is chosen for the carrier, its effect spectrally be7Villard's technique is actually a hybrid since it also corresponds
to the linear approximation to (7) and can, therefore, be demodulated
by a phase detector as well.

2075

comes one of translating the signal spectrum to the

vicinity of the carrier frequency. The process is one of
pure translation when the carrier is harmonic, exp (icot),
or one of translation plus spreading when the carrier has
a finite spectral extent (e.g., when noiselike).
The useful forms of the modulation function are the
linear and exponential functionals from which three
classes of modulated signals can be derived, viz., amplitude, phase, and envelope modulation. Within these
classes, the use of the purely real or analytic signal
forms of the modulating signal leads naturally to the
DSB and SSB (i.e., two-sided and one-sided) spectral
forms, respectively, of the modulated signal.
The existing fiamiliar forms of modulation are readily
identified within the above structure. In addition, a new
form of modulation which may be called SSB FM is
revealed. It can be derived from a conventional phasemodulated signal by an additional amplitude modulation using the exponential function of the modulating
signal's Hilbert transform. The resulting modulated
signal will have a one-sided spectrum about the carrier
frequency and be compatible with existing FM receivers.
The advantage is a decrease in signal bandwidth; the
disadvantage, the loss of a constant transmitter output
level.
From a practical viewpoint, this form of FM may
find little acceptance in wide-band systems, not only
because of the unfavorable peak-to-average power ratio
required of the transmitter, but also because of the lack
of any particular pressure to conserve the radio spectrum at present in services such as broadcast FM or
specialized military and civilian communication systems.
On the other hand, some of the bands assigned to
public use are quite crowded and users are therefore disposed toward modulation techniqtues which make more
efficient use of the available spectrum. A compatible
narrow-band SSB FM system of the type described here
may prove useful in such applications by narrowing the
signal bandwidth for a given modulation index without
sacrificing the "improvement" or the immunity to impulse noise associated with FM. The peak-to-average
power ratio of a narrow-band SSB FM signal may prove
an acceptable burden in that case.
Observation of the comparable (i.e., SSB) form of
envelope modulation commends Powers' suggestion of
the application of the noncompatible, square-law type
of envelope modulation [n= in (9)] as a means of
SSB data transmission [2]. Conventional SSB is adequate for speech or music because of the well-known
tolerance of the human ear for phase or even frequency
errors in reproduction. However, data waveforms must
be reproduced without such errors, so exact carrier reinsertion is required (a procedure which is frequently
difficult). The fact that the modulating signal is contained in the envelope of (9) indicates that square-law
envelope detection should result in distortionless reception, thus obviating carrier reinsertion without sacrificing spectral economny.

2076

PROCEEDINGS OF THE IRE

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Dr. W. Doyle of The RAND Corporation provided

many stimulating discussions and useful suggestions.
His contribution is gratefully acknowledged.

October

Available as RAND Translationi T-92; Augu,st 1, 1958, by

1. Selin.
[91 J. R. V. Oswald, "The theory of analytic band-limited signlals
applied to carrier systems," IRE TRANS. ON COMMUNICATION
THEORY, VOl. CT-3, pp. 244-251; December, 1956.
[10] R. Arens, "Complex processes for envelopes of niorinal noise,"
IRE TRANS. ON INFORMATION THEORY, v-ol IT-3, pp. 204-207;

September, 1957.

[1]

[21
[3]
[4]

[5]

[6]

[71
[8]

REFERENCES
N. B. Chakrabarti, "Combined AM and PM for a one-sided
spectrum," PROC. IRE, vol. 47, p. 1663; September, 1959. Comments: A. H. Taylor, PROC. IRE, vol. 48, p. 953; May, 1960;
R. M. Goldsen, M. R. Schroeder and N. B. Chakrabarti, PROC.
IRE, vol. 48, pp. 1094-1095; June, 1960.
K. H. Powers, "The compatibility problem in single-sideband
transmission," PROC. IRE, vol. 48, pp. 1431-1435; August, 1960.
Comment: L. R. Kahn, same issue, p. 1504.
L. R. Kahn, "Compatible single sideband," PROC. IRE, vol. 49,
pp. 1503-1527; October, 1961.
V. P. Lyannoy, "Use of simultaneous amplitude and phase
modulation in radio broadcasting," Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh
Zavedniy, MVSSO, Seriya Radiotekhnika, Kiev, U.S.S.R., vol.
4, pp. 84-93; 1961. Available as U. S. Joint Publication Res.
Service Translation, JPRS: 10920; November 10, 1961.
E. C. Titchmarsh, "Introduction to the Theory of Fourier Integrals," Oxford University Press, New York, N. Y., ch. 5;
1937.
A. Erdelyi, W. Magnus and F. G. Tricomi, "Tables of Integral
Transforms," McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N. Y.,
vol. 2, ch. 15; 1954.
D. Gabor, "Theory of communication," J. IEE, vol. 93, pt. 3,
pp. 429-457; November, 1946.
J. Ville, "Theorie et Application de la Notion de Signal Analytique," Cables et Trans., vol. 2, pp. 61-74; January, 1948.

Observations

of

[111 J. Dugtundji, "Envelopes and pre-en-velopes of real waveformls,'

IRE TRANS. ON INFORMATION THEORY, VOI. IT-4, pp. 53-57;
March, 1958.
[12] E. J. Kelly, I. S. Reed and WV. L. Root, "The detectioni of radar
echoes in noise," J. SIAM, vol. 8, pp. 309-341, June, 1960;
and vol. 8, pp. 481-507; September, 1960.
[13] E. J. Baghdady, "Analog modulation systems," in "Lecttires onl
Communication System Theorv,'" McGraw-Hill Book Co., N ew
York, N. Y., ch. 19; 1961.
[14] H. A. Wheeler, "The solution of unsymimetrical-sideband problems with the aid of the zero-frequency carrier," PROC. IlRE,
vol. 29, pp. 446-458; August, 1941.
[15] P. M. Woodward, "Probability and Informationi Theory, with
Application to Radar," McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York,
N. Y.; 1953.
[16] J. M. Wozencraft, "Sequential reception of time-variant dispersive transmissions," in "Lectures on Communication System
Theory," McGraw-Hill Book Co.. New York, N. Y., ch. 12;
1961.
[17] E. A. Guillemin, "The Mathematics of Circuit Analysis," John
Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y., ch. 7, article 23; 1949.
[18] S. 1. Tetel'baum and Yu. G. Grinevich, "Experimental study of
the method of optimum amplitude-phase modulation," Radiotekhnika (Moscow), vol. 12, pp. 42-47; May, 1957.
[19] 0. G. Villard, Jr., "Composite amplitude and phase modulation, '
Electronics, vol. 21, pp. 86-89; November, 1948.
[201 L. E." Kliagin, "Spectrum analysis in amplitude-phase modulatioIn, Radiotekhnika (Moscow), vol. 15, pp. 67-73; August,
1960.

Satellite-Related Ionization Effects

Between
J. D. KRAUS t, FELLOW,

1958 and 1 960*

IRE, AND

Summary-Three independent sets of observations over a twoyear period (1958-1960) involving the satellites 57021 and 58042 are
described which show a marked correlation between satellite passes
and ionospheric-ionization effects. The effects tend to peak at the
time of near approach of the satellite or somewhat before with most
of the effects occurring in the interval of 20 minutes before to 10
minutes after the satellite's passage. Other observations of some
short-range effects are described which indicate a dependence of the
effects on the satellite's heading as a function of the local time and
on its position with respect to the observing location.
*
Received June 11, 1962; revised manuscript received July 16,
1962. This work was supported in part by a contract between the
Army Rocket and Guided Missile Agency and the Ohio State University Research Foundation and also in part by grants from the
Ohio State University Development Fund and the Ohio State University Fund for Basic Research.
t Radio Observatory, Department of Electrical Engineering,
The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

M. E. TIURIt,

MEMBER, IRE

INTRODUCTION

HILE monitoring the 20-Mc transmissions of

WWV at the Ohio State University Radio Observatory (OSURO) late in 1957 it was noted
that large increases in the signal strength of WWV
often occurred at the time of passage of the artificial
earth satellites 57012 and 57021 (Sputniks I and II).'
WWV is situated near Washington, D. C., at a distance
of about 330 miles from the observing point at Columbus, Ohio. Much of the time, especially at night, the
electron density in the ionosphere is too small to reflect
signals from Washington to Columbbus on 20 Mc. IThus,
' J. D. Kraus, "Detection of Sputniks I and II by CWV reflection,"
PRoc. IRE, vol. 46, pp. 611-612; March, 1958.