International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 168

Volume 2 Issue 6, September 2014, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

Comparative Analysis of OFDM-MIMO System with Golden Codes for

Various Antenna Multiplexing and Modulation Schemes
Deergha Agarwal*
*

Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engg. and Tech., Bareilly

Nishant Sharan**
**

Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engg. and Tech., Bareilly

Ankur Agarwal***
***Uttrakhand Technical University, Dehradun

ABSTRACT
Golden code is a 2X2 perfect space time code with
unmatching performance based on the golden number. It
is a full rate, full diversity space time block code for
coherent MIMO channels. Based on 2 transmitters and 2
receiver system, in this paper we propose the study for
2X1, 2X2 and 4X4 with the comparative analysis for
MIMO-OFDM system. Also different modulation
schemes are being compared for proposed system.
Keywords: MIMO, OFDM, GOLDEN codes, PSK, QAM

Modulation schemes also play an important role in

wireless communication. Trellis based modulation
schemes like M ary PSK and M ary QAM have been
studied for MIMO OFDM system.
In our paper we are studying a MIMO-OFDM system with
a comparison over different antenna configuration and
also with modulation schemes.
The whole work is organized as follows. The following
section studies golden codes, in section 3 we are
discussing modulation schemes, section 4 shows the
stimulation results and finally results in section 5.

1. INTRODUCTION
2. GOLDEN CODES
With the increase in high data rate demand several
methods such as enhancing modulation order or deploying
multiple antennas have been proposed. In the era of 4G
communication OFDM has gained wide popularity due to
high spectral efficiency, robustness against ISI, easily
implementable and simple equalization [3].
With the advent of OFDM multipath data transmission
came into consideration where, from transmitter data
follows various paths leading to multipath fading. To
improve diversity and decrease fading of the wireless
system multiple inputs multiple output (MIMO)
technology has been integrated to OFDM for spatial
multiplexing and multiple antenna system. For this MIMO
system has to be frequency selective.
For broadband applications space time block codes are
used to deliver multimedia information with, multiple
antennas, at high data rates, many codes have been
proposed to achieve maximum diversity. STBC codes
provide temporal and spatial multiplexing to MIMO
systems. In 1998 Alamouti codes were designed for
achieving maximum diversity at different transmission
rates. In 1995 Golden codes were proposed. Here golden
codes are under consideration for 2X1, 2X2 and 4X4
MIMO system [2].

A perfect STBC code giving unprecedented performance

for 2X2 algebra is golden code. Its performance is based
on golden number.
1 5
(1)

2
Various properties of golden codes are (a) Full rankdeterminant of the difference of 2 code words is always
different from 0. (b) Full rate- degree of freedom is four
allowing ending of 4 information symbols. (c) Non
vanishing determinant as the minimum determinant is 1/5.
(d) Each layer is carved from a rotated version of Z(i)2(e)
Spectral efficiency of 2log2M bits/s/Hz.[1]
The 2X2 golden code is represented as:-

(c d )
1 (a b )
i ( )(c d ( )) ( )(a b ( ))
5
(2)

Here;
a,b,c,d are
information symbol from constellation
diagram of M-PSK and M-QAM
Also;

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( )

1 i ( )
( ) 1 i

(3)
(4)
(5)

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 169

Volume 2 Issue 6, September 2014, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

After computation of golden codes the channel model is

created as:(6)
Y H*X N
Where;
H: - channel matrix
X: - transmitted information signal
N: -Gaussian noise
Y: - received signal
Performance of golden code is studied on the basis of
BER vs SNR [4].

3. MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Trellis based digital modulation schemes as M-PSKand
M-QAM Modulation is implemented by changing
amplitude, phase and frequency of a sinusoidal carrier
wave. OFDM is of nature allowing the signal to modulate
in amplitude and phase.
PSK is constant amplitude, varying phase, circular
constellation modulation scheme. On allowing amplitude

variation with each symbol 90 out of phase a new

modulation scheme i.e. QAM (quadrature amplitude
modulation) is generated[3].

Fig 2: Comparison for QAM modulation

4. SIMULATION RESULTS
System designing for golden codes MIMO-OFDM with
IFFT/FFT for Gaussian channel, PSK and QAM
modulation has been done and simulation results are as
below:

Fig 3: 2X1 for PSK and QAM

Fig 1: Comparison for PSK modulation

Fig 4: 2X2 Comparison for PSK and QAM

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 170

Volume 2 Issue 6, September 2014, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

[2]. J.C Belifore, G. Rekaya, and E. Viterbo, The Golden

Code: A 2x2Full-Rate Space- Time Code with Non
Vanishing Determinants,IEEE Trans. On Information
Theory, vol. 51, pp. 529551, April2005.
[3]. Yang,H, A Road to future broadband Wireless
Access : MIMO-OFDMbased air interfaces, IEEE
Communications MagazineJanuary 2005.
[4]. B. A. Sethuraman, B. Sundar Rajan and V.
Shashidhar, Full-diversity, High-rate Space-Time Block
Codes from Division Algebras, IEEE Transactions on
Information Theory, Special Issue on Space-Time
Transmission, Reception, Coding and Signal Design,
vol.49, no.10,pp. 25962616, Oct. 2003.
Fig 5: 4X4 Comparison for PSK and QAM
On comparison of PSK and QAM modulation technique
for 2X1, 2X2 and 4X4 we get the following:
Fig.1 clearly indicates a gain of 20 dB for 2X2 MIMO
configuration with PSK scheme in comparison to 2X1 and
4X4 MIMO with PSK scheme.
For QAM modulation in fig 2: 4X4 and 2X2 both are
beneficial with SNR improvement of 10 dB and 3dB
respectively for BER range between 10e-3 and 10e-4.
PSK is better modulation technique for 2X1 whereas PSK
and QAM both can be used for 2X2 and 4X4 from fig 3,
fig 4 and fig 5.
Table 1: Comparative Analysis of Results
MODULATION
TECHNIQUE

PSK
QAM

SNR
improvement
for 2X1
-

SNR
improvement
for 2X2
3dB
3dB

SNR
improvement
for 4X4
20dB
10dB

[5]. Emanuele Viterbo, Yi Hong, Applications of the

Golden Code
[6]. Lina Mroueh, Stephanie Rouquette-Leveil, Ghaya
Rekaya-Ben Othman, and Jean-Claude Belfiore, On the
performance of the Golden code in BICM-MIMO system
and in IEEE 802.11n standard
[7]. Luca Rugini, Paolo Banelli, Himal A. Suraweera,
Chau Yuen, Performance of Alamouti Space-Time
Coded OFDM with Carrier Frequency Offset,2011.
[8]. S. Alamouti, A simple transmit diversity technique
for wireless communications, IEEE Journal on Selected
Areas Communication., vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 14511458,
October 1998.

5. CONCLUSION
In this paper comparative study for modulation schemes
has been done with different antenna configurations.
Golden codes prove to be a good option for MIMOOFDM study with less distortions and compromise
between BER and SNR. Further studies can be done for
higher degree of modulation and antenna configurations,
keeping in mind the limits of BER and SNR.

REFERENCES
[1]. Shobhit Saxena, Manav R. Bhatnagar, Binod K.
Kanaujia,
Golden
STBC-OFDM
for
MIMO
CommunicationsInternational
Conference
on
Computational
Intelligence
and
Communication
Networks, pp 519-522, 2010.
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