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2014-08-28

Learning Objectives

After the Material Properties lecture and assignment, you


should be able to:

Describe the similarities/differences between metallic,


covalent, ionic, and secondary forces

Differentiate between bulk and surface properties

Correctly categorize several properties as being bulk or


surface properties

Draw and identify the important aspects of a stress-strain


curve

Describe stress shielding

Chemical Bonds and Forces


Metallic

Ionic

Covalent

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Secondary Forces

Electromagnetic Forces control atomic interactions

Van der Waals interactions

Hydrogen Bonding

http://iverson.cm.utexas.edu/courses/310M/POTD%20Fl12/POTD8-31-12.html

Consequences of Chemistry

Atoms bond together using these attractive forces, creating


molecules with different properties

A materials properties are intimately connected to its chemical


structure and atomic forces

Consequently, a materials biocompatibility is also intimately


linked to its chemical composition

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Material Properties

Bulk Properties vs. Surface Properties

A continuous material interacts with itself within the bulk but


structural units at the surface are asymmetrically oriented
(including electrons), leading to surface energy.

Surface energy: excess energy at the surface compared to the


bulk, i.e. surface tension (force per unit length)
Unique properties at the surface compared to bulk (i.e.
reactivity)

Surface properties largely dictate biocompatibilitymore on


this later

Material Properties

Depend not only on composition but also on how molecules


are arranged (microstructure, down to 10-9 m)

Intrinsic properties (depend on composition only)

Density

Heat capacity

Extrinsic properties (depend


on microstructure and
composition)

http://www.g-polymer.com/eng/kaihatukonseputo/images/110417153403430109549.gif

Stress

Apply a load to a material: rotation, translation, deformation

Nominal Stress: force (F) applied over initial cross-sectional


area (A1)
F
n =
A1

Tension: pulling force, elongating sample

Compression: pushing force, shortening


sample

Units: N/m2 = Pa

True stress difficult to calculate due to


changing area A

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Strain

Strain: Length change per unit length, dimensionless


=

l2 l1 l
= = 12 1
l1
l1

12 =

l2
l1

l = length, is extension ratio

True strain incorporates the changing length of the sample


with applied force:
dt =

t =

l2
l1

dl
l

dl
l
= ln 2
l
l1

Shear Stress and Strain

Shear stressapplied forces parallel to a pair of opposite


faces

Shear Strainshape change caused by shear stress

F
A1

= tan

Shear stress and the endothelium,


Barbara J Ballermann, Alan Dardik,
Eudora Eng and Ailian Liu

JAMA 1999; 282:2035 - 2042

Nominal Stress (GPa)

Stress-Strain Curves

Nominal Strain

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Stress-Strain: Elastic Deformation

Initially there is a linear


relationship between
stress and strain

Nominal Stress (GPa)

= E

Nominal Strain

Slope of this line is the


Youngs Modulus, E.

In the case of shear stress,


the proportionality
constant is the shear
modulus, G.
= G

Poissons ratio

v=

transverse
longitudinal

Stress-Strain: Plastic Deformation

Nominal Stress (GPa)

Plastic deformation is
irreversible
(rearrangement of
molecules occurs)

Ductility

Non-linear response to
stress

Ductility: plastic tensile


strain required to break
the material

Note: malleability is
plastic compressive strain
required to break material

Nominal Strain

Stress-Strain Curves

Proportional Limit:
departure from linearity

Yield Stress: stress at


which noticeable (0.2% for
metals) plastic strain
occurs

Ultimate Tensile Strength:


the maximum on nominal
strength-strain plot

Breaking strength: actual


material break point

Nominal Stress (GPa)

Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS)

Yield Stress
Proportional Limit

Breaking
Strength
Nominal Strain

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Nominal Stress (GPa)

Stress-Strain Curves

Hardness is typically
used as an estimate of
yield strength and UTS;
measure by loading a
small indenter

Resilience is the elastic


energy of a volume
before yield Ur = d
y

Toughness is the energy


required to deform a
volume to break

Nominal Strain

U break =

break
0

Yield Drop
Metal

Ceramic

Polymer

Why is the polymer different?

Yield Dropchains align during first phase, then once aligned


they are easier to elongate so theres a yield drop, but then
stress increases again

Try pulling apart a six pack ringgets much harder just before
breaking

Stress Shielding

Reduction in bone density as a result of removal of normal


stress from the bone by an implant

Wolff's law: bone in a healthy person will remodel in response


to the loads it is placed under.

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Material Properties

Define the suitability of a material for an application

Primary Bonds

Metallic, Ionic, Covalent

Secondary Bonds

Van der Waals, hydrogen bonds,

A materials properties

Are caused by the underlying chemistry

Bulk vs. Surface

Surfaces have unique properties because of surface energy


caused by atoms/molecules having to interact with non-bulk
molecules

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic


properties

Intrinsic (density, heat capacity): dictated by composition only;


Extrinsic (yield strength): sensitive to microstructure (like crystal
size and polymer chain arrangement) too!

Stress/Strain

Stress: Force applied over area; Strain: length change due to


stress

Deformation

Elastic: reversible and described by Youngs modulus E; Plastic:


irreversible and nonlinear response

Ductility

Plastic tensile strain required to break the material

Yield Stress

Stress at which noticeable (0.2% for metals) plastic strain occurs

Ultimate Tensile Strength

Maximum on nominal strength-strain plot

Breaking strength

Actual material break point

Stress shielding

Reduction in bone density as a result of removal of normal stress


from the bone by an implant

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