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Chapter 7
Correlational Research
Gay, Mills, and Airasian
Topics to Be Discussed
n
n
n
Correlational Research
n
Definition
n
Purpose
n
n
Limitation
n
The Process
n
Problem selection
n
The Process
n
Minimum of 30 subjects
Instruments must be valid and reliable
n
n
Data analysis
n
Correlation Coefficients
n
Size/magnitude
n
Direction
n
Positive or negative
Correlation Coefficients
n
General rule
n
n
n
Predictions
n
Correlation Coefficients
n
Criterion-related validity
n
n
Inter-rater reliability
n
n
n
n
Correlation Coefficients
n
Direction
n
Positive
n
Negative
n
Correlation Coefficients
n
Correlation Coefficients
n
Scatterplots
Graphical presentations of correlations
n Example of predicting from an attitude
scale EX 1 to an achievement test
EX 2
n
An Example of a Scatterplot
50.00
Linear Regression
ex2
45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
30.00
40.00
ex1
50.00
Objective 3.4
Correlation Coefficients
n
Common variance
n
Definition
n
n
Computation
n
n
Statistical Significance
n
Statistical significance
n
Statistical Significance
n
-.30
n
n
Relationship Studies
n
General purpose
n
Achievement
Self-esteem
Self-concept
n
n
n
n
Linear relationships
n
Curvilinear relationships
n
Linear Regression
fp
0.9000
0.8000
0.7000
30.00
40.00
50.00
ex1
Objective 8.4
100.00
score
75.00
50.00
25.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
study
Objective 8.4
Sample size
n
n
n
Variation
The greater the variation in scores the
higher the likelihood of a strong correlation
n The lower the variation in scores the higher
the likelihood of a weak correlation
n
Attenuation
Correlation coefficients are lower when the
instruments being used have low reliability
n A correction for attenuation is available
n
Prediction Studies
n
Prediction Studies
n
Three purposes
Facilitates decisions about individuals to
help a selection decision
n Tests variables believed to be good
predictors of a criterion
n Determines the predictive validity of an
instrument
n
Objective 11.1
Prediction Studies
n
Y = a + bX
r2
n
n
Issues of concern
Shrinkage the tendency of a prediction
equation to become less accurate when
used with a group other than the one on
which the equation was originally
developed
n Cross validation validation of a prediction
equation with another group of subjects to
identify problematic variables
n
Objective 11.3
Path analysis
n
n
n
n
n
Objective 13.2
Cannonical correlation
n
Factor analysis
n
A Checklist of Questions
n
n
n
Statistical Assessment of
Relationships
Data
Are the data quantitative or nominal?
quantitative
nominal
No
Yes
Correlation Analysis:
No
Yes
Chi-Square Analysis:
Regression Analysis: R
Log-Linear Analysis
Logistic Regression
College
GPA
Regression Line
1.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
High School
GPA
Positive Linear
Negative Linear
Curvilinear
X
Y
Curvilinear
Independent
2.4
r = (Z
ZY )
N 1
[(4-3)(4-2.4)]2 + ...
[( X X )(Y Y )]
= [ ( X X ) ][ (Y Y )
(4-2.4)2 + ...
(4-3)2 + ...
4+4+3+2+2
4 x 4 + 4 x 3 + ...
=
Task 1: compute r
XY
( X )( Y )
N
4+3+2+2+1
5
2
2
&
#
&
#
(
)
(
)
X
Y
2
2
$ X
! $ Y
!
N
N
$%
!" $%
!"
4 x 4 + 4 x 4 + 3 x 3 ...
4 x 4 + 3 x 3 + 2 x 2 ...
Interpretation of r
-1< r <1
If the relationship between X and Y are positive:0 < r < 1
-1 < r < 0
If the relationship between X and Y are negative:
If p-value associated with the r is < .05
The variable X and Y are significantly correlate to each other.
Positively: 0 < r < 1, Negatively -1 < r < 0
If p-value associated with the r is >. 05
There is no significant correlation between X and Y
Reporting Correlations
r(Number of Participants) = Correlation Coefficient r, p < p value.
As predicted by the research hypothesis, the variable of optimism
and reported health behavior were (significantly) positively correlated
in the sample (the data), r(20) = .52, p < .01
Limitation
1. Cases in which the correlation between X and Y that have
curvilinier relationships
r=0
2. Cases in which the range of variables is restricted.
Example. SAT scores and college GPA Restriction of Range
3. Cases in which the data have outliers
r > |.99|
Limitation (visual)
Curviliniar
Small Range
Outlier
No
45 (.225) 55 (.275)
Southerner
45 (.225) 55 (.275)
fe =
Task 2 computation 2
2 =
X=
( fo fe )2
f
e
Interpretation of 2
Go to Table E in Appendix E.