Waves + Optics option

lenses
1 Optical systems OHP 1
brief review Snells law
converging rays produce real image
diverging rays produce virtual image
converging lenses - thicker in middle
diverging lenses - thinner in middle
define bi-convex, plano convex, etc
define: principal axis, focus, focal length, etc
identify 3 important rays for locating image
identify different images depending on
location of object >> OHP from Avison
distribute convex lenses
a. produce real image on screen
b. produce image of distant object to find f
of lens
c. cover half lens to show dim but complete
image produced (have students propose
result first)
2

Lens equation - OHP

derive lens equation (not in syllabus)
define linear magnification m
sheet of lens exercises for H/W
Wh Ch 32 #21,22,23,24

5 Simple magnifier
Define near point (D = 25 cm for av. person)
and far point (infinity)
have students work in pairs to locate each
others near point and measure the minimum
focus distance D
OHP: show image at infinity and have class
deduce formula for M
>> object at F
>> max angular size of object when object at
h
near point ie o =
D
h
and angular size of image i =
f
D
therefore M =
f
D
for image at near point M = 1 + = largest
f
mag possible
M increased by using smaller f (ie fatter lens)
but limited by aberrations >> can fix
aberrations but easier to construct microscope
distribute convex lenses for students to
practise use as simple magnifier
Wh Ch36 #11

3 Scale Diagrams
solving problems by scale diagram required by
6 Compound microscope
syllabus
used to produce magnified image of accessible
OHP Optical Intro #6
h
issue N95 #12c and begin in class
object >> o =
D
a. 1st: decide scale >> sketch diag. to locate
real image produced by objective lens is object
final image >> most will get real image on
for eyelens >> produces final virtual image at
far side 2nd lens but incorrect >> need to
near point
calculate location 1st image >> final image
derive M = fo f e
is magnified, virtual, btwn lenses >>
Wh Ch36 #13 (14)
suggest place principal axis 3/4 way up
page to allow for height of final image
7 Telescope
b. determine horiz and vertical scales
used to produce magnified image of distant
h
4 Angular magnification
inaccessible object >> o =
fo

M = i where o is max angular size of

final image at infinity to allow relaxed viewing
o
over extended period time.
object - ie object at near point
ie focus of objective and eyelens at same
h
>> o tan =
small angle approx.
location >> length of telescope = sum of focal
D
lengths of lenses
Wh Ch 36 #10
Wh Ch36 #17 (16)
Steve Udy Teaching Notes

page 1 of 2

Printed on 29/6/04

8 Spherical aberration
refraction at spherical surface of lens does
NOT bring parallel rays to unique focus
>> caustic curve and fuzzy image of point
object
fuzziness reduced by using paraxial rays (ie
rays close to principal axis, not necessarily
parallel to p.a.) - ie using small aperture
fuzziness eliminated by using paraboloid lens
surfaces
Chromatic aberration
focus of lens varies depending on frequency
(ie colour) of light due to dispersive
properties of glass >> point object produces
coloured fuzzy image
effect eliminated by using monochromatic
light
effect eliminated for 2 colours by using
achromatic doublet - 2 lenses made of
materials with oppositely dispersive
properties

Steve Udy Teaching Notes

page 2 of 2

Printed on 29/6/04