5 - en - ROUTE - v7 - Ch05 PDF

Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE)
Chapter 5:
Implementing Path Control
Elaborated by: Ing. Ariel Germn

For: ITLA
Based on: Foundation Learning Guide
CCNP ROUTE 300-101
Diane Teare, Bob Vachon, Rick Graziani
2015
ROUTE v6 Chapter 5
2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Chapter 5 Topics
Using Cisco Express Forwarding Switching
Understanding Path Control
Summary
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Using Cisco Express

Forwarding Switching
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Upon completing this section, you will be able to do the

following:
Describe the different switching mechanisms that a Cisco router uses
Describe how Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) works
Describe how to verify that CEF is working

Describe how to verify the content of the CEF tables
Describe how to enable and disable CEF by interface and globally
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Control and Data Plane

The exchange of routing protocol information is performed
in the control plane by the route processor.
Data packets are forwarded in the data plane by an
interface microcoded processor.
Control plane and data plane are relatively independent.
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Cisco Switching Mechanisms
Process switching
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Is the slowest method.

Every packet is examined by the CPU in the control plane and all
forwarding decisions are made in software.
It greatly degrades performance and is generally used only as a last
resort or during troubleshooting.
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Fast switching
Is faster than process switching.
The first packet is process switched, subsequent frames in the flow
arrive, the destination is found in the hardware fast-switching cache
and the frames are then forwarded without interrupting the CPU.
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Cisco Express Forwarding

Is the fastest method.
Two tables are created beforehand: Forwarding Information Base (FIB)
and adjacency table.
The contain all the information the router need to consider when
forwarding the packet.
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Process and Fast Switching

An EIGRP update containing a new route to 10.0.0.0/8 is added to the
EIGRP topology table.
Process switching might trigger an ARP request or find the Layer 2

address in the ARP cache.
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It caches the information that is generated by the Layer 3
routing engine even before the router encounters any data
flows.
The control plane is responsible for building the FIB table
and adjacency tables in software.
The data plane is responsible for forwarding IP unicast
traffic using hardware.
The FIB is arranged for maximum lookup speed (most
specific entry first).
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Analyzing Cisco Express Forwarding
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Enable and Disable CEF by Interface and Globally
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Understanding
Path Control
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Upon completing this section, you will be able to do the

following:
Identify the need for path control.
Describe how to use policy-based routing (PBR) to control path
selection.
Describe how to use IP service-level agreement (IP SLA) to control
path selection.
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The Need for Path Control

Path control is required to
avoid performance issues
and to optimize paths.
Path control tools can be

used to change the default
destination forwarding and
optimize the path of the
packets for some specific
application.
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Implementing Path Control Using Policy-Based

Routing
PBR enables the administrator to define a routing policy
other than basic destination-based routing using the routing
table.
With PBR, route maps can be used to match source and
destination addresses, protocol types, and end-user
applications.
When a match occurs, a set command can be used to
define items, such as the interface or next-hop address to
which the packet should be sent.
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PBR Features
PBR adds flexibility in a difficult-to-manage environment by
providing the ability to route traffic that is based on network
needs.
Benefits of implementing PBR in a network include the

following:
Source-based transit-provider selection

QoS
Cost savings
Load sharing
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Steps for Configuring PBR

1. Enable PBR by configuring a route map using the route-map global
configuration command.
2. Implement the traffic-matching configuration, specifying which traffic
will be manipulated. This is done using the match commands.
3. Define the action for the matched traffic. This is done using the set
commands.
4. Optionally, fast-switched PBR or CEF-switched PBR can be enabled.
5. Apply the route map to incoming traffic or to traffic locally generated
on the router.
6. Verify PBR configuration with basic connectivity and path verification

commands
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Configuring PBR
The route-map map-tag [permit | deny] [sequencenumber] global configuration command is used to create a
route map.
If the statement is marked as permit, packets that meet all the match
criteria are policy-based routed.
If the statement is marked as deny, packet meeting the match criteria
is not policy-based routed. Instead, it is sent through the normal
forwarding channels and destination-based routing.
If no match is found in the route map, the packet is not dropped. It is
forwarded through the normal routing channel
Note: To drop a packet, forward it to the interface null 0.
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PBR match Commands

The match condition route map configuration commands
are used to define the conditions to be checked.
match ip address {access-list-number | name} [...access-list-number
| name] | prefix-list prefix-list-name [..prefix-list-name]
match length min max Matches based
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PBR set Commands

If the match statements are satisfied, you can use the set
ip next-hop or set interface commands.
set ip next-hop ip-address [...ip-address]
set interface type number [...type number]
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Configuring PBR on an Interface

To identify a route map to use for policy routing on an interface,
use the ip policy route-map map-tag interface configuration
command.
Remember that policy-based routing is configured on the
interface that receives the packets, not on the interface from
which the packets are forwarded.
Packets originating on the router are not normally policy routed.

To identify a route map to use for local policy routing, use the ip
local policy route-map map-tag global configuration command.
This command applies the specified route map to packets originating on
the router.
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Verifying PBR
To display the route maps used for policy routing on the
routers interfaces, use the show ip policy EXEC
command.
To display configured route maps, use the show route-map

[map-name] EXEC command.
Use the debug ip policy EXEC command to display IP
policy routing packet activity.
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Configuring PBR Example
In the example, you will:

Verify normal traffic paths as selected by the traditional destinationbased routing.
Configure PBR to alter the traffic flow for one client station.
Verify both the PBR configuration and the new traffic path
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Verify Normal Traffic Paths
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Configure PBR to Alter the Traffic Flow from the

Notebook
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Verify the PBR Configuration and Traffic Path
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Notebook
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Implementing Path Control Using Cisco IOS IP

SLAs
PBR is a static path control mechanism.
It cannot respond dynamically to changes in network health.
If a policy states that when packet loss on primary exceeds

5%, backup should be used, It cant be done with PBR
alone.
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IP SLA Features
Cisco IOS IP SLAs perform network performance measurement
within Cisco devices.
Cisco IOS IP SLAs actively send simulated data across the
network to measure performance between multiple network
locations or across multiple network paths.
The information collected includes data about:
Response time
One-way latency
Jitter
Packet loss
Voice-quality scoring
Network resource availability
Application performance
Server response time.
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Cisco IOS IP SLA Sources and Targets

All the IP SLA measurement probe operations are configured on the IP
SLAs source, such as a Cisco IOS router.
If the target is another Cisco IOS device, the target can be configured as
an IP SLA responder. A responder can provide accurate measurements
without the need for dedicated probes or any complex or per-operation
configuration.
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Cisco IOS IP SLA Operations

An IP SLA operation is a measurement that includes
protocol, frequency, traps, and thresholds.
This operation can be used with both types of target devices
(source and responder).
When the operation is finished and the response has been
received, the results are stored in the IP SLA MIB on the
source.
These results can be retrieved and viewed using command
line interface (CLI) commands or using Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMP).
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Cisco IOS IP SLA Operation with Responders

Using an IP SLA responder provides enhanced
measurement accuracy and additional statistics that are not
otherwise available via standard ICMP-based
measurement.
When a network manager configures an IP SLA operation
on the IP SLA source, reaction conditions can also be
defined.
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Steps for Configuring IP SLAs

The following steps are required to configure Cisco IOS IP
SLAs functionality:
1. Define one or more IP SLA operations (or probes).
2. Define one or more tracking objects to track the state of IOS IP SLA
operations.
3. Define the action associated with the tracking object.
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Step 1: Configuring Cisco IOS IP SLA

Operations
Use the ip sla operation-number global configuration
command to begin configuring a Cisco IOS IP SLA
operation and to enter IP SLA configuration mode.
The operation-number is the identification number of the IP
SLA operation to be configured.
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IP SLA Configuration Mode Commands
The focus of this section is on the icmp-echo command

The complete command syntax is:
icmp-echo {destination-ip-address | destination-hostname} [sourceip {ip-address | hostname} | source-interface interface-name].
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IP SLA ICMP Echo Configuration Mode

Commands
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Schedule the IP SLA Operation

Once a Cisco IP SLA operation is configured, it needs to be
scheduled using the ip sla schedule global configuration
command.
The complete command syntax is

ip sla schedule operation-number [life {forever | seconds}] [starttime {hh:mm [:ss] [month day | day month] | pending | now | after
hh:mm:ss}] [ageout seconds] [recurring]
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Step 2: Configuring Cisco IOS IP SLA Tracking

Objects
Use the global configuration command:
track object-number ip sla operation-number {state | reachability}
Use this optional command to specify the period of time to

delay communicating states changes:
delay {up seconds [down seconds] | [up seconds] down seconds}
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Step 3: Defining an Action Associated with a

Tracking Object
Many types of actions can be associated with a tracked
object.
A simple path control action is to use the global
configuration command:
ip route prefix mask {ip-address | interface-type interface-number [ipaddress]} [track number]
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Configuring IP SLA Example
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Configuring an IP SLA Operation with the ISP 1

DNS Server
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Defining a Tracking Object and Assigning an

Action
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DNS Server
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DNS Server
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Configuring PBR and IP SLA Example
-Web traffic to the HQ site should be redirected over the serial link.
-All other traffic from Notebook should go via BR2 but only if BR2 is
reachable.
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Redirecting Web Traffic from BR1 to HQ Using

PBR
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Redirecting Web Traffic from BR1 to HQ Using

PBR
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Ensuring That BR2 Is Reachable Using IP SLA
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Redirect Traffic from Notebook to BR2 If

Reachable
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Verifications
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Verifications
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Verifications
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Summary
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Summary
Packet-switching mechanisms on a Cisco IOS platform, including
process switching, fast switching, and CEF switching.
Overview of path control tools, including PBR and Cisco IOS IP
SLAs.
Using PBR to control path selection, providing benefits including
source-based transit provider selection, QoS, cost savings, and
load sharing.
PBR is applied to incoming packets; enabling PBR causes the
router to evaluate all packets incoming on the interface using a
route map configured for that purpose.
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Summary
Configuring and verifying PBR, including the following
steps:
Choose the path control tool to use; for PBR, route-map commands
are used
Implement the traffic-matching configuration, specifying which traffic
will be manipulated; match commands are used within route maps
Define the action for the matched traffic, using set commands within
route maps
Apply the route map to incoming traffic or to traffic locally generated
on the router
Verify path control results, using show commands
Cisco IOS IP SLAs, which use active traffic monitoring,

generating traffic in a continuous, reliable, and predictable
manner, to measure network performance.
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Summary
Cisco IOS IP SLA terminology, including the following:
All the Cisco IOS IP SLA measurement probe operations are
configured on the IP SLA source.
There are two types of IP SLA operations: those in which the target
device is running the IP SLA responder component.
An IP SLA operation is a measurement that includes protocol,
frequency, traps, and thresholds.
Configuring and verifying IOS IP SLAs.
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Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE)

Elaborated by: Ing. Ariel Germn

Using Cisco Express

Upon completing this section, you will be able to do the

Describe how to verify that CEF is working

Control and Data Plane

Cisco Switching Mechanisms

Is the slowest method.

Cisco Switching Mechanisms

Cisco Switching Mechanisms

Cisco Express Forwarding

2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Process and Fast Switching

Process switching might trigger an ARP request or find the Layer 2

Cisco Express Forwarding

Cisco Express Forwarding

Analyzing Cisco Express Forwarding

Analyzing Cisco Express Forwarding

Analyzing Cisco Express Forwarding

Enable and Disable CEF by Interface and Globally

Upon completing this section, you will be able to do the

The Need for Path Control

Path control tools can be

Implementing Path Control Using Policy-Based

Benefits of implementing PBR in a network include the

Source-based transit-provider selection

Steps for Configuring PBR

6. Verify PBR configuration with basic connectivity and path verification

PBR match Commands

PBR set Commands

Configuring PBR on an Interface

Packets originating on the router are not normally policy routed.

To display configured route maps, use the show route-map

Configuring PBR Example

In the example, you will:

Verify Normal Traffic Paths

Configure PBR to Alter the Traffic Flow from the

Verify the PBR Configuration and Traffic Path

Verify the PBR Configuration and Traffic Path

Verify the PBR Configuration and Traffic Path

Verify the PBR Configuration and Traffic Path

Implementing Path Control Using Cisco IOS IP

If a policy states that when packet loss on primary exceeds

Cisco IOS IP SLA Sources and Targets

Cisco IOS IP SLA Operations

Cisco IOS IP SLA Operation with Responders

Steps for Configuring IP SLAs

Step 1: Configuring Cisco IOS IP SLA

IP SLA Configuration Mode Commands

The focus of this section is on the icmp-echo command

IP SLA ICMP Echo Configuration Mode

Schedule the IP SLA Operation

The complete command syntax is

Step 2: Configuring Cisco IOS IP SLA Tracking

Use this optional command to specify the period of time to

Step 3: Defining an Action Associated with a

Configuring IP SLA Example

Configuring an IP SLA Operation with the ISP 1

Defining a Tracking Object and Assigning an

Configuring an IP SLA Operation with the ISP 2

Configuring an IP SLA Operation with the ISP 2

Configuring PBR and IP SLA Example