Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 Test Flash Cards

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Element
it cannot be broken down or

decomposed into 2 or more different
substances
Compound
2 or more elements that are joined to

form chemical combinations
Energy Level
Determine whether atom is chemically

active
Octet Rule
Atoms with fewer or more than eight

electrons in outer energy level will
attempt to lose, gain, or share electrons
with other atoms to achieve stability
Isotopes
Contain same number of protons but

different amount of neutrons. Has same
basic chemical properties as any other
atom and same atomic number, but they
have a different atomic weight.
radioisotope
A special type of isotope that is unstable

and undergoes nuclear breakdown.
During breakdown, radioactive isotopes
emit nuclear particles and radiation,
causing decay
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Molecule
formed when 2 or more atoms are

joined
Ionic bond
The strong electrostatic force that binds

the positively and negatively charged
ions
Ions
Ionic bonds that are dissolved in water.

Ions can be positively or negatively
charged
Covalent Bond
A chemical bond formed by sharing of

one or more pairs of electrons between
outer energy levels of two atoms
Polar
Unequal charge distribution on a

molecule
Hydrogen Bonds
Can exist between biologically important

molecules. Are much weaker forces
because they require less energy to
break and they result from unequal
charge distribution on a molecule.
Synthesis Reactions
Result in formation of new bonds, and

energy is required for the reaction to
occur and the new products to form.
Decomposition Reactions
Result in the breakdown of a complex

substance into two or more simpler
substances. They occur when a complex
nutrient is broken down in a cell to
release energy for other cellular
functions
Exchange reactions
Permits two different reactants to

exchange components and from 2 new
products. Break down, or decompose,
two compunds and synthesize 2 new
compunds
Reversible Reaction
They proceed in both directions
Metabolism
All the chemical reactions that occur in

body cells
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Catabolism
Describe the chemical reactions that

break down larger food molecules into
smaller chemical units and release
energy
Anabolism
Involves many chemical reactions that

build up larger and more complex
molecules from smalle subunits. They
require energy
Hydrolysis
A water molecule is added to break up a

larger compound into smaller subunits
Dehydration Synthesis
The chemical reaction responsible for

joining together smalle units to form
larger molecules. Water is removed as
smaller subunits are fused together
Electrolytes
Are substances that break up or

dissociate in solution to formed charged
particles or ions
Acid
Any substnace that will release a

hydrogen ion when in a solution
Bases
Are electrolytes that when dissociated in

solution shift the hydrogen/ OHbalance in favor of OH-
pH
the abbreviation for phrase meaning

power of hydrogen and used to mean
relative hydrogen ions concentration of
a solution
Buffers
Minimize changes in the concentrations

of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in
our body fluids
Salt
any compund that results from the

chemical interactions of an acid and
base
Carbohydrates
compounds that contain the elements

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the
carbon atoms linked to one another to
form chains of varying length
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Monosaccharides
simple sugars, have short carbon chains

EX. glucose, fructose, and galactose,
ribose and deoxyribose
Disaccharides
double sugars, are carbohydrates

composed of 2 or more simple sugars
that are bonded together through a
synthesis reaction that involves the
removal of water
EX. sucrose, maltose, and lactose
Polysaccharides
complex sugars, consist of many

monosaccharides chemically joined to
form straight or branded chain
Ex. glycogen, starch, chitin, cellulose
Lipids
-Water insoluble organic biomolecules,

composed largely of hydrogen, carbon,
and oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
-Ex. triglycerides or fats, phospholipids,
steroids, and prostaglandins
-many used for energy purposes where
others serves a structural role and
function as integral parts of cell
membranes, protect organs
nonpolar
without charged regions
triglycerides
-fats, the most abundant lipids and

function as body's most concentrated
source of energy
-composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Saturated fatty Acid
all available bonds of hydrocarbon chain

are filled with hydrogen atoms
Unsaturated Fatty acid
has 1 or more double bonds in

hydrocarbon chain
Phospholipids
-fat compounds
-has l glycerol and 2 fatty acids and 1
phosphate group
-one end is hydrophilic and the other
end is hydrophobic
-form bilayers with fatty acid tails
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Hydrophilic
water loving is at the phospholipid head
Hydrophobic
water hatting and on two fatty acids end
Steroids
are widely distributed in the body and

are involved in many important
structural and functional roles
EX. cholesterol
Cholesterol
-found in plasma membrane

surrounding every body cell
-helps stabilize important cellular
structure and is required for many
reactions that cells must perform to
survive
Prostaglandins
-lipids composed of 20-carbon

unsaturated fatty acid that contains 5
carbon rings
-first associated with prostate tissue
-produced by cell membranes by almost
every body tissue
-crucial role in regulating effects of
several hormones, influence blood
pressure, and secretion of digestive
juices, enhances the body's immune
system and inflammatory response and
have important role in blood clotting
and respiration
Proteins
-have 4 elements, carbon, oxygen,

hydrogen, and nitrogen
-most abundant organic compounds in
the body
-divided into 2 categories structural and
functional
Structural Proteins
-form the structure of cells, tissues, and

organs of the body
-shape determines how it functions
-found in tendons and ligaments
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Functional Proteins
-enzymes
-finally functioning state called naive
state which are globular, often soluble
and have chemically active regions
Enzymes
functional proteins that bring molecules

together or split them apart in chemical
reactions
Amino Acids
the elements that make up a protein

molecule
-20 common ones
-constructed of carbon atom, and amino
a group, carboxyl group, a hydrogen
atom, and a side chain
Essential Amino Acids
-8 of them
-cannot be produced by the body and
must be included in diet
Nonessential Amino Acids
-12 of them
-can be produced from other amino
acids or from simple organic molecules
readily available to body cells
Peptide Bond
-is one that binds the carboxyl group of

one amino acid to amino group of
another amino acid
-formed from the split off of H2O
Dipeptide Bond
peptide bond linked by another 2 amino

acids
Dehydration Synthesis
-subunits are joined together, resulting

in the loss of water
-very common in living organisms
Hydrolysis
-decomposition reaction that requires

the addition of water molecule to break
a bond
Primary structure
a protein refers to number, kind, and

sequence of amino acids that make up
the polypeptide chain
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Secondary Structure
-chains are coiled or bent into pleated

sheets
-most common type of coil takes a
clockwise direction and called alpha
helix
Tertiary Structure
-it underwent contortions from

secondary structure to form a globularshaped structure
-coils touch one another in many places
and spot welds or interlocking
connections occur
Quartenary Structure
-contains clusters of more than 1

polypeptide chain all linked together
into 1 giant molecule
Chaperones
-present in every body cell acts to direct

the steps required for proteins to fold
into shape that is required for them to
function properly
Denature
-when protein loses it shape, it loses its

function
-causes are from changes in
temperature, changes in pH, radiation,
and presence of certain hazardous
chemicals
Nucleic Acid
-are polymers of thousands and

thousands of smaller molecules called
nucleotides
Deoxyribonucleotides
-consists of pentose sugar named

deoxyribose, a nitrogenous base, and a
phosphate group
Ribonucleotides
-consists of pentose sugar named ribose,

a nitrogenous base and a phosphate
group
Purine bases
-adenine and guanine

-have double ring structure
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Pyrimidine
-cytosine and thymine

-have single ring structure
-in RNA uses uracil instead of thymine
DNA Molecules
-largest molecules in body

-composed of many nucleotides
-2 kinds of base pairs only present
RNA
-consist of single strand

-sequence of ribonucleotides that is
copied from portion of DNA molecule
transfer RNA
-its used to grab a specific amino acid

and place it in correct sequence when
building a primary protein strand
Ribozyme
-involved in editing code of RNA strands

by removing sections of the code and
joining the remaining pieces
ATP
-composed of adenine and ribose sugar

which is attached to 3 phosphate groups
-bonds called high energy bonds because
when they are broken during catabolic
chemical reactions, energy is transferred
to newly formed compounds
-called energy currency of cells
high-density lipoproteins
-have high density of protein

-called good cholesterol
-low risk for atherosclerosis
low-density lipoprotein
-contains less protein

-cholestrol in LDLs is called bad
cholesterol
-high blood levels of LDL are associated
with atherosclerosis
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Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 Test Flash Cards

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Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 Test flashcards | Quizlet

Like this study set? Create a free account to save it.

it cannot be broken down or

2 or more elements that are joined to

Determine whether atom is chemically

Atoms with fewer or more than eight

Contain same number of protons but

A special type of isotope that is unstable