Abstract and Concrete Terms

Abstract terms refer to ideas or concepts; they have no physical referents

Concrete terms refer to objects or events that are available to the senses. [This is directly opposite to abstract terms,
which name things that are not available to the senses.] Examples of concrete terms include spoon, table, velvet eye patch, nose
ring, sinus mask, green, hot, walking. Because these terms refer to objects or events we can see or hear or feel or taste or smell,
their meanings are pretty stable. If you ask me what I mean by the word spoon, I can pick up a spoon and show it to you. [I can't
pick up a freedom and show it to you, or point to a small democracy crawling along a window sill. I can measure sand and oxygen
by weight and volume, but I can't collect a pound of responsibility or a liter of moral outrage.

General and Specific Terms

General terms and specific terms are not opposites, as abstract and concrete terms are; instead, they are the different ends of a
range of terms. General terms refer to groups; specific terms refer to individualsbut there's room in between. Let's look at an
example.

Filipinisms
This term refers to the wrong way Filipinos use the English language. Usually, Filipinisms result from the literal translation of words
from the native tongue to English, with the famous example patayin mo ang ilaw to kill the lights, or it could be that the use
resulted to replacing the correct word or words with similar sounding/spelling words. Here are some examples of these words. Try
correcting them if you can.

Jargon is "the technical terminology or characteristic idiom of a special activity occupational or social
group."[1] The philosopher Condillac observed in 1782 that "every science requires a special language because every science has
its own ideas." As a rationalist member of the Enlightenment he continued, "It seems that one ought to begin by composing this
language, but people begin by speaking and writing, and the language remains to be composed." [2] In earlier times, the term
jargon would refer to trade languages used by people who spoke different native tongues to communicate, such as the Chinook
Jargon.
In other words, the term covers the language used by people who work in a particular area or who have a common interest. Much
like slang,[3] it can develop as a kind of shorthand, to express ideas that are frequently discussed between members of a group,
though it can also be developed deliberately using chosen terms. A standard term may be given a more precise or unique usage
among practitioners of a field. In many cases this causes a barrier to communication with those not familiar with the language of
the field. For example, bit, byte, and hexadecimal are jargon terms related to computing.[3]

euphemism

A
is a generally innocuous word or expression used in place of one that may be found offensive or suggest
something unpleasant.[1] Some euphemisms are intended to amuse, while others use bland, inoffensive, and often misleading
terms for things the user wishes to dissimulate or downplay. Euphemisms are used for dissimulation, to refer to taboo topics (such
as disability, sex, excretion, and death) in a polite way, and to mask profanity. The opposite of euphemism roughly equates
to dysphemism.
Euphemisms may be used to avoid words considered rude, while conveying their meaning: "Kiss my you-know-what!" instead of
the more vulgar, "Kiss my ass/arse"; the expletive sugar to substitute shit. Some euphemisms are so commonly used as to be
standard usage: "pass away" for "die". Over the centuries euphemisms have been introduced for "latrine", and themselves
replaced as they came to be considered unacceptable; "toilet", once itself a euphemism, is often euphemised as "bathroom",
"restroom", etc. Euphemisms are used to downplay and conceal unpalatable facts, as "collateral damage" for "civilian casualties"
in a military context, and "redacted" for "censored".

clich or cliche

A
(UK /klie/ or US /kle/) is an expression, idea, or element of an artistic work which has become
overused to the point of losing its original meaning, or effect, and even, to the point of being trite or irritating, especially when at
some earlier time it was considered meaningful or novel. [1]
In phraseology, the term has taken on a more technical meaning, referring to an expression imposed by conventionalized
linguistic usage. The term is frequently used in modern culture for an action or idea that is expected or predictable, based on a
prior event. Typically pejorative, "clichs" are not always false or inaccurate; a clich may or may not be true. [2] Some
are stereotypes, but some are simply truisms and facts.[3] Clichs often are employed for comic effect, typically in fiction.
Most phrases now considered clichd originally were regarded as striking, but have lost their force through overuse. [4] In this
connection, David Masonand John Frederick Nims cite a particularly harsh judgement by Salvador Dal: "The first man to compare
the cheeks of a young woman to a rose was obviously a poet; the first to repeat it was possibly an idiot." [5] In making this
statement, Dal was appropriating the words of French poet Grard de Nerval: "The first man who compared woman to a rose was
a poet, the second, an imbecile."[6]
A clich is often a vivid depiction of an abstraction that relies upon analogy or exaggeration for effect, often drawn from everyday
experience. Used sparingly, they may succeed, however, the use of a clich in writing, speech, or argument is generally
considered a mark of inexperience or a lack of originality.

sentence

A
is a grammatical unit consisting of one or more words that are grammatically linked. A sentence can include
words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request, command or suggestion.[1]
A sentence can also be defined in orthographic terms alone, i.e., as anything which is contained between a capital letter and a full
stop.[2] For instance, the opening of Charles Dickens' novelBleak House begins with the following three sentences:
London. Michaelmas term lately over, and the Lord Chancellor sitting in Lincoln's Inn Hall. Implacable November weather.
The first sentence involves one word, a proper noun. The second sentence has only a non-finite verb. The third is a
single nominal group. Only an orthographic definition encompasses this variation.
As with all language expressions, sentences might contain function and content words and contain properties distinct to
natural language, such as characteristic intonation and timing patterns.

sentence fragment

A
is an incomplete sentence. Some fragments are incomplete because they lack either a
subject or a verb, or both. The fragments that most students have trouble with, however, are dependent clausesthey have a
subject and a verb, so they look like complete sentences, but they dont express a complete thought. Theyre called dependent
because they cant stand on their own (just like some people you might know who are SO dependent!). Look at these dependent
clauses. Theyre just begging for more information to make the thoughts complete:

What is a complete sentence?

Sentences provide us with the framework for the clear written expression of our ideas. The aim in writing is always to write in
complete sentences which are correctly punctuated. Sentences always begin with a capital letter and end in either a full stop,
exclamation or question mark. A complete sentence always contains a verb, expresses a complete idea and makes sense
standing alone.
A

run-on is a sentence in which two or more independent clauses (i.e., complete sentences) are joined without appropriate

punctuation or conjunction. This is generally considered a stylistic error, though it is occasionally used in literature and may be
used as a rhetorical device. An example of a run-on is a comma splice, in which two independent clauses are joined with a comma
without an accompanying coordinating conjunction.[1][2] Some prescriptivists exclude comma splices from the definition of a run-on
sentence,[3] but this does not imply that they consider comma splices to be acceptable.
The mere fact that a sentence is long does not make it a run-on sentence; sentences are run-ons only when they contain more
than one independent clause. A run-on sentence can be as short as four wordsfor instance: I drive she walks. In this case there
are two independent clauses: two subjects paired with two intransitive verbs. So as long as clauses are punctuated appropriately,
a writer can assemble multiple independent clauses in a single sentence; in fact, a properly constructed sentence can be
extended indefinitely.