LOCAL ATTRACTION

The magnetic needle does not point to the magnetic north when
under the influence of the external attractive forces.
The magnetic needle is seriously deflected from its normal position
if placed in the vicinity of masses of magnetic rock or iron ore, and
is also affected by the proximity of steel structures, rails, electric
cables conveying current, iron pipes, railings, iron posts, etc.
Care must be taken to see that the observer has no sources of
attraction such as a bunch of keys, knife, iron button, steel-rimmed
spectacles, etc., and that the chain, arrows, clearing axe, etc. are
removed away from the instrument.
Such a disturbing influence is known as local attraction.
It is much greater in cities than in the country.
If the fore and back bearings differ by 180, there is no local
attraction at either station, provided the compass is free from
instrumental errors, and no observational errors are made.

DIP OF THE NEEDLE

The inclination of the magnetic needle with the
horizontal is called dip of the needle.
It is due to influence of the magnetic force of the
earth pole.
In the northern hemisphere the north end of the
needle is deflected downward, and in the
southern hemisphere the south end of the
needle points downward.
To balance the needle, a metallic coil is provided
at the opposite side of the needle.

MAGNETIC DECLINATION
The magnetic meridian at a place does not coincide with the
true meridian at that place except in few places.
The horizontal angle which the magnetic meridian makes with
the true or geographical meridian is known as the magnetic
declination or the declination of the needle.

DETERMINATION OF TRUE BEARING

All revenue survey maps are plotted with reference to
the true meridian.
If a survey is made with a compass, the readings
observed are the magnetic bearings.
Knowing the magnetic declination at a place, the true
bearings may be deducted by the following rule:
True Bearing of a line = Magnetic Bearing of the line
Magnetic Declination.

Use plus sign, when the declination is east, and minus

sign when it is west,
These rules are applicable in the case of whole circle
bearings only.

 EXAMPLE:
The following bearings were observed in running a
compass traverse.
LINE

FORE BEARING

BACK BEARING

AB

66 15'

244 00'

BC

129 45'

313 00'

CD

218 30'

37 30'

DA

306 45'

126 45'

Find the corrected fore and back bearings, and the

true bearings of the lines, given that the magnetic
declination is 840' E.

BC

BA
B

CB
AB
A

CD

AD

D
DA

DC

 SOLUTION:
LINE

OBSERVED
BEARING

CORRECTION

CORRECTED
BEARING

MAGNETIC
DECLINATION

TRUE
BEARING

AB

6615'

0'

6615'

840' E

74 55'

BA

2440'

+ 215'

24615'

25455'

BC

12945'

+ 215'

1320'

14040'

CB

3130'

-1

3120'

32040'

CD

21830'

-1

21730'

22610'

DC

3730'

3730'

4610'

DA

30645'

0'

30645'

31525'

AD

12645'

0'

12645'

13525'

REMARKS

Stations
B and C
are
affected
by local
attraction

PLOTTING A TRAVERSE SURVEY

BY PARALLEL MERIDIANS THROUGH EACH STATIONS

Contd . . .
BY INCLUDED ANGLES

Contd . . .
BY PAPER PROTECTOR

Contd . . .
BY RECTANGULAR CO-ORDINATES

Contd . . .
Similarly,
PLOTTING BY TANGENTS
PLOTTING BY CHORDS

See for yourselves . . . !

GRAPHICAL ADJUSTMENT
OF

CLOSING ERROR IN A CLOSED TRAVERSE

The closing error, also termed as the error of closure is the
actual distance by which the traverse fails to close.
If the closing error is large, it indicates that an error has been
made in chaining, and the lines require to be remeasured.
If it is small, it may be eliminated, and the traverse is made to
close by slightly modifying the shape of the polygon.
The closing error is distributed among the stations of the
traverse by shifting each station by an amount proportional to
the total distance of that station from the starting point of the
traverse, and parallel to the direction of the closing error.

Contd . . .

ANY QUERIES

thank you . . . !