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com/energy
High efficient
peak power on demand
POWER-GEN Asia 2011 KLCC,
Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
September 2729, 2011
Authors:
Jan Dirk Beiler
Siemens AG,
Energy Sector Fossil Power Generation Division
Peter Trauner
Siemens AG
Energy Sector Service Division
Content
Abstract
Introduction
Performance
Operating experiences
Conclusion
Disclaimer
Abstract
As part of our ongoing commitment to meet the changing
requirements of customers operating assets, we offer the
latest technology helping to enhance customers operating
plant capability and flexibility. One of our modernization
products for power enhancement is Wet Compression.
Wet Compression is a reliable and proven method of
injecting water into the gas turbine inlet. Wet Compression
is perfectly suited for upgrading peak load gas turbines.
Providing peak power enables electricity producers to
react to increased grid power demand, i.e. during summer
peaks or grid fluctuations driven by renewable energy
sources leading to increases in customer revenues at high
peak load electricity prices. Wet Compression is designed
to increase the power output by injecting water into the
compressor inlet, hence inter-cooling the compressor,
reducing the compressor inlet temperature and increasing
mass flow throughout the gas turbine.
More than 45 Wet Compression systems have been
installed and operated on SGT5-2000E, SGT6-2000E and
SGT6-3000E gas turbines. Wet Compression has also been
successfully tested in the Berlin (Germany) plant test bed
on a SGT6-4000F. The first application on the advanced
frame type SGT5-4000F was commissioned in May 2010.
A power increase due to Wet Compression of up to 16 %
of the dry gas turbine base load power could be measured.
Wet Compression provides peak power on demand with
a higher efficiency level compared to other stand by
generators or simple cycle diesel applications, consequently
carbon and nitrogen emissions can be reduced or avoided.
The mutual occurrence of high ambient temperatures
and increased peak load electricity demand make Wet
Compression economically more beneficial and valuable.
Wet Compression
description
Introduction
In recent years the need for peak load and reserve capacity
is increasing constantly. With an increasing amount of
regenerative energy generation (wind, solar) being added
to power systems worldwide, the requirement for reserve
capacity which can be provided on demand is also increasing. In Germany for example installed wind generation
capacity accounts for more than 26 GW installed capacity
and significant additional generation is being added
through new offshore wind parks. The proportion of actual
energy contribution in Germany from wind generation is
typically between 5 % to 10 % of annual energy generation
with generation duration being approx. 18 % on an annual
hourly basis. Clearly, reserve peaking capacity needs to be
available at short notice when called upon by the power
system to support such renewable generation. Gas turbines
with fast reaction times are the preferred technology to
fulfill this demand. As new projects usually require long
development periods due to long lead times for site permitting and construction, an appropriate alternative is
to increase the capacity of the already existing plants with
4
Different fields
of usage
Wet Compression can be used for different purposes,
the most common and commercially attractive ones are:
Seasonal operation (summer peak operation)
Reserve power and occasional peaking
Grid support (esp. BLOC and secondary frequency
response)
Base Load increase for simple cycle gas turbines
Seasonal operation of Wet Compression to compensate
capacity losses during high ambient temperature conditions
is possible for both dry and humid areas. Even a combination with an evaporative cooler or chiller is possible as
long as the compressor inlet temperature stays above 10 C.
The Wet Compression installation as an increase of the
marketable power reserve and occasional peaking is ideal
as the influence on the normal operation of the gas turbine
is very low.
Water
injection
Combustion Chamer
Compressor
Turbine
Performance
Wet Compression has influence on different parameters
in the gas turbine and combined cycle process. The main
influences can be described as follows:
Change by
Wet Compression
Parameter
decrease
20
Power output
18
ession (2 %-MVI
16
14
12
10
Pow
er ou
tput
with
Evap
orati
ve co
oler
(85 %
Eff.)
2
Base load power, dry
10
20
30
40
50
60
Relative humidity [%]
70
80
90
Fig. 4: Comparison of Wet Compression power output with an Evaporative Cooler at a variation of relative humidity
10 50 C
1013 mbar
60 %
Methane
100
20
18
16
14
12
Sh
af
lim
it
c
ea
he
Maximum
mass flow
75 % of desig
n mass flow
50 % of design ma
10
(design)
ss flow
8
Minimum mass
flow (start)
4
2
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
30 C
1,007 mbar
55 %
Fuel gas (LHV = 46,170 kJ/kg)
20.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
The achievable maximum power output with Wet Compression is limited by a maximum design water mass flow
(2 % of the compressor inlet mass flow) however, not all
sites can reach the full potential of Wet Compression due
to site specific limitations such as generator/transformer
limits, shaft limit, combustion instabilities or special limiting hardware configurations. For the advanced gas turbine
frames, the maximum allowed water mass flow has to be
2.5000
2.0000
1.5000
1.0000
Start mass flow
0.5000
0.0000
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Wet Compression mass flow [% of compressor inlet mass flow]
1.8
2.0
Operating
experiences
Since 2004 Wet Compression is introduced in the
SGT5-2000E frame and the chosen design shows highly
satisfying results.
To minimize the risks to the gas turbine hardware the
Wet Compression design, operating regime and controller
reactions are carefully engineered. For the different gas
turbine frames the Wet Compression operation is validated
with additional measurements of the gas turbine reactions
to ensure a safe operation.
As water penetrates the compressor during Wet Compression, erosion and corrosion on the compressor blades and
vanes is a predominant topic.
Conclusion
Disclaimer