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3.MDF
4.OCB SWITCHING
5.
TAX (Trunk auto exchange)
6. TRANSMISSION
1.
Fiber Optic
2. OFC SPLICING
7.BROAD BAND
8.MOBILE SECTION
1.GSM
2.CDMA
9.INTERNET
10.
Wi-Max
11.
Wireless In Local Loop
12.
Leased Lines
13.
National Internet Backbone (NIB)
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BSNL
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000, is World's 7th largest
Telecommunications Company providing comprehensive range of telecom
services in India: Wire line, CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband,
Carrier service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP services, IN Services etc.
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (known as BSNL, India Communications
Corporation Limited) is a public sector communications company in India. It
is the India's largest telecommunication company with 24% market share. Its
headquarters are at Bharat Sanchar Bhawan, New Delhi. It has the status of
Mini-ratna - a status assigned to reputed Public Sector companies in
India.BSNL has installed Quality Telecom Network in the country and now
focusing on improving it, expanding the network, introducing new telecom
services with ICT applications in villages and wining customer's confidence.
Today, it has about 47.3 million line basic telephone capacity, 4 million WLL
capacity, 20.1 Million GSM Capacity, more than 37382 fixed exchanges,
18000 BTS, 287 Satellite Stations, 480196 Rkm of OFC Cable, 63730 Rkm of
Microwave Network connecting 602 Districts, 7330 cities/towns and 5.5
Lakhs villages. BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts and
planned initiatives to bridge the Rural-Urban Digital Divide ICT sector. In fact
there is no telecom operator in the country to beat its reach with its wide
network giving services in every nook & corner of country and operates
across India except Delhi & Mumbai including inaccessible areas of Siachen
glacier and North-eastern region of the country.
BSNL cellular service, CellOne, has more than 17.8 million cellular
customers, garnering 24 percent of all mobile users as its subscribers. That
means that almost every fourth mobile user in the country has a BSNL
connection. In basic services, BSNL is miles ahead of its rivals, with 35.1
million Basic Phone subscribers i.e. 85 per cent share of the subscriber base
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Fig: NE in MDF
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SALIENT FEATURES:
OCB stands for organ control bhersion.
Digital switching system developed by CIT ALCATEL of France.
OMC & S/N duplicated.
Varieties of service provided are: basic telephony, ISDN, Mobile,
Videotext etc.
Supports different types of signaling system.
Max. no. of junctions may be 60000 and 35 types of cards can be used.
Less space requirement.
Automatic fault recovery and remote monitoring.
Environmental requirement is not very stringent.
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3.SWITCHING MATRIX
The Switching matrix is a single stage t made up of host
switching matrix and branch selection & amplification function,
SMX is duplicated.
4.AUXILLIARY
(SMA)
EQUIPMENT
CONTROL
STATION
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Caller
/
D.P
/
Pillar
/
MDF
/
Exchange
/
Tax
/
Exchange
/
MDF
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6.1.Fiber Optics:
The use and demand for optical fiber has grown tremendously and
optical-fiber applications are numerous. Telecommunication applications are
widespread, ranging from global networks to desktop computers. These
involve the transmission of voice, data, or video over distances of less than a
meter to hundreds of kilometers, using one of a few standard fiber designs
in one of several cable designs.
ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS:
Fiber Optics has the following advantages :
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6.2.OFC SPLICING
Splices are permanent connection between two fibres. The splicing involves
cutting of the edges of the two fibres to be spliced.
Splicing Methods
The following three types are widely used :
1. Adhesive bonding or Glue splicing.
2. Mechanical splicing.
3. Fusion splicing.
Adhesive Bonding or Glue Splicing
This is the oldest splicing technique used in fibre splicing. After fibre end
preparation, it is axially aligned in a precision Vgroove. Cylindrical rods or
another kind of reference surfaces are used for alignment. During the
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To provide a means to bill for the aforesaid services by either timebased or volume-based billing. It shall provide the customer with the
option to select the services through web server
TECHNICAL CAPABILITY
The Broadband Service will be given through the state of the art Multi
Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) based IP Infrastructure, which is designed
to provide reliable routes to cover all possible destinations within and
outside the country. Layer 1 of the network will consist of a high speed
Backbone comprising of 24 powerful Core Routers connected with high
speed 2.5 Gbps (STM-16) links. The routers are located on the national
DWDM network interfacing at STM-16 optical level to provide for high
transmission speeds.
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Dial VPN Service: This service allows remote users to access their
private network securely over the NIB-II infrastructure.
Content based Services: Like Video on Demand, Interactive Gaming, Live and
time shifted TV
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Mobile phones send and receive radio signals with any number of cell site base stations fitted
with microwave antennas. These sites are usually mounted on a tower, pole or building, located
throughout populated areas, then connected to a cabled communication network and switching
system. The phones have a low-power transceiver that transmits voice and data to the nearest cell
sites, normally not more than 8 to 13 km (approximately 5 to 8 miles) away.
When the mobile phone or data device is turned on, it registers with the mobile telephone
exchange, or switch, with its unique identifiers, and can then be alerted by the mobile switch
when there is an incoming telephone call. The handset constantly listens for the strongest signal
being received from the surrounding base stations, and is able to switch seamlessly between
sites. As the user moves around the network, the "handoffs" are performed to allow the device to
switch sites without interrupting the call.
Cell sites have relatively low-power (often only one or two watts) radio transmitters which
broadcast their presence and relay communications between the mobile handsets and the switch.
The switch in turn connects the call to another subscriber of the same wireless service provider
or to the public telephone network, which includes the networks of other wireless carriers. Many
of these sites are camouflaged to blend with existing environments, particularly in scenic areas.
The dialogue between the handset and the cell site is a stream of digital data that includes
digitized audio (except for the first generation analog networks). The technology that achieves
this depends on the system which the mobile phone operator has adopted. The technologies are
grouped by generation. The first-generation systems started in 1979 with Japan, are all analog
and include AMPS and NMT. Second-generation systems, started in 1991 in Finland, are all
digital and include GSM, CDMA and TDMA.
The nature of cellular technology renders many phones vulnerable to 'cloning': anytime a cell
phone moves out of coverage (for example, in a road tunnel), when the signal is re-established,
the phone sends out a 're-connect' signal to the nearest cell-tower, identifying itself and signaling
that it is again ready to transmit. With the proper equipment, it's possible to intercept the reconnect signal and encode the data it contains into a 'blank' phone -- in all respects, the 'blank' is
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Mobile Section:
In this section we learnt how mobile communication takes place.
There are two ways by which mobile communication takes place,
GSM
CDMA
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MS
The MS includes radio equipment and the man machine interface (MMI)
that a subscribe needs in order to access the services provided by the
GSM PLMN. MS can be installed in Vehicles or can be portable or handheld
stations. The MS may include provisions for data communication as well
as voice. A mobile transmits and receives message to and from the GSM
system over the air interface to establish and continue connections
through the system.
BASE STATION SYSTEM
The BSS is a set of BS equipment (such as transceivers and controllers)
that is in view by the MSC through a single A interface as being the entity
responsible for communicating with MSs in a certain area. The radio
equipment of a BSS may be composed of one or more cells. A BSS may
consist of one or more BS. The interface between BSC and BTS is
designed as an A-bis interface. The BSS includes two types
of machines: the BTS in contact with the MSs through the radio interface
and the BSC, the latter being in contact with the MSC. The function split is
basically between transmission equipment, the BTS, and managing
equipment at the BSC. A BTS compares radio transmission and reception
devices, up to and including the antennas, and also all the signal
processing specific to the radio interface. A single transceiver within BTS
supports eight basic radio channels of the same TDM frame. A BSC is a
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BTS-BSC Configurations
There are several BTS-BSC configurations: single site; single cell; single
site; multicell; and multisite, multicell. These configurations are chosen
based on the rular or urban application. These configurations make the
GSM system economical since the operation has options to adapt the best
layout based on the traffic requirement. Thus, in some sense, system
optimization is possible by the proper choice of the configuration. These
include Omni directional rural configuration where the BSC and BTS are on
the same site; chain and multidrop loop configuration in which several
BTSs are controlled by a single remote BSC with a chain or ring
connection topology; rural star configuration in which several BTSs are
connected by individual lines to the same BSC; and sectorized urban
configuration in which three BTSs share the same site amd are controlled
by either a collocated or remote BSC.
BSC
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Different Codes
Walsh Code :
In CDMA the traffic channels are separated by unique Walsh code. All
such codes are orthogonal to each other. The individual subscriber can start
communication using one of these codes. These codes are traffic channel
codes and are used for orthogonal spreading of the information in the entire
bandwidth. Orthogonality provides nearly perfect isolation between the
multiple signals transmitted by the base station.
The basic concept behind creation of the code is as follows:
(a) Repeat the function right
(b) Repeat the function below
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Long code :
the long pseudo random noise (PN) sequence is based on 242 characteristic
polynomial. With this long code the data in the forward direction (Base to
Mobile) is scrabled. The PN codes are generated using linear shift registers.
The long code is unique for the subscribers and is known as users address
mask.
Short Code :
The short pseudo random noise (PN) sequence is based on 215 characteristic
polynomial. This short code differentiates the cells & the sectors in a cell. It
also consists of codes for I & Q channel feeding the modulator.
Advantages
CDMA wireless access provides the following unique advantages:
1. Larger Capacity :
let us discuss this issue with the help of Shannons Theorem. It states that
the channel capacity is related to product of available band width and S/N
ratio.
C = W log 2 (1+S/N)
Where C = channel capacity
W = Band width available
S/N = Signal to noise ratio.
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2.
3.
Seamless Hand-off :
CDMA provides soft hand-off feature for the mobile crossing from one cell to
another cell by combining the signals from both the cells in the transition
areas. This improves the performance of the network at the boundaries of
the cells, virtually eliminating the dropped calls.
4.
No Frequency Planning :
A CDMA system requires no frequency planning as the adjacent cells use the
same common frequency. A typical cellular system (with a repetition rate of
7) and a CDMA system is shown in the following figures which clearly
indicates that in a CDMA network no frequency planning is required.
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INTRODUCTION
Smaller private version of Internet. It uses Internet protocols to create enterprisewide network which may consists of interconnected LANs.
It may or may not include connection to Internet.
Intranet is an internal information system based on Internet technology and web
protocols for implementation within a corporate organization.
This implementation is performed in such a way as to transparently deliver the
immense informational resources of an organization to each individuals desktop
with minimal cost, time and effort.
The Intranet defines your organization and display it for everyone to see.
WHO NEEDS AN INTRANET:
In an Intranet environment is used to communicate over two or more networks
across different locations.
1. Users having multi-locations with multi-networks.
2. Users having single locations with multi-networks.
3. Users having single locations with single networks.
WHATS REALLY COOL ABOUT INTRANET:
From a technology point of view, an Intranet is simply beautiful Because:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
It
It
It
It
It
is
is
is
is
is
saleable.
Interchangeable.
platform independent
Hardware independent.
vendor independent.
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SCOPE:
The Wi-MAX certification mark is given to product that pass conformity and
Interoperability test for the IEEE 802-16 standard which caters for the Air interface
standard for point-to-multipoint broad-band Internet access over a wireless
connection.
GENERAL DETAILS OF WI-MAX:
Wi-MAX is an acronym that stands for World-wide Interoperability for Microwave
Access. It is an ideal method for ISP to deliver high speed broadband to locations
where wired connections would be difficult or costly. Wi-MAX delivers a point-tomultipoint architecture. It doesn't require a direct line of sight between the source
and endpoint and it has a service range of 50 Kms. It provides a shared data rate of
up to 70 Mbps, which is enough to service up to a thousand homes with high-speed
access.
THE MAIN ADVANTAGES OF WI-MAX ARE:
High speed of broadband service upto 70 Mbps.
Wireless rather than wired access, so that it would be a lot less expensive than
cable or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and much easier to extend to suburban and
rural areas.
Broad coverage like the cell phone network instead of small Wi-Fi hotspots , 50
Kms.
There are following, two corresponding Wi-MAX standards:
1. IEEE 802.16-2004 is for fixed point-to-point and point-to-multipoint wireless
access. It is akin to a faster, airborne version of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or
cable-modem services, It is also called first Non Line of Sight (NLOS), Broad-Band
Wireless access (BWA) standard.
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BSNL provides leased lines for voice and data communication for various application on
point to point basis. It offers a choice of high, medium and low speed leased data circuits
as well as dial-up lines. Bandwidth is available on demand in most cities. Managed
Leased Line Network (MLLN) offers flexibility of providing circuits with speeds of nx64
kbps upto 2mbps, useful for Internet leased lines and International Principle Leased
Circuits (IPLCs).
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Access server
Router
Modem bank
LAN (Local Area Network) components
Security server
Rack, console & power supply
Network management agent.
8. Help desk
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