Book3 Ans

HKDSE CHEMISTRY A Modern View
(Chemistry)
Coursebook 3
Suggested answers
Chapter 25 Simple molecular substances with non-octet
Page
structures and shapes of simple molecules

Class Practice
Number
1
Chapter Exercise
Chapter 26 Bond polarity

Class Practice
Chapter Exercise
Chapter 27 Intermolecular forces

Class Practice
Chapter Exercise
Chapter 28 Structures and properties of molecular crystals

Class Practice
11
Chapter Exercise
12
Part Exercise
14
Chapter 29 Chemical cells in daily life

Class Practice
17
Chapter Exercise
18
Chapter 30 Simple chemical cells

Class Practice
21
Chapter Exercise
22
Chapter 31 Redox reactions

Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010
Class Practice
24
Chapter Exercise
26
Chapter 32 Redox reactions in chemical cells

Class Practice
29
Chapter Exercise
30
Chapter 33 Electrolysis
Class Practice
32
Chapter Exercise
33
Chapter 34 Importance of redox reactions in modern ways of living

Class Practice
36
Chapter Exercise
37
Part Exercise
39
Chapter 35 Energy changes in chemical reactions

Class Practice
42
Chapter Exercise
43
Chapter 36 Standard enthalpy change of combustion, neutralization,

solution and formation
Class Practice
44
Chapter Exercise
46
Chapter 37 Hesss Law

Class Practice
48
Chapter Exercise
51
Part Exercise
53
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
A Modern View (Chemistry)
Coursebook 3
Chapter 25 Simple molecular substances with non-octet structures and

shapes of simple molecules
Class Practice
A25.1
(a) BCl3
NCl3
IF3
(b) BCl3. The central boron atom has only six outermost shell electrons.
IF3. The central iodine atom has 10 outermost shell electrons.
A25.2
Molecule
No. of lone No.

of Shape
pairs
bond pairs
CH4
NH3
No.
of Spatial
electron
arrangement
pairs
of
electron
pairs
4
Tetrahedral
4
Tetrahedral
0
1
4
3
H2O
Tetrahedral
Tetrahedral
Trigonal
pyramidal
V-shaped
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
Chapter 25 Simple molecular substances with non-octet structures and

shapes of simple molecules
Chapter Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
eight
eight
six
10
12
non-octet
linear, 180
trigonal planar, 120
tetrahedral, 109.5
trigonal bipyramidal, 90, 120
octahedral, 90
2, 2
1, 3
shapes
D
B
C
A
D
A
21. (a) A:
; B:
(b) A: WZ3
B: YZ3
(c) A. The central atom (W) has only six electrons in its outermost shell.
22. (a) X: Trigonal pyramidal
Y: Trigonal bipyramidal
(b) 107
(c) 90(for Cl(axial) PCl(equatorial) bond angles) and 120 (for ClPCl bond
angles within the plane of triangle)
23. (a)
(b)
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
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24. (a) SO2:
SO3:
(b) SO2: V-shaped
SO3: Trigonal planar
(c) Since there are three groups of electrons around the central atoms (sulphur)
in both SO2 and SO3, all the O=S=O bond angles are about 120.
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
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Class Practice
A26.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
A26.2
(a) NCl3 has three polar NCl bonds and is trigonal pyramidal in shape. As there is a
resultant dipole moment arising from the three polar bonds, the molecule is
polar. BCl3 has three polar BCl bonds and is trigonal planar in shape. As the
dipole moments of the three polar bonds cancel out each other, the molecule is
non-polar.
(b) As the order of electronegativity is F > N > Br, the resultant dipole moments of
NBr3 and NF3 are pointing to different directions. The situations are shown
below:
In a non-uniform electrostatic field, the nitrogen end of NBr 3 will point to the
positive pole while the nitrogen end of NF3 will point to the negative pole.
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3

Chapter Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
attract
polar
non-polar
larger, less, smaller
polar, cancel out
polar, symmetrically
deflection
C
B
C
B
C
A
14. (a) The electronegativity values of elements do not follow the trend of changing
masses.
(b) It increases.
(c) It decreases.
(d) 2.53.5
(e) 02.8
(f) C and F
(g) Cl and Br
15. (a)
(b)
(c)
16. (a) Y, Z, X.
(b)
(c)
(d)
17. (a) Mistakes:
1. covalent bond involving fluorine is polar in nature
2. all compounds of fluorine must be polar
(b) 1. The covalent bond in a fluorine molecule (FF) is non-polar.
2. Polar XF bonds may cancel out their individual dipole moments to
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
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give a non-polar molecule e.g. CF4, SF6, etc.
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3

Class Practice
A27.1
(a) When the electron distribution around the two iodine nuclei is uneven,
instantaneous dipole is formed in which the side with more electrons will carry a
partial negative charge.
(b)
A27.2
1. (a) Non-polar molecules
(b) Dispersion forces
(c) (i) The statement is correct as butane has a higher boiling point than that
of propane. The strength of dispersion forces increases with increasing
molecular size as there is a greater chance of uneven distribution of
electrons in a larger molecule.
(ii) The statement is incorrect as butane has a higher boiling point than that
of 2-methylpropane. Butane (straight-chain hydrocarbon) has a long,
thin shape. This contributes to a larger contact surface area between
butane molecules, resulting in larger dispersion forces.
2. ClF and CH2Cl2 are polar in nature and their molecules are attracted by both
dipole-dipole forces and dispersion forces. On the other hand, F 2 and Cl2 are nonpolar in nature and their molecules are attracted by dispersion forces only. As a
result, ClF and CH2Cl2 have higher boiling points than those of F2 and Cl2.
Since the molecular size of CH2Cl2 is larger than that of ClF, the dispersion
forces between CH2Cl2 molecules are larger. So CH2Cl2 has a higher boiling
point.
Similarly, since the molecular size of Cl 2 is larger than that of F2, Cl2 has a higher
boiling point.
3. (a) CH3F is polar in nature and its molecules are attracted by both dipole-dipole
forces and dispersion forces. On the other hand, C2H6 is non-polar in nature
and its molecules are attracted by dispersion forces only. As a result, CH 3F
has a higher boiling point than that of C2H6.
(b) Although Cl2 is non-polar and its molecules are attracted by dispersion
forces only, the larger dispersion forces in Cl 2 outweigh the dipole-dipole
forces in HCl. Thus, Cl2 has a higher boiling point.
A27.3
(a)
CH3OH
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(b)
(c)
A27.4
(a) In glucose, the hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms of the five hydroxyl groups
(OH) on the molecule can form hydrogen bond with the oxygen atoms and
hydrogen atoms of water molecules respectively. As a result, glucose is very
soluble in water. On the other hand, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene cannot form any
hydrogen bond with water.
(b) Glucose molecules are attracted to each other by extensive hydrogen bonds. A
considerable amount of energy is needed for separating glucose molecules in
melting. On the other hand, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene molecules are attracted by
dipole-dipole forces. Less energy is needed to melt 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
A27.5
(a) In diamond, carbon atoms are held together by strong covalent bonds and much
energy is needed for separating the atoms during melting. In ice, water molecules
are held together by weak intermolecular forces (hydrogen bonds and van der
Waals forces), so less energy is needed for separating molecules during melting.
(b) Water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds while oxygen molecules
are held together by dispersion forces only. Therefore, more energy is needed to
separate water molecules during boiling.
(c) Hydrogen chloride molecules are held together by van der Waals forces but
hydrogen fluoride molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds. As the
intermolecular forces in hydrogen fluoride are stronger than those in hydrogen
chloride, it is more difficult for hydrogen fluoride molecules to escape into the
atmosphere.
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3

Chapter Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
molecules, electrostatic
an der Waals forces, ydrogen bonding
Dipole-dipole forces
Dispersion forces, induced
molecular, surface, olarity
hydrogen, electrons
energy
surface, iscosity
hydrogen bonds
high
proteins, deoxyribonucleic acids
D
A
A
A
B
A
18. (a) GroupVIII/0

(c) The intermolecular forces arise from the uneven distribution of electrons
within the atoms.
(d) The boiling point increases down the group.
(e) The larger the atom, the higher is the chance of uneven distribution of
electrons. This gives rise to a more prominent instantaneous dipole and
larger dispersion forces.
19. (a) Dipole-dipole forces and dispersion forces
(c) Since the molecular sizes of HCl and F2 do not differ much, the dispersion
forces among their molecules are similar in strength. However, the presence
of dipole-dipole forces in HCl strengthens the attractions among molecules
of HCl and so HCl has a higher boiling point.
20. (a) A and B. Their molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds.
(b) Lower. As there is no hydrogen bond between molecules of C, less energy is
needed to separate the molecules in boiling.
21. Ethanol and ethane-1,2-diol have higher boiling points as their molecules are
held together by hydrogen bonds. Among them, each ethane-1,2-diol molecule
can form two hydrogen bonds per molecule while each ethanol molecule can
form one hydrogen bond per molecule. Therefore, ethane-1,2-diol has a higher
boiling point than ethanol. Chloroethane has a lower boiling point than ethanol
because there are dipole-dipole forces but not hydrogen bonds between
chloroethane molecules. Ethane is non-polar. It has the lowest boiling point.
22.
The melting point and boiling point of water are much higher than those
of simple molecular substances without hydrogen bonds. This is because
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
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much energy is needed to overcome the strong hydrogen bonds between

water molecules and separate them.
The existence of extensive hydrogen bonds makes the surface tension of
water exceptionally high. That is, water molecules are held strongly
together to form an unstretchable surface.
Regarding to its viscosity, water is more viscous than most molecular
liquids. This is because the strong hydrogen bonds hold water molecules
together and do not allow them to move past one another easily.
10
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
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Class Practice
A28.1
(a) Liquid water
(b) The regular open network structure of ice allows the formation of maximum
number of hydrogen bonds (four for each water molecule).
(c) To overcome a certain amount of hydrogen bonds and separate the water
molecules.
(d) During boiling, all hydrogen bonds have to be broken before the water molecules
can escape as steam.
A28.2
(a) Diamond and graphite were discovered before fullerene.
(b) Buckminsterfullerene
(c) Covalent bond
(d) Dispersion forces (or van der Waals forces)
A28.3
(a) Both of them have molecules held together by dispersion forces.
(b) Buckminsterfullerene is spherical in shape but carbon nanotube is cylindrical. In
buckminsterfullerene, pentagonal patterns of atoms are found between the
hexagonal patterns. In a carbon nanotube, pentagonal patterns of atoms are found
only near the two ends of molecules.
A28.4
1. (a) In diamond, carbon atoms are held strongly by covalent bonds but the
buckminsterfullerene molecules are held by weak dispersion forces.
(b) Graphite has delocalized electrons in its structure but diamond and
buckminsterfullerene do not.
(c) As buckminsterfullerene molecules are held by dispersion forces, less
energy is needed during melting. In melting diamond and graphite, strong
covalent bonds have to be overcome.
2. (a) Carbon nanotubes are electrically conductive because of the presence of
delocalized electrons in their structures.
(b) Carbon nanotubes have very high tensile strength.
11
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3

Chapter Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
order
four, hydrogen
oxygen
open
hydrogen
carbon, hollow
spherical, benzene, close, strong, hard, insulator
cylindrical, melting, solvents, carbon, tensile, conductors
D
B
D
B
A
C
15. (a)
a
b
a
b
* Label all other bonds accordingly.
(b) Covalent bond between O atom and H atom

(c) Hydrogen bond between O atom of a water molecule and H atom of another
water molecule
16. (a) Ice has a lower density than water.
(b) Ice floats on water. This prevents heat loss from water and helps maintain
the water temperature.
(c) Ice possesses an open structure in which H 2O molecules are separated
farther and there are more spaces between molecules.
17. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
It is an element as it is composed of carbon atoms only.

12 pentagons and 0 hexagon
Other than pentagons, there are hexagons over the surface of C60.
C60 has a larger molecular size than C20. Hence, C60 has larger dispersion
forces between its molecules and thus a higher boiling point than that of C20.
18. (a) X Carbon nanotube; Y Diamond; Z Buckminsterfullerene

(b) Carbon nanotubes are good electrical conductors due to the movement of
delocalized electrons. Furthermore, each carbon atom in a carbon nanotube
is covalently-bonded to three neighbouring carbon atoms. Because of the
12
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
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strong covalent bonds holding carbon atoms along the tube axis, carbon
nanotubes can withstand high tension.
(c) Some metal (e.g. potassium) atoms
(d) No. There are no strong covalent bonds holding the carbon atoms along a
specific direction.
13
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
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Part VI Microscopic world II

Part Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
C
A
C
A
C
B
A
C
C
A
11. (a) WY2

(b) The electron diagram of WY2 is:
There are two double bonds surrounding the central atom W. The molecule
should adopt a linear shape to minimize the repulsion between the two
groups of electrons.
(c) X and Z.
Due to the repulsion between the lone pair of electrons and the three bond
pairs of electrons, the molecule adopts a trigonal pyramidal shape with a
bond angle of about 107.
12. (a)
(b) CBBC
(c)
13. (a)
(b) SF2 105; SF6 90
(c) SF2 is polar while SF6 is non-polar.
14
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(d)
(e) It is non-polar as the effects of all polar SF bonds cancel each other.
14. (a) (i) Non-polar
(ii) Non-polar
(iii) Polar
(b) Iodine is non-polar. It dissolves well in tetrachloromethane because
tetrachloromethane is also non-polar. However, iodine dissolves slightly in
water which is polar.
(The amount of energy released from the formation of intermolecular forces
(dispersion forces) between iodine and tetrachloromethane molecules is
large enough to compensate for that required to break the intermolecular
forces (dispersion forces) between tetrachloromethane molecules. On the
other hand, the amount of energy released from the formation of
intermolecular forces (dispersion forces) between iodine and water
molecules is not large enough to compensate for that required to break the
hydrogen bonds between water molecules.)
(c) Tetrachloromethane cannot dissolve in water.
(d) Two separate layers will be seen. The yellow colour of the aqueous layer
fades while the tetrachloromethane layer turns violet.
15. (a) In ice, water molecules are arranged orderly in a regular open network
structure because of the extensive hydrogen bonding. In this case, water
molecules are farther apart than in liquid water and thus ice takes up a larger
volume.
(b) Each H2O molecule can form two hydrogen bonds but each HF molecule
can form one hydrogen bond only. Thus, more energy is needed to separate
water molecules in the boiling process.
(c) Although both compounds can form hydrogen bonds, CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
has a larger size than CH3CH2OH and it has larger dispersion forces
between molecules. Thus, more energy is needed to separate
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH molecules in the boiling process.
(d) Hexane is non-polar. It cannot dissolve in water which is polar.
(Hexane cannot form strong hydrogen bonds with water and thus it is not
soluble in water.)
16. (a) H2O and CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
(b)
H2O
NH3
Cl2
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen bond
Dispersion force
Dispersion force
(c) Each H2O molecule can form two hydrogen bonds but each NH 3 molecule
can form one hydrogen bond only. Thus, more energy is needed to separate
water molecules in the boiling process.
(d) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 should have a higher boiling point as it has a larger
15
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
size than Cl2 and thus larger dispersion forces between molecules.
17. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e) The roots of the plants can absorb the fertilizer dissolved in water from the
soil.
18. (a) C60 has a higher boiling point than that of C 28 since C60 has a larger size and
so larger dispersion forces between molecules. More energy is needed to
separate the molecules in boiling.
(b) Ammonia has a higher boiling point than nitrogen. Ammonia molecules are
attracted by hydrogen bonds while nitrogen molecules are attracted by
weaker dispersion forces. More energy is needed in boiling ammonia.
19. (a) Either by using very high pressures to compress the hydrogen gas or very
low temperatures to turn the hydrogen gas into a liquid.
(c) Hydrogen in molecular form can be released easily and used as fuel.
16
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3

Class Practice
A29.1
A little water should be present so that the ions present in the electrolyte would
become mobile to allow flow of electricity.
A29.2
1. Its electrolyte is potassium hydroxide, which is alkaline. Its positive electrode
consists of manganese(IV) oxide (mixed with a little powdered graphite).
2. Hearing aids are small and they need very small cells. Silver oxide cells (shaped
like a button) would serve the purpose.
3. Silver and its compounds (e.g. silver oxide) are expensive.
4. HK$100 000.
Explanation:
Each silver oxide cell produces 2.79 104 kWh (=180 103 1.55 103
kWh) electricity. To produce one unit of electricity (1 kWh), about 3585 (=
1
) cells are needed. Therefore, the approximate cost is HK$30
2.79 10 4
3585 = HK$107 550 (about HK$100 000).
A29.3
(a) A flat discharge curve.
(b) Alkaline manganese cell/silver oxide cell/nickel-cadmium rechargeable
cell/lithium-ion rechargeable cell/nickel-metal hydride rechargeable cell (any
ONE)
17
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3

Chapter Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
electricity
electrolyte, paste
inc-carbon, lkaline manganese, ilver oxide, ithium primary
nickel-cadmium rechargeable, lithium-ion rechargeable, nickel-metal hydride
rechargeable, lead-acid accumulator
zinc-carbon, alkaline manganese, nickel-metal hydride rechargeable, 3.7 V, Leadacid accumulator, 12 V
voltage
alkaline manganese
(a) size of cell
(b) shape of cell
(c) type of cell
nvironment, mercury, rechargeable, recycling
D
A
B
B
A
D
C
D
B
C
A
B
C
B
B
C
26. (a) Primary cells are not rechargeable whereas secondary cells can be
recharged and used again.
(b) Primary cells: zinc-carbon cells, alkaline manganese cells, silver oxide
cells, lithium primary cells (any TWO)
Secondary cells: nickel-cadmium rechargeable cells, lithium-ion
rechargeable cells, nickel-metal hydride rechargeable cells (any TWO)
(c) Zinc-carbon cell is more commonly used because its price is low and a
portable radio does not draw a large current, and can work even when the
voltage and current are not steady.
(d) Electrodes: (+) graphite; () zinc
Electrolyte: ammonium chloride
27. (a) B
New cells may have a higher voltage than the old cells, thus charging the
old cells during operation. Charging old zinc-carbon cells may cause cells to
overheat or even explode.
(b) A
The acidic/alkaline electrolyte of the cells may corrode the metal case
18
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
(negative electrode) of the cells. The electrolyte leaks out when holes appear
in the metal case. The acidic/alkaline electrolyte can damage metal
contacts/parts of the appliance. The electrolyte can also cause skin burns.
(c) C
Heat of fire may cause chemicals in cells to expand. Most cells are tightly
sealed to prevent leakage, so the expansion of chemicals under pressure may
lead to explosion. Chemicals inside cells may be flammable (hydrogen
produced at electrodes during discharging), or oxidizing (depolarizer added)
and can hence cause fire to burn more fiercely.
(d) C
Alkaline manganese cells cannot be recharged. During recharging, heat and
hydrogen may be produced and hence lead to explosion.
(e) D
Small children may mistake small-sized button cells as sweets.
28. (a) Silver oxide cell/lithium button cell
These cells are small enough to fit into a watch. Since a watch consumes
little energy, a silver oxide cell can power a watch for about 12 years,
while a lithium button cell can power a watch for about 5 years.
(b) Lithium-ion rechargeable cell
It has a high charge capacity but lightweight, and has a high voltage. It can
be recharged for about 1200 cycles and a life span of about 3 years, and has
no memory effect. It is most suitable for daily recharge irrespective of
whether it has been fully discharged, and meets the demands for steady
high-current, high-voltage of mobile phones.
(c) Zinc-carbon cell/alkaline manganese cell/nickel-metal hydride rechargeable
cell (any ONE)
Zinc-carbon cell is cheap./Alkaline manganese cell is more expensive but
more durable./Nickel-metal hydride rechargeable cell is more
environmentally friendly. (Any ONE)
(d) Zinc-carbon cell/alkaline manganese cell/nickel-metal hydride rechargeable
cell (any ONE)
Zinc-carbon cell is cheap./Alkaline manganese cell is more expensive but
more durable./Nickel-metal hydride rechargeable cell is more
environmentally friendly. (Any ONE)
29. (a) A silver oxide cell is normally made into a button-sized cell. It is
lightweight and small so is suitable for use in watches. Most other cell types
are normally larger in size and too heavy for use in watches.
(b) Calculators are always used when there is light. Watches, however, must
continue to run even in the dark, so watches powered by solar cells are rare.
Measures must be taken to prevent the watch to stop when there is no light.
(c) A solar cell powered watch must have another secondary chemical cell
inside. The solar cell produces electricity when there is light. The secondary
cell stores the excess electrical energy and powers the watch when there is
no light.
(d) The solar cell is not a chemical cell. The energy change involved in a solar
cell is a physical change instead of a chemical change. The electrical energy
is not stored in the form of chemical energy.
30. (a) Lithium-ion cells are rechargeable. They can provide a large and steady
current, and are lightweight. These are advantageous when they are used in
19
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
portable electronic devices like mobile phones, notebook computers and

digital cameras.
(b) Lithium-ion cells are expensive (each costs at least HK$200). For use in
low-end electrical appliances like portable radios, hand torches (flashlights)
and motorized toys, standard-sized and low-priced zinc-carbon cells or
alkaline manganese cells are more affordable and more readily available.
31. Advantages of a lead-acid accumulator:
It provides a large current and a steady voltage.
It is rechargeable, so can be used for many years without the need of
replacement.
Disadvantages of a lead-acid accumulator:
It is heavy and large in size, difficult to carry.
It is a wet cell, turning the cell upside down may cause leakage of acid.
Suitability of using it as a car battery:
It is very suitable for use as a car battery, since starting the car needs a large
and steady current. Besides, frequent replacement of battery is inconvenient
particularly when the car is travelling a long journey between cities.
The disadvantages do not affect its suitability for use as a car battery. The
car is powerful enough to carry the battery along. The acid electrolyte does
not leak out unless the car overturns.
32.
Dry cells contain toxic chemicals which may pollute the environment.
These may include mercury in low-priced zinc-carbon cells, and cadmium
in nickel-cadmium rechargeable cells.
Other remaining chemicals in spent dry cells, when disposed of, are wasted
and cause burden to landfill sites.
To minimize pollution, the following measures can be taken:
Use mains electricity instead of cells whenever possible.
Do not use mercury-containing zinc-carbon cells or alkaline manganese
cells.
Use rechargeable cells instead of disposable cells.
Use nickel-metal hydride rechargeable cells or lithium-ion rechargeable
cells instead of nickel-cadmium rechargeable cells.
Return expired rechargeable cells to the manufacturer or the Environmental
Protection Department for recycling of the remaining chemicals.
(Any FOUR)
20
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3

Class Practice
A30.1
(a) Copper to silver. Copper is more reactive than silver, thus it loses electrons more
readily.
(b) Copper foil
(c) Yes. Electrons flow from zinc to copper. Zinc is more reactive than copper, thus
it loses electrons more readily.
A30.2
Mg/Ag > Zn/Ag > Fe/Ag > Pb/Ag > Cu/Ag
A30.3
(a) Negative electrode. It is because copper is higher than silver in the E.C.S. Copper
would lose electrons to silver when they are connected together.
(b) From left to right. It is because electrons flow from copper rod to silver rod in the
external circuit.
(c) Copper half-cell:
Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2e
Silver half-cell:
Ag+(aq) + e Ag(s)
(d) Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
(e) If the porous pot is not used to separate the electrolytes, the silver ions can come
into contact with the copper electrode and a direct displacement reaction occurs
on the copper surface. A grey deposit forms on the copper rod and no voltage can
be recorded in the multimeter.
21
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3

Chapter Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
metals, electrolyte, metals, wire

negative, positive
electromotive force (or e.m.f.), higher
voltmeter, igital, ultimeter
voltage (or e.m.f.), Electrochemical Series
(a) similar
(b) lose, cations, aqueous solution
(c) reactivity, air, dilute acids, losing
salt bridge, complete, charges
porous pot
D
C
C
C
B
A
C
C
A
18. (a) Dilute sulphuric acid (or any other dilute acid, or an acidic salt solution like
ammonium chloride.)
(b) Positive electrode: copper electrode
Negative electrode: zinc electrode
(c) From zinc electrode to copper electrode (or from left to right).
(d) (i) Bubbles appear at the copper electrode.
(ii) Bubbles appear at the zinc electrode and the zinc electrode dissolves
gradually.
(e) (i) The copper electrode is quickly covered with a brown deposit.
(ii) The zinc electrode dissolves gradually.
19. (a) To complete the circuit by allowing ions to move from one half-cell to
another half-cell, and to balance the charges in the solutions of the two halfcells.
(b) Positive electrode: copper electrode
Negative electrode: iron electrode
(c) (i) A brown solid deposit forms on the copper electrode and the blue
colour of the copper(II) solution becomes paler.
(ii) The iron electrode slowly dissolves and the green iron(II) solution
becomes darker.
(d) Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s)
(e) From iron electrode to copper electrode (or from left to right).
22
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
20. (a) Zn(s) Zn (aq) + 2e

(b) Copper container
Cu2+(aq) + 2e Cu(s)
(c) The porous pot is used to separate the two electrolyte solutions and prevent
them from direct mixing. Besides, it allows ions to pass through to complete
the circuit.
(d) There would be a displacement reaction occurring at the surface of the zinc
electrode immediately: Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq). Once the zinc
rod is coated with copper, both electrodes become the same (copper
electrodes) and the electrolyte is also the same, so the voltage of the cell
drops to zero.
(e) Yes. The zinc strip loses electrons and these electrons pass through the
external circuit to the copper container. The zinc strip is therefore the
negative pole and the copper container is the positive pole.
2+
21. (a) A metal couple is a combination of two different metals connected to an

external circuit.
(b) The filter paper separates the two metal strips, preventing a short circuit.
Besides, the salt solution allows movement of ions to complete the circuit.
(c) From copper to silver.
(d) The voltmeter would give a positive reading.
(e) Removing the filter paper would cause a short circuit, thus the voltmeter
reading drops to zero.
(f) The voltage would be higher. This is because magnesium is in a higher
position than copper in the Electrochemical Series.
22.
Connect the metals aluminium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium and zinc one
by one in turn to the circuit as shown below:
clip
metal strip
under test
silver sheet
filter paper moistened with sodium
chloride solution
The metal strip under test and the silver sheet is separated by a piece of
filter paper moistened with sodium chloride solution.
Measure and record the voltage read out from the digital voltmeter for each
metal tested.
Since the same reference electrode (silver) is used, the Electrochemical
Series of these metals can be obtained by arranging the metals in the order
of voltage reading.
The higher the voltage reading, the higher position the metal is in the
Electrochemical Series.
23
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3

Class Practice
A31.1
(a) It involves a transfer of electrons (from Fe(s) to Cu2+(aq)).
(b) Fe(s) is being oxidized. Fe(s) loses electrons to others.
(c) Cu2+(aq) is the oxidizing agent. Cu2+(aq) gains electrons (or Cu2+(aq) is reduced).
A31.2
(a) O.N. of S = 0
(b) (+2) 3 + (O.N. of N) 2 = 0
O.N. of N = 3
(c) (+1) 2 + (O.N. of S) + (2) 4 = 0
O.N. of S = +6
(d) (+1) 2 + (O.N. of S) + (2) 3 = 0
O.N. of S = +4
(e) (+1) 2 + (O.N. of Cr) + (2) 4 = 0
O.N. of Cr = +6
(f) For NH4+,
(O.N. of N) + (+1) 4 = +1
O.N. of N = 3
(g) (+1) + (O.N. of C) + (2) 3 = 1
O.N. of C = +4
(h) (O.N. of Cr) 2 + (2) 7 = 2
O.N. of Cr = +6
(i) (O.N. of N) + (1) 3 = 0
O.N. of N = +3
A31.3
1.
Defined in terms of
oxygen
electron
oxidation number
2.
Oxidation
+O
e
increases
Reduction
O
+e
decreases
(a) (i) Redox

(ii) O2
(iii) CH4
(iv) Carbon
(b) (i) Not redox
(ii), (iii) & (iv): not applicable
(c) (i) Redox
(ii) Cl2
(iii) FeSO4 (or Fe2+)
(iv) Iron
24
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
3.
Coursebook 3
Both statements are correct. However, the second statement is not a correct
explanation of the first. A correct explanation would be: The oxidation number
of nitrogen in ammonia can be increased when ammonia reacts with a strong
oxidizing agent.
A31.4
(a) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(b) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
Cl2(g) + 2e 2Cl(aq)
2Br(aq) Br2(aq) + 2e
Cl2(g) + 2Br(aq) 2Cl(aq) + Br2(aq)
MnO4(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
Fe2+(aq) Fe3+(aq) + e
MnO4(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 5Fe3+(aq)
A31.5
(a) K+(aq)
(b) F(aq)
(c) Fe2+(aq)
A31.6
(a) Ag(s) + 2HNO3(aq) AgNO3(aq) + NO2(g) + H2O(l)
(b) Ag(s) + 2H+(aq) + NO3(aq) Ag+(aq) + NO2(g) + H2O(l)
A31.7
(a) No reaction.
(b) C(s) + H2SO4(l) CO2(g) + 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
A31.8
1. Fe2+(aq) + Ag+(aq) Fe3+(aq) + Ag(s)
2. (a) Zn to Cu
(b) Mg to Ag
(c) Zn to Pb
25
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3

Chapter Exercise
1.
2.
3.
8.
transfer
loses, gains
(a) oxidizes, accepting
(b) reduces, donating
(a) 0
(b) ionic charge
(c) 0
(d) ionic charge
(a) increases
(b) decreases
Electrochemical
(a) weak
(b) increases
(c) strong
(d) oxidizing
(e) reducing
(f) strong
(g) decreases
(h) weak
oxidizing, NO2(g), oxidizing, SO2(g)
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
B
C
D
D
C
C
C
C
D
B
B
B
D
D
B
C
B
C
C
A
4.
5.
6.
7.
26
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
29. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
Coursebook 3
0
+2
+3
3
+4
+6
+7
+5
+1
30. (a) Redox reaction. Oxidizing agent: O2; reducing agent: NO; nitrogen
monoxide is oxidized.
(b) Redox reaction. Oxidizing agent: HNO3; reducing agent: C; carbon is
oxidized.
(c) Not a redox reaction.
(d) Redox reaction. Oxidizing agent: CuSO4; reducing agent: Zn; zinc is
oxidized.
(e) Redox reaction. Oxidizing agent: Cl2; reducing agent: Cl2; chlorine is
oxidized. (Chlorine is both oxidized and reduced in this reaction.)
31. (a) (i) MnO4(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
+ 5 (Fe2+(aq) Fe3+(aq) + e)
____________________________________________________________
MnO4(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 5Fe3+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
(ii) Cr2O72(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
+ 3 (2Br(aq) Br2(aq) + 2e)
____________________________________________________________
Cr2O72(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6Br(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 3Br2(aq) + 7H2O(l)
(b) (i) The purple permanganate solution is decolorized, and a yellow solution
is formed.
(ii) The orange dichromate solution becomes green, and bromine is formed
which is yellow. The resultant solution looks yellowish-green.
32. (a) Colourless bubbles are evolved from the copper turnings, and the solution
turns blue.
(b) 3Cu(s) + 8HNO3(aq) 3Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO(aq) +4H2O(l)
(c) Dilute nitric acid is the oxidizing agent. It is reduced as the oxidation
number of nitrogen changes from +5 to +2. Copper is the reducing agent. It
is oxidized as the oxidation number of copper changes from 0 to +2.
(d) If the plug of cotton wool is removed, brown fumes appear at the mouth of
the test tube.
(e) 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)
(f) The cotton wool plug prevents oxygen in air from entering the test tube, so
the nitrogen monoxide formed will not be converted to nitrogen dioxide.
27
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
33. (a) Bubbles form immediately, and green fumes are evolved.
(b) 2MnO4(aq) + 16H+(aq) + 10Cl(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 5Cl2(aq) + 8H2O(l)
(c) Permanganate ion is the oxidizing agent. It is reduced as the oxidation
number of manganese changes from +7 to +2. Hydrochloric acid is the
reducing agent. It is oxidized as the oxidation number of chlorine changes
from 1 to 0.
(d) The stopcock should be closed. Otherwise, the chlorine gas would leave the
flask through the funnel rather than through the side arm to react with the
potassium iodide.
(e) The water in the moistened broken porcelain chips can absorb unreacted
hydrochloric acid vapour (hydrogen chloride gas), which is highly soluble
in water.
(f) The potassium iodide crystals turn black/dark brown.
(g) Cl2 + 2I 2Cl + I2
(h) Chlorine is the oxidizing agent. It is reduced as the oxidation number of
chlorine changes from 0 to 1. Potassium iodide is the reducing agent. It is
oxidized as the oxidation number of iodine changes from 1 to 0.
(i) The experiment should be carried out in the fume cupboard as chlorine is a
poisonous gas.
28
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3

Class Practice
A32.1
(a) Anode: zinc electrode
Cathode: silver electrode
(b) Silver electrode (cathode)
(c) Zinc electrode (anode)
(d) Ionic half equation for the oxidation:
Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e
Ionic half equation for the reduction:
Ag+(aq) + e Ag(s)
A32.2
(a) Electrons flow from electrode U to electrode V in the external circuit. It is
because the oxidizing agent MnO4(aq) will gain electrons while the reducing
agent Br(aq) will lose electrons.
(b) Oxidation takes place at electrode U. Hence, U is the anode and V is the cathode.
(c) V is the positive electrode and U is the negative electrode. Br(aq) loses electrons
at electrode U and is oxidized to Br2(aq). Electrons thus move in the external
circuit from U to V. Therefore, U is the negative electrode.
(d) At electrode U: solution around electrode turns yellow/brown.
At electrode V: solution around electrode becomes pale purple (partially
decolorized).
(e) Ionic half equation for reaction at electrode U:
2Br(aq) Br2(aq) + 2e
Ionic half equation for reaction at electrode V:
MnO4(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
(f) 2MnO4(aq) + 10Br(aq) + 16H+(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 5Br2(aq) + 8H2O(l)
A32.3
1. Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + H2(g)
2. (a) A paste of ammonium chloride is used so that ions are mobile and can
conduct electricity.
(b) If the cell is dry, the ions inside are no longer mobile. Electricity cannot
pass through and so the cell will not produce electrical energy.
(c) No. As shown by the half equation, zinc participates in the electrode
reaction.
(d) Yes. As shown by the half equation, carbon does not participate in the
electrode reaction.
(e) At the zinc cup (the anode), zinc dissolves to form zinc ions. A metal-metal
ion system is set up.
A32.4
(a) At anode: CH3OH + H2O 6H+ + CO2 + 6e
At cathode: 3O2 + 12H+ + 12e 6H2O
(b) Methanol is a liquid which is easier to handle than gaseous hydrogen during
refilling./Methanol poses a lower risk of explosion than hydrogen. (Any ONE)
(c) Methanol is flammable, if carelessly handled, it may catch fire. Furthermore,
methanol is a colourless liquid like water, yet it is highly poisonous. If it is not
29
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
stored or labelled properly, there is a danger of accidental poisoning.
30
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3

Chapter Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
oxidation, cathode
negative, cathode
Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e
2MnO2(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e Mn2O3(s) + H2O(l)
secondary
Pb (s) + SO42(aq) PbSO4(s) + 2e
PbO(s) + 4H+(aq) + SO42(aq) + 2e PbSO4(s) + H2O(l)
primary
hydrogen, oxygen
oxidant, catalyst
B
A
D
D
D
D
C
C
B
17. (a) Dilute sulphuric acid

(b) Cr2O72(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
(c) The colour of the acidified potassium dichromate solution slowly changes
from orange to green.
(d) Fe2+(aq) Fe3+(aq) + e
(e) The colour of the iron(II) sulphate solution slowly changes from pale green
to yellow.
(f) Electrons flow from the right electrode to the left electrode in the external
circuit.
2MnO2(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e Mn2O3(s) + H2O(l)
Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e
Ammonium chloride
After a zinc-carbon cell has been used for a certain time, all the NH 4+(aq)
ions will be used up. No more H+(aq) ions are available. Therefore, the
reaction at the cathode cannot take place. The cell will stop functioning.
(e) During storage, the zinc casing of the cell will react with H+(aq) ions present
in the electrolyte. Therefore, zinc can be used up even when the cell is not
being used.
18. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
19. (a) At the zinc electrode (anode):

Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e
At the copper electrode (cathode):
Cu2+(aq) + 2e Cu(s)
(b) Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
(c) Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
(d) Yes, they are the same.
31
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
(e) (1) In the Daniell cell, Cu2+(aq) and Zn(s) are separated by a porous
partition. There is no direct mixing of the chemicals. Solid copper
deposits on the surface of the copper container. In the beaker, the Cu2+
(aq) and Zn(s) are in direct contact and solid copper deposits directly
on the surface of the zinc rod.
(2) In the Daniell cell, the reaction generates energy mainly in the form of
electricity. In the beaker, the reaction generates energy mainly in the
form of heat.
20. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
Hot, concentrated potassium hydroxide solution.

As a catalyst.
H2(g) + 2OH(aq) 2H2O(l) + 2e
Oxidation. It is because the oxidation number of H changes from 0 to +1.
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 4OH(aq)
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)
The electrons flow from the left hand side to the right hand side (clockwise)
in the external circuit.
(h) The fuel of fuel cells can be refilled easily. They can be used basically
forever (by refilling the fuel). Conventional cells either run out (primary
cells) and need to be discarded, or need recharging (secondary cells) which
is time-consuming.
32
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
Class Practice
A33.1
(a) (i) At cathode: magnesium; at anode: chlorine
(ii) No electrolysis takes place.
(b) Molten magnesium chloride contains mobile ions that conduct electricity while
solid magnesium chloride does not conduct electricity.
(c) For (a)(i),
At cathode: Mg2+(l) + 2e Mg(l)
At anode: 2Cl(l) Cl2(g) + 2e
A33.2
H+(aq), OH(aq), cation, metal, H+(aq), hydrogen, OH(aq), oxygen, halide ions,
concentration
A33.3
(a) Cations: Na+(aq), H+(aq); anions: OH(aq)
(b) (i) Hydrogen
(ii) Oxygen
(c) Volume ratio of hydrogen : oxygen = 2 : 1
A33.4
1. (a) (i)
2.
(b)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
At cathode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e Cu(s)

At anode: Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2e
(ii) Overall equation: not applicable
(iii) The intensity of blue colour of the solution remains unchanged.
The blue colour of the solution becomes paler.
chlorine
sodium amalgam
oxygen
ionizes (dissolves)
Cu2+(aq)
A33.5
(a) At copper cathode: hydrogen
At platinum anode: oxygen
(b) At graphite cathode: hydrogen
At graphite anode: oxygen
(c) At graphite cathode: copper
At graphite anode: chlorine
(d) Electrolysis products cannot be predicted because the concentration of solution
and material of electrodes used are not specified.
A33.6
1. Remove the metal ions from effluents by chemical treatment, if it is economical
to do so.
2. Acidic effluents usually contain sulphuric acid. The calcium sulphate formed is
only slightly soluble in water, so it would prevent the neutralization reaction
from going on. Besides, it is difficult to remove the insoluble calcium sulphate.
33
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
Chapter Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
decomposition
chemical, electricity
cathode, anode
positive
ions, cathode, anode, cathode, gain, anode, lose, anode, cathode
E.C.S., concentration, electrodes
electroplating, electroplated, corrosion
cathode
anode
thicken
lkalis, heavy metal, rganic, health
Environmental Protection
C
A
B
B
A
D
A
B
21. (a) Carbon

(b) Lead(II) ions and bromide ions
(c) At the cathode: A silver colour appears.
At the anode: Some brown gas bubbles appear.
(d) At the cathode: Pb2+(l) + 2e Pb(l)
At the anode: 2Br(l) Br2(g) + 2e
22. (a) Ions present: H+, OH, SO42.
Product at cathode: H2; product at anode: O2
(b) Ions present: H+, Na+, OH, Cl.
Product at cathode: H2; product at anode: O2
(c) Ions present: H+, Na+, OH, Cl.
Product at cathode: H2; product at anode: Cl2
(d) Ions present: H+, Cu2+, OH, Cl.
Product at cathode: Cu; product at anode: O2
(e) Ions present: H+, Cu2+, OH, SO42.
Product at cathode: Cu; product at anode: O2
34
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
23. (a) Graphite (carbon) electrodes should be used. During electrolysis of halides,
if platinum electrodes are used, they can be easily corroded by the
respective halogens produced at the anode. Carbon is used as electrodes for
electrolysis of halides as there is no direct reaction between carbon and the
halogens.
(b) The left electrode. During electrolysis, the electrode connected to the
positive pole of the d.c. source is the anode.
(c) In electrolytic cell A:
4OH(aq) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e
In electrolytic cell B:
Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2e
(d) This is due to the difference in material used to make the electrodes. When
an inert electrode (graphite or platinum) is used, OH (aq) is preferentially
discharged as it is a stronger reducing agent than Cl(aq). When copper
metal is used as the anode, Cu(s) is preferentially discharged. Cu(s) is a
stronger reducing agent than OH(aq) and Cl(aq).
(e) The copper anode becomes smaller.
(f) There would be colourless bubbles (of oxygen) appearing on the surface of
the graphite anode.
24. (a) At electrode D:
2Cl(aq) Cl2(g) + 2e
At electrode E:
2H+(aq) + 2e H2(g)
(b) Judging from the equations in (a), when 2 moles of electrons pass through
the electrolytic cell, 1 mole of chlorine is liberated at the anode and at the
same time 1 mole of hydrogen is liberated at the cathode. The theoretical
ratio of the volumes of gases collected over the electrodes should be 1:1.
(c) The relative volume of gases shown in the diagram is reasonable. Since
hydrogen is insoluble in water whereas chlorine is quite soluble in water, the
actual volume of chlorine collected is less than the volume of hydrogen
collected.
(d) At the anode, when the chloride ions are discharged, chlorine gas is
produced. Since chlorine water is acidic and bleaching, the solution near the
anode turns red and then colourless.
At the cathode, when hydrogen ions are discharged, an excess of hydroxide
ions are present. The solution near the cathode turns blue.
25. (a) The three mistakes are:
(1) The door handle should be connected to the negative terminal
(cathode).
(2) The piece of nickel metal should be connected to the positive terminal
(anode).
(3) The electrolyte should be an aqueous solution of nickel(II) sulphate
instead of dilute sulphuric acid.
(b) Two methods to shorten the time needed for electrolysis:
(1) Use a larger current (higher voltage).
(2) Increase the surface area of the piece of nickel metal connected to the
anode.
(3) Increase the concentration of the electrolyte.
(Any TWO)
35
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
36
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
26. Similarities:
Both electroplating and anodizing are industrial processes.
Both processes involve electrolysis with the purpose of beautifying and/or
strengthening the surface of metal items.
Differences:
Electroplating
Anodizing
Can be applied to most metal items (e.g. Can only be applied to metal items made
iron or copper items) and non-metal of aluminium.
items.
The item to be electroplated is connected Aluminium item to be anodized is
to the cathode during electroplating.
connected to the anode during anodizing.
A thin layer of another metal (e.g. nickel A thin layer of protective aluminium
coating on iron) is coated on the item.
oxide is formed on the aluminium item.
The item acquires the colour of the The oxide layer is too thin to be seen and
coating metal (e.g. the golden colour of the aluminium item retains its own silvery
gold plating). The item cannot be further colour. The oxide layer can be dyed to a
dyed to another colour.
new colour if necessary.
37
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3

Class Practice
A34.1
1. (1) A diesel generator has a lower efficiency than a fuel cell system. In other
words, a diesel generator consumes more fuel to produce the same quantity
of heat and electricity as compared to a fuel cell.
(2) A diesel generator causes pollution to the environment, producing smoke,
bad smell, and a lot of NOx and SO2. A fuel cell system is clean and the
exhaust is non-polluting, so it is more suitable for on-site energy production
for a block of flats.
(3) A diesel generator is very noisy while a fuel cell operates quietly. This again
is better for on-site power production.
2. (a) At cathode: O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e 2H2O(l)
At anode: 2H2(g) 4H+(aq) + 4e
(b) Overall equation of the cell reaction:
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)
A34.2
Lithium metal, like other alkali metals (sodium, potassium, etc.) reacts vigorously
with water to produce hydrogen and a corrosive, strongly alkaline solution LiOH. If
the seal of a cell with a lithium metal anode is broken, water or even moisture in the
air may react with lithium, causing hydrogen and alkaline solution to leak out.
Hydrogen may cause explosion and the alkaline solution can cause severe skin burns.
38
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3

Chapter Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
hotosynthesis, etabolism
ermentation, ntioxidants, reathalyzers, leaching
Alkaline Fuel Cells, Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, Phosphoric Acid
Fuel Cells, Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
lithium, lithium-ion rechargeable, lithium-ion polymer rechargeable
oxidized, reduced
lithium-carbon compound, metal oxide, lithium, organic solvent,
discharging
CoO2 + xLi + xe
+
LixCoO2
charging
discharging
LixC6 6C + xLi+ + xe
charging
discharging
CoO2 + LixC6 LixCoO2 + 6C

charging
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
harge density, oltage, rain capacity, recharged, nvironmentally preferred

A
A
D
A
A
13. (a) The statement is half correct and half incorrect.

A fuel cell can in theory work forever because it can continue to work as
long as the fuel is replenished. A fuel cell is not a secondary cell because it
cannot be recharged by using an external power source.
(b) A fuel cell is better than a secondary cell in the way that recharging
secondary cells usually takes hours (2 hours for lithium-ion cells, and about
8 hours for nickel-cadmium cells). Instead, refilling the fuel of a fuel cell
may just take seconds.
Besides, a small bottle of fuel (say, methanol for DMFC) can be easily
carried around whereas electrical power for recharging secondary cells may
not be available in remote locations.
(c) (1) High efficiency.
(2) Environmentally friendly (for hydrogen fuel cells, the only exhaust is
water).
(3) Convenient (easy to refill the fuel).
14. (a) It is commonly used to measure the amount of ethanol present in the breath
of drivers to help police collect evidence for drink driving prosecutions.
(b) A conventional breathalyzer contains a solution of acidified potassium
dichromate. If alcohol is present in a drivers breath, the dichromate is
reduced and changes from orange to green:
2K2Cr2O7(aq) + 3CH3CH2OH(aq) + 8H2SO4(aq)
2Cr2(SO4)3(aq) + 3CH3COOH(aq) + 2K2SO4(aq) + 11H2O(l)
39
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
(c) The alcohol in the breath of the driver, when blown into the intoximeter, is
used as the fuel in an ethanol fuel cell. A higher concentration of ethanol
produces a larger current, thus the intoximeter can give a reading that is
proportional to the breath alcohol concentration of the driver.
(d) (1) An EC/IR intoximeter can give a continuous, linear reading of the
breath alcohol concentration of a driver. The colour change of the
conventional breathalyzer can only give an approximate data, which
may not be good enough for legal procedures.
(2) The EC/IR intoximeter is more environmentally friendly (no need to
dispose of spent chemicals).
(e) An infrared (IR) sensor
15. (a) At cathode: O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e 2H2O(l)
At anode: H2(g) 2H+(aq) + 2e
(b) 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)
(c) To start up a cold PAFC, it must first be heated to a temperature well above
40C (the melting point of phosphoric acid) before the PAFC can function.
(d) The exhaust of this fuel cell is steam (at 150C to 200C). It can be used to
heat up water (for hot water supply) or heat up the air (for warming air in
winter).
(e) Generating great power/providing power at a relatively low cost/high
efficiency/non-polluting/providing hot water or heat on-site (any TWO)
16. Advantages of lithium-ion cells:
Lithium-ion cells are rechargeable and can provide high voltage (3.7 V)
and large current.
Lithium-ion cells are comparatively lightweight (high charge density).
Lithium-ion cells do not contain/contain less heavy metals that pollute the
environment like zinc-carbon cells or nickel-cadmium cells.
Lithium-ion cells have no memory effect, so discharging fully before
recharging is unnecessary. This makes the charging process more
economical and more environmentally friendly.
(Any THREE)
Disadvantages of lithium-ion cells:
Lithium-ion cells cannot be used for appliances that need a voltage lower
than 3.6 V.
The unit cost of lithium-ion cells is currently several times higher than that
of other cell types.
Lithium-ion cells must be recharged with a dedicated charger, and if the
charger is not available, the lithium-ion cell cannot be recharged.
After recharging for more than 1200 cycles, using a lithium-ion cell may
cause the cell to heat up, electrolyte to leak and the cell may even explode.
They may also explode if overheated or if charged to an excessively high
voltage.
(Any THREE)
40
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
Part VII Redox reactions, chemical cells, and electrolysis

Part Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
A
B
D
B
B
B
C
B
D
A
C
A
D
A
D
16. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
manganese(IV) oxide and powdered graphite; ammonium chloride paste

Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e
2MnO2(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e Mn2O3(aq) + H2O(l)
From zinc to copper.
Zinc loses electrons more readily than copper, so electrons flow from zinc
to copper in the external circuit. The lemon juice (citric acid solution)
contains mobile H+(aq) ions. Thus, it acts as an electrolyte to complete the
circuit by movement of ions.
(f) Zinc metal is the anode as it is oxidized to Zn2+(aq) ions in the cell reaction.
Zn(s) + 2OH(aq) ZnO(s) + H2O(l) + 2e

2MnO2(s) + H2O(l) + 2e Mn2O3(s) + 2OH(aq)
(ii) Zn(s) + 2MnO2(s) ZnO(s) + Mn2O3(s)
(b) (i) Electrode A is the cathode. MnO2 (O.N. of Mn = +4) is reduced to
Mn2O3 (O.N. of Mn = +3). Reduction occurs at the cathode.
(ii) Electrode B is the anode. Zn (O.N. of Zn = 0) is oxidized to ZnO (O.N.
of Zn = +2). Oxidation occurs at the anode.
(c) The alkaline manganese cell is often preferred to the less expensive zinccarbon cell because the alkaline manganese cell has a much longer service
life/higher charge capacity.
(d) The silver oxide cell is commonly used in electronic or electrical devices
which need a small-sized cell with a steady voltage.
17. (a) (i)
18. (a) To lower the melting point so that energy and cost for heating up the ore can
be saved.
(b) Ca2+ is a weaker oxidizing agent than Al3+, so Al3+ is preferentially
discharged. Besides, F is a weaker reducing agent than O2, so O2 is
preferentially discharged. Therefore, calcium fluoride added does not affect
the result of the electrolysis.
(c) Al3+(l) + 3e Al(l)
(d) 2O2(l) O2(g) + 4e
41
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
(e) Aluminium is too high in the reactivity series to be reduced by other

reducing agents like carbon.
(f) At 850C, the carbon electrode burns in the oxygen formed at the anode to
give carbon dioxide.
19. (a) Colourless bubbles are formed from the carbon.
(b) 2H2SO4(l) + C(s) CO2(g) + 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(c) This is a redox. During the reaction, the oxidation number of C increases
from 0 to +4, and the oxidation number of S decreases from +6 to +4.
(d) The colour of the acidified potassium dichromate solution changes from
orange to green.
(e) K2Cr2O7(aq) + H2SO4(aq) + 3SO2(g) Cr2(SO4)3(aq) + K2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)
(f) This is a redox. During the reaction, the oxidation number of S increases
from +4 to +6, and the oxidation number of Cr decreases from +6 to +3.
(g) The limewater turns milky.
(h) Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
(i) The limewater will turn milky but the dichromate solution will have no
observable change. This is because both SO 2 and CO2 are acidic gases. They
will be both removed by bottle B. No gas will enter bottle A.
(j) (1) Wear gloves and goggles (concentrated sulphuric acid is highly
corrosive).
(2) Perform the experiment in a fume cupboard (in case of leakage of toxic
sulphur dioxide).
(3) Beware of heat burns.
20. (a) The lead plate coated with lead(IV) oxide is the cathode because the
lead(IV) oxide is reduced to lead(II) sulphate (oxidation number of Pb
decreases from +4 to +2). The lead plate is the anode because lead is
oxidized to lead(II) sulphate (oxidation number of Pb increases from 0 to
+2).
(b) The lead plate coated with lead(IV) oxide is the positive electrode as it takes
in electrons for reduction to take place. The lead plate is the negative
electrode as it gives out electrons for oxidation to take place.
(c) Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + 2SO42(aq) 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
(d) The car battery is a secondary cell because the overall cell reaction (as
shown above) is reversible. It can be reversed by applying an external
voltage across the electrodes. Then the battery can be recharged.
(e) The car battery has a voltage of 12 V. This is achieved by combining six
cells in series.
(f) (1) Wear gloves and goggles.
(2) Beware of acid burns by sulphuric acid.
(3) Beware of electric shock. The car battery can produce a large current
and may cause electric sparks and heat burns if short-circuited.
(Any TWO)
42
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
O2(g) + 4H (in PEM) + 4e 2H2O(l)

2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
Methanol is easier and safer to carry and handle than hydrogen gas.
Methanol is toxic and is highly flammable.
DMFCs produce the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide as one of its exhaust.
Hydrogen fuel cells only produce water as the only exhaust, which is more
environmentally friendly.
(f) DMFCs can be made into a small size and can produce a small current for a
long time. This is ideal for powering electronic products. However, it cannot
provide a large current. Therefore, it is not suitable for powering
automobiles.
21. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
22.
Oxidation reactions involve addition of oxygen while reduction reactions

involve removal of oxygen.
For example, magnesium combining with oxygen undergoes oxidation
while copper(II) oxide losing oxygen undergoes reduction.
Mg(s) + CuO(s) MgO(s) + Cu(s)
Oxidation reactions involve loss of electron(s) while reduction reactions
involve gain of electron(s).
For example, magnesium losing 2 electrons undergoes oxidation while
copper(II) ion gaining 2 electrons undergoes reduction.
Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Oxidation reactions involve the increase in the oxidation number while
reduction reactions involve the decrease in the oxidation number.
For example, magnesium undergoes oxidation due to the increase in its
oxidation number from 0 (Mg(s)) to +2 (Mg2+(aq)) while copper(II) ion
undergoes reduction due to the decrease in its oxidation number from +2
(Cu2+(aq)) to 0 (Cu(s)).
Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s)
43
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3

Class Practice
A35.1
Yes. In the reaction, two moles of gaseous reactants (H 2 and Cl2) react to give two
moles of product (HCl). The total gas volume remains constant. Heat change at
constant volume is equal to the change in internal energy.
A35.2
(a) Exothermic. Energy is released when water molecules come close together
during condensation.
(b) Endothermic. Energy is needed to overcome the intermolecular forces (hydrogen
bonds) between water molecules.
(c) Endothermic. Energy is needed to break the covalent bond between chlorine
atoms.
(d) Endothermic. Energy is needed to overcome the attraction between the nucleus
of the sodium atom and its outermost shell electron.
(e) Exothermic. Energy is released when the nucleus of chlorine atom attracts the
incoming electron.
44
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3

Chapter Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
pressure
gives out
takes in
products, reactants
lower
ombustion, recipitation, neutralization
oil fractions
take in, give out
bond-forming, bond-breaking
smaller
D
A
A
D
B
D
(a) Set-up (A) releases more heat as the reaction is carried out in a closed
system. The change in internal energy is equal to the heat change at constant
volume. Set-up (B) is open to the atmosphere. Some energy is used as the
work done on the surroundings.
(b) For the same amount of acid used, set-up (C) has less magnesium metal (the
limiting reactant). Therefore, set-up (C) releases less heat.
(c) (C), (B), (A)
18. (a) Endothermic process

(b) During the process of evaporation, energy is needed to overcome the
intermolecular forces (i.e. hydrogen bond) between water molecules.
(c) Cooling of hot engines
19. (a) Endothermic process
(b) The energy needed for overcoming the ionic bonds in potassium sulphate
and intermolecular forces between water molecules cannot be compensated
by the energy released from the formation of chemical bonds between water
molecules and potassium and sulphate ions.
(c) Treatment of athletes injuries
20. (a)
b)
(c)
(d)
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

CC, CH and O=O
C=O and OH
The enthalpy change in bond-forming processes is larger than the enthalpy
change in bond-breaking processes.
45
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3

Class Practice
A36.1
Heat change = 1371
11.5
kJ = 342.75 kJ
12.0 2 1.0 6 16.0
Hence, the heat evolved is 342.75 kJ.
A36.2
1. (a) Let Y be the mass of hydrogen in the mixture.
Y
50 Y
285.8 +
890.4 = 4725
1.0 2
12.0 1.0 4
Y = 22.3
Thus, the mass of hydrogen and methane are 22.3 g and 27.7 g respectively.
(b) Let X be the mass of hydrogen in the mixture.
X
50 X
285.8 +
890.4 = 5000
1.0 2
12.0 1.0 4
X = 25.4
Thus, the percentage by mass of hydrogen in the mixture
=
25.4
100%
50
= 50.8%
2.
(a) CH3CH2COOH
(b) NH3
(c) Heat required for the ionization of CH3CH2COOH
= 49.9 (57.1) kJ mol1 = 7.2 kJ mol1
Heat required for the ionization of NH3
= 52.2 (57.1) kJ mol1 = 4.9 kJ mol1
Estimated H neut for CH3CH2COOH and NH3
= 57.1 + 7.2 + 4.9 kJ mol1 = 45.0 kJ mol1
A36.3
1. (a) H = 92.3 2 kJ mol1 = 184.6 kJ mol1
(b) H = 238.6 2 kJ mol1 = 477.2 kJ mol1
(c) H = +1.9 kJ mol1
(d) H = 110.5 2 + (393.5) kJ mol1 = 614.5 kJ mol1
2.
(a) C8H18(l) + 8
1
O2(g) 8CO2(g) + 9H2O(l)
2
H c = 5512 kJ mol1
(b) CH3COOH(aq) + NH3(aq) CH3COONH4(aq)
H neut = 51.5 kJ mol1
(c) KBr(s) + aq K+(aq) + Br(aq)
H soln = +20.0 kJ mol1
46
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
(d) 2B(s) + 3H2(g) B2H6(g)

H f = +36.0 kJ mol1
A36.4
Heat transferred to water = mw c (T2 T1)
= (500)(1) g 4.2 J g1 K1 [(50.1 + 273) (25.3 + 273)] K = 52 080 J
Number of moles of methanol burnt
=
2.65 g
= 0.0828 mol
12.0 1.0 4 16.0 g mol 1
Heat released per mole of methanol burnt

=
52 080 J
= 62 900 J mol1 = 629 kJ mol1
0.0828 mol
Hence, the enthalpy change of combustion of methanol is 629 kJ mol1.

A36.5
Heat transferred to solution = m c (T2 T1)
= (75.0 + 50.0)(1) g 4.2 J g1 K1 [(27.0 + 273) (25.0 + 273)] K = 1050 J
Number of moles of water formed
= 0.5 mol dm3
50.0
dm3
1000
= 0.025 mol (Sodium hydroxide is the limiting reactant.)

H neut =
1050
J mol1 = 42 000 J mol1 = 42 kJ mol1
0.025
A36.6
1. Heat transferred to solution = m c (T2 T1)
= 45.0 g 4.2 J g1 K1 4.8 K
= 907.2 J
907.2
H soln = 1.06
J mol1
6.9 35.5
= 36 288 J mol1 (36.3 kJ mol1)

2.
(a) Heat transferred to solution = m c (T2 T1)

= (50)(1) g 4.2 J g1 K1 3.89 K = 816.9 J
Mass of HCl dissolved = 10 g min1
10
min = 1.67 g
60
1.67
Number of moles of HCl dissolved = 1 35.5 mol = 0.0458 mol

Heat released per mole of HCl dissolved
=
816.9 J
= 17 836 J mol1
0.0458 mol
Hence, the enthalpy change of solution of hydrogen chloride is 17 836 J

mol1.
(b) To make sure that the solution is at infinite dilution.
47
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3

Chapter Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
1, 101 325, 298, concentration

moles
combustion
neutralization,water
solution, heat, infinite dilution
formation, substance, standard conditions
heat loss, standard conditions
Bomb
heat, specific heat capacity, experiment
A
B
D
C
B
C
16. (a) Energy is consumed to break the strong ionic bonds in aluminium oxide.
(b) 2Al(s) + 1
1
O2(g) Al2O3(s)
2
3350
kJ mol1 = 1675 kJ mol1
2
1
(d) 2Al(s) + 1 O2(g) Al2O3(s)
Hf = 1675 kJ mol1
2
(c)
17. (a) Energy needed

= mcT
= 400 cm3 1 g cm3 4.2 J g1 K1 [(70 + 273) (20 + 273)] K
= 84 000 J (84 kJ)
No. of moles of propan-1-ol needed =
84
mol = 0.0418 mol
2010
Mass of propan-1-ol needed

= 0.0418 (12.0 3 + 1.0 8 + 16.0) g = 2.51 g
(b) A larger mass is needed.
(c) There is heat loss to surroundings during the heating process.
48
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
18. (a) H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

(b) Standard enthalpy change of neutralization is the enthalpy change when 1
mole of water is formed from neutralization between an acid and an alkali
under standard conditions.
1
1
H2SO4(aq) + KOH(aq) K2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)
2
2
65.00
(d) No. of moles of H2SO4(aq) used = 0.50
mol = 0.0325 mol
1000
50.00
No. of moles of KOH(aq) used = 0.90
mol = 0.0450 mol
1000
(c)
From the equation, 1 mole of H2SO4(aq) requires 2 moles of KOH(aq) for

complete neutralization. Thus, 0.0325 mole of H 2SO4(aq) requires 0.0650
mole of KOH(aq) for complete neutralization. Hence, KOH is the limiting
reactant.
Energy released during neutralization
= mcT
= (65.00 + 50.00) cm3 1.0 g cm3 4.2 J g1 K1 [(30.3 + 273) (25.0 +
273)] K
= 2560 J (2.56 kJ)
Standard enthalpy change of neutralization between sulphuric acid and
potassium hydroxide
=
2.56
kJ mol1 = 56.9 kJ mol1
0.0450
19. (a) Exothermic

(b) Energy absorbed by water
= mcT
= 850 cm3 1.0 g cm3 4.2 J g1 K1 [(28.5 + 273) (23.0 + 273)] K
= 19 635 J (19.635 kJ)
(c) Standard enthalpy change of solution of NaOH
19.635
= 80.0 kJ mol1 = 9.82 kJ mol1
40.0
49
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3

Class Practice
A37.1
(a)
SHAPE
\*
H
SO2(g) + O2(g)
MERGEFORMAT
SO3(g)
396.0 kJ mol1
+297 kJ mol1
S(s) + O2(g)
By applying Hesss Law,

H = +297.0 + (396.0) kJ mol1 = 99.0 kJ mol1
(b)
Enthalpy
S(s) +O2(g)
SO2(g) +
O2(g)
+297.0 kJ mol1
99.0 kJ mol1
396.0 kJ mol1
SO3(g)
Reaction coordinate
A37.2
(a) By applying Hesss Law,
H 1 = H f + H 2
H f = (394.0) (283.0) kJ mol1 = 111.0 kJ mol1
50
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
(b)
Enthalpy
C(s) +O2(g) +O2(g)

111.0 kJ mol1
CO(g) + O2(g)
394.0 kJ mol1
283.0 kJ mol1
CO2(g)
Reaction coordinate
A37.3
H f
2C(s) + 3H2(g) +O2(g)
C2H5OH(l)
+ 2O2(g)
394.0 kJ mol1 2
2CO2(g) + 3H2(g) +O2(g)
+ 3O2(g)
1371 kJ mol1
+ O2(g)
286.0 kJ mol1 3
2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
H f = 2 (394.0) + 3 (286.0) (1371) kJ mol1
= 275.0 kJ mol1
A37.4
(a) CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
(b) By applying Hesss Law,
H = H f (products) H f (reactants)
H = H f [CaO(s)] + H f [CO2(g)] H f [CaCO3(s)]
= (635.0) + (395.0) (1207) kJ mol1
= +177.0 kJ mol1
51
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
A37.5
1.
3C(s) + 4H2(g) +
1
O2(g) C3H7OH(l)
2

H f = H c(reactants) H c(products)
= 3 H c [C(s)] + 4 H c [H2(g)] H c [C3H7OH(l)]
= 3 (394.0) + 4 (286.0) (1004) kJ mol1
= 1322 kJ mol1
Enthalpy change of formation of 100 g liquid propanol
= 1322 kJ mol1
= 2203 kJ
100
mol
12.0 3 1.0 8 16.0
2.
H
2NaHCO3(s)
Na2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)
H f [NaHCO3(s)] 2
2Na(s) + H2(g) + 2C(s) + 3O2(g)
H c [H2(g)]
Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2(g) + O2(g)
H f [Na2CO3(s)]
H c [C(s)]
Na2CO3(s) + H2(g) + C(s) + O2(g)

H = 2 H f [NaHCO3(s)] + H f [Na2CO3(s)] + H c [C(s)] + H c [H2(g)]
= 2 (948.0) + (1131) + (394.0) + (286.0) kJ mol1
= +85 kJ mol1
52
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3

Chapter Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
enthalpy, route
lower, higher, enthalpy, endothermic, exothermic
products, reactants
reactants, products
D
C
A
B
B
A
11. (a)
1
1
H2(g) +
Cl2(g) HCl(g)
2
2
(b)
N2(g) + 2H2(g) + Cl2(g)
H3
H2
NH3(g) + H2(g) + Cl2(g)
NH4Cl(s)
H f [HCl(g)]
H1
NH3(g) + HCl(g)
H f [HCl(g)]
= H3 + H2 H1
= (
92.2
629.0
) + (
) (176.1) kJ mol1
2
2
= 92.3 kJ mol1
12. (a) C3H6O(l) + 4O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

H c[C3H6O(l)] = 1790 kJ mol1
(b)
H1
C3H6O(l) + 4O2(g)
+ 4O2(g)
H f [C3H6O(l)]
3C(s) + 3H2(g) +O2(g)
3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
H2
+ 4O2(g)
53
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
H f [C3H6O(l)] = H2 H1
= 3 (394.0) + 3 (286.0) (1790) kJ mol1
= 250 kJ mol1
13. (a) H f [H2O(g)] = (286.0) + (+41.1) kJ mol1 = 244.9 kJ mol1
(b) H f [Al2O3(s)] =
6720
kJ mol1 = 3360 kJ mol1
2
(c) For the reaction,

Al(s) +
3
3
1
NH4NO3(s) N2(g) + 3H2O(g) +
Al2O3(s)
2
2
2

H = H f (products) H f (reactants)
3
1
H f [N2(g)] + 3 H f [H2O(g)] + H f [Al2O3(s)]
2
2
3
H f [Al(s)] H f [NH4NO3(s)]
2
3
1
3
1015 = 0 + 3 (244.9) +
(3360) 0 H f [NH4NO3(s)]
2
2
2
H =
H f [NH4NO3(s)] = 933.1 kJ mol1

14. (a)
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g)
Hc [C2H4(g)]
2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
H2
H1
2C(s) + 2H2(g) + 3O2(g)

Hc[C2H4(g)] = H2 + H1
= (+52.3) + 2 (394.0) + 2 (286.0) kJ mol1
= 1412 kJ mol1
(b)
H1
C2H4(g) + H2(g)
H2
3O2(g)
C2H6(g)
3O2(g)
H3
2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
H1 = H2 H3
= [1412 + (286.0)] (84.6) kJ mol1
= 1613 kJ mol1
54
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
Part VIII Chemical reactions and energy

Part Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
D
D
D
C
B
B
A
D
A
C
D
12. (a) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

(b) Molar enthalpy change of combustion of glucose
15.7
1
=
kJ mol1
12.0 6 1.0 12 16.0 6
= 2826 kJ mol1
(c) Some energy is used for supporting other body activities.
(d) Energy needed for walking a distance of 1.5 km = 220 1.5 kJ = 330 kJ
Let m be the mass of glucose needed for providing the energy required
m
2826 30% = 330
180
m = 70.1
70.1 g of glucose is needed for providing the energy required.
mass of cereal needed =
70.1
g = 200 g
35%
13. (a) Energy released by burning (CH3)2NNH2

=
1694
kJ g1
12.0 2 1.0 8 14.0 2
= 28.2 kJ g1
Energy released by burning CH3OH
=
726
kJ g1
12.0 1 1.0 4 16.0
= 22.7 kJ g1
Energy released by burning C8H18
=
5590
kJ g1
12.0 8 1.0 18
= 49.0 kJ g1
Hence, C8H18 releases the largest amount of energy per gram of substance
burnt.
(b) C8H18 is the best for use in motor cars as it can release the largest amount of
energy for the same mass of fuel carried.
55
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
14. (a) Mg(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) MgCO3(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

(b) Exothermic. The reaction released heat that raised the temperature of the
reaction mixture.
(c) Energy released in the first experiment
= (10.0 + 10.0) cm3 1.0 g cm3 4.2 J g1 K1 [(22.2 + 273) (20.0 +
273)] K
= 184.8 J
Enthalpy change of precipitation of magnesium carbonate
184.8
= 10.0
J mol1
1.0
1000
= 18 480 J mol1 (18.5 kJ mol1)

For 30.0 cm3 of 1.0 M solutions,
Energy released
= 18.5
30.0
1.0 kJ
1000
= 0.555 kJ (555 J)
mcT = 555
(30.0 + 30.0) 1.0 4.2 T = 555
T = 2.20 K (oC)
(d) For 30.0 cm3 of 1.2 M solutions,
Energy released
= 18.5
30.0
1.2 kJ
1000
= 0.666 kJ (666 J)
mcT = 666
(30.0 + 30.0) 1.0 4.2 T = 666
T = 2.64 K (oC)
(e) The third experiment is the most accurate as it involves a larger temperature
change and so any reading errors can be minimized.
15. (a) Number of moles of Cu2+ used =
50.0
0.04 mol = 0.002 mol
1000
(b) Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) Cu(s) + Mg2+(aq)

H =
1050
J mol1 = 525 000 J mol1 = 525 kJ mol1
0.002
(c) Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) Cu(s) + Mg2+(aq) H = 525 kJ mol1
56
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
(d)
Enthalpy
Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq)
H = 525 kJ mol1
Cu(s) + Mg2+(aq)
Reaction coordinate
16. (a) Number of moles of Ag+ used =
50.0
0.05 mol = 0.0025 mol
1000
(b) Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)

Enthalpy change for each mole of Ag+(aq) reacted
=
185
J mol1 = 74 000 J mol1 = 74 kJ mol1
0.0025
According to the equation, the standard enthalpy change of the above

displacement reaction involves the complete reaction of 2 moles of Ag +(aq).
Therefore,
H = 74 2 kJ mol1 = 148 kJ mol1
(c) Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
H = 148 kJ mol1
(d)
H1
Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq)
Cu(s) + Mg2+(aq)
H
2Ag+(aq)
2Ag+(aq)
H2
2+
2+
Mg (aq) + Cu (aq) + 2Ag(s)

H = H1 + H2
= (525) + (148) kJ mol1
= 673 kJ mol1
17. (a) Hydrochloric acid
(b)
H
Mg(s) + H2O(l)
MgO(s) + H2(g)
H1
2H+(aq)
H2
2+
Mg (aq) + H2(g) + H2O(l)

H = H1 H2
57
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
(c) She is correct. In fact, calcium reacts with water to give calcium hydroxide
instead of calcium oxide.
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
18. (a) C20H32O2 + 27O2 20CO2 + 16H2O
(b) H c = 20 (395.0) + 16 (286.0) (636.0) kJ mol1
= 11 840 kJ mol1
(c) Energy needed
= mcT
= (600 1000) g 4.2 J g1 K1 [(25 + 273) (0 + 273)] K
= 63 000 kJ
No. of moles of arachidonic acid needed
=
63 000
mol = 5.32 mol
11 840
Mass of arachidonic acid needed

= 5.32 (12.0 20 + 1.0 32 + 16.0 2) g
= 1617 g
19. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Positive value
15 s
40 s
The water temperature was constant at 23oC before the addition of
potassium nitrate. When potassium nitrate was added at 15 s, heat was
absorbed for the dissolution and the temperature of the solution fell. At 40 s,
all solute had been dissolved and the temperature of the solution reached a
minimum. As heat was acquired from the surroundings, the temperature of
the solution rose.
(e) Number of moles of solute used
=
10
mol
39.1 14.0 16.0 3
= 0.0989 mol
Heat absorbed during dissolution
= 150 cm3 1.0 g cm3 4.2 J g1 K1 [(23.0 + 273) (17.5 + 273)] K
= 3465 J
Standard enthalpy change of solution of potassium nitrate
=+
3465
J mol1
0.0989
= +35 035 J mol1 (+35 kJ mol1)
58
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
Coursebook 3
20. (a)
thermometer
lid
expanded
polystyrene cup
beaker
Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq)
cotton wool
(b) (i)
Lowered. As some heat is lost, the temperature rise during

measurement will be lowered and so is the calculated value.
(ii) Raised. As the actual specific heat capacity is smaller, there will be a
higher temperature rise and so is the calculated value.
(iii) Lowered. As less iron reacts, less heat will be released. This results in a
smaller temperature rise and thus the calculated value will be lowered.
21. (a)
Name
Formula
Standard enthalpy change of combustion / kJ mol1
Methanol
CH3OH
26.34 (12.0 + 1.0 4 + 16.0) = 843
Ethanol
CH3CH2OH
29.80 (12.0 2 + 1.0 6 + 16.0) = 1371
Propan-1-ol
CH3CH2CH2OH
33.50 (12.0 3 + 1.0 8 + 16.0) = 2010
Butan-1-ol CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
36.12 (12.0 4 + 1.0 10 + 16.0) = 2673
(b) The larger alcohols have higher standard enthalpy change of combustion.
(c) About 32003330 kJ mol1
22.
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
O2(g)
2NH3(g)
H 4
H 1
2NO(g) + 3H2(g)
O2(g)
3O2(g)
2NO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
H 3
H 2
1O2(g)
2NO2(g) + 3H2(g)
H = (180.0) + (112.0) +
3
1
(572.0) (1396) kJ mol1
2
2
59
HKDSE CHEMISTRY
= 92.0 kJ mol
Coursebook 3
23. Since
2SO2(g) + 4HCl(g) 2SOCl2(l) + 2H2O(l)
H = 2 (10.3) kJ mol1 = 20.6 kJ mol1
2PCl3(l) + O2(g) 2POCl3(l)
H = 2 (325.7) kJ mol1 = 651.4 kJ mol1
2P(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2PCl3(l)
H = 2 (306.7) kJ mol1 = 613.4 kJ mol1
2Cl2(g) + 2H2O(l) 4HCl(g) + O2(g)
H = +202.6 kJ mol1
Summing up the above equations:
2SO2(g) + 4HCl(g) + 2PCl3(l) + O2(g) + 2P(s) + 3Cl2(g) + 2Cl2(g) + 2H2O(l)
2SOCl2(l) + 2H2O(l) + 2POCl3(l) + 2PCl3(l) + 4HCl(g) + O2(g)
H = 20.6 + (651.4) + (613.4) + (+202.6) kJ mol1 = 1083 kJ mol1
24. (a) H = 3 (395.0) + 4 (286.0) (1574) kJ mol1
= 755.0 kJ mol1
(b) Enthalpy change of formation of C4H6(g) is defined by the following
equation:
4C(s) + 3H2(g) C4H6(g)
H = 4 (395.0) + 3 (286.0) (2542) kJ mol1
= +104.0 kJ mol1
(c) The chemical equation for the conversion is:
2C2H4(g) C4H6(g) + H2(g)
H = 2 (1393) (2542) (286.0) kJ mol1
= +42.0 kJ mol1
60

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