NAME: Michael Timson

DATE:
FORM: L6-4
LAB: #6
SUBJECT: Biology
TEACHERS NAME: Miss Sarjeant
TITLE: PLAN DRAWING SHOWING THE CROSS SECTION OF THREE ANIMAL
CELLS IN A MAMMALIAN TRACHEA.
AIM: To draw a plan drawing of a showing the cross section of three animal cells in a
mammalian trachea.

CALCULATION:
image
real object

Magnification

Size of image

cm

x 10000

Real size of object

x 2.5

Magnification

=
=

Cells are the basic building blocks of all organisms. They provide structure for the
body, take in nutrients from food, convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out
specialized functions. Within the cell are specialize structures known as organelles and these
organelles perform different and unique task within the cells. The organelles in an animal
cells may vary from the organelles in a plant cell. Some may have various differences such as
the vacuole. Two of the important structures that comprises an animal cell is the nucleus and
the cell membrane.
The nucleus is a membrane enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains
most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in
complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes.
The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome. The function of the
nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by
regulating gene expression and thus is the control centre of the cell. The main structures
making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope. It is a a double membrane that encloses the
entire organelle and separates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nuclear
lamina, a meshwork within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like
the cytoskeleton supports the cell as a whole. As a result of the nuclear membrane being
impermeable to most molecules, nuclear pores are required to allow movement of molecules
across the envelope. These pores cross both of the membranes, providing a channel that
allows free movement of small molecules and ions. The movement of larger molecules such
as proteins is carefully controlled, and requires active transport regulated by carrier proteins.
Nuclear transport is crucial to cell function, as movement through the pores is required for
both gene expression and chromosomal maintenance. Although the interior of the nucleus
does not contain any membrane-bound subcompartments, its contents are not uniform, and a
number of sub nuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and
particular parts of the chromosomes. The best known of these is the nucleolus, which is
mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes. After being produced in the nucleolus,
ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate RNA.
The cell membrane also known as the plasma membrane is a thin semi-permeable
membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. Its function is to protect the integrity of the
interior of the cell by allowing certain substances into the cell, while keeping other
substances out. The cell membrane is primarily composed of a mix of proteins and lipids.

While lipids help to give membranes their flexibility, proteins monitor and maintain the cell's
chemical climate and assist in the transfer of molecules across the membrane. Phospholipids
are a major component of cell membranes. They form a lipid bilayer in which their
hydrophilic (attracted to water) head areas spontaneously arrange to face the aqueous cytosol
and the extracellular fluid, while their hydrophobic (repelled by water) tail areas face away
from the cytosol and extracellular fluid. The lipid bilayer is semi-permeable, allowing only
certain molecules to diffuse across the membrane.