Noora Ali Mohammed

FDN 459

Masdar Institute - Materials Science and Engineering FDN459 Introduction to the Structure and Properties of Materials - Fall
2014 Dr. Mahieddine Emziane

Homework # 3
Due Sunday 12 October 2014 in class.
1. Below is a unit cell for a hypothetical metal.

(a) To which crystal system does it belong? (b) What would this crystal structure be called?
a=bc
c is bigger than a and b
===90
It belongs to the tetragonal crystal structure
Body Center Cubic ( because there are atoms at the edge and one at the center of the cube )
2. Sketch a monoclinic unit cell, and within that cell a [-101] direction.
3. Within a cubic unit cell, sketch the following directions:
(a) [101], (b) [211], (c) [301].
4. What is the difference between point defects, dislocations and interfacial/boundaries defects?
Point defects are defects that occur only at or around a single lattice point, that is in zero
dimension, it does not extended in space in any dimension, it includes vacancy, self interstitial,
impurities, schottky defect and frenkel defect.
Dislocations are linear defects around which some of the atoms of the crystal lattice are misaligned.
That is , it si one dimensional defect, examples of dislocation the edge dislocation and
the screw dislocation, and mixed dislocations which is a combination of both dislocation. In the edge
dislocation , there is an extra plan of atoms while in the screw dislocation there is a helical pattern
presented. The interfacial defect is a two dimensional defect, that is occurs between the regions
where the crystallographic orientation is changed , there are many examples included the extended
surface, grain boundaries and phase boundaries.
5. Explain the following terms:
Self-interstitial
It is one type of Point defect in which an atom from the crystal sit in a small void space that under
ordinary circumstances is not occupied. The probability of this kind of defeat is not high and its
concentration is low because the atom is larger than the interstitial position in which is is situated.
Vacancy
It is one type of point defect in which the atoms leave its original site that is normally occupies.
Another description for this defect is missing atom . Most of the materials have vacancy and it is
impossible to find materials that are free form this defect.

 Screw dislocation
One of the linear crystallographic defeat that can be formed by applying shear stress to produce
distortion. It is a distortion of the lattice structure of a crystal in which the atoms are arranged in
helical pattern. One part is moving one atomic distance or more to the right or left relative to the
bottom portion. The burger vector is parallel to the distortion line .
Edge dislocation :
One of the linear crystallographic defeat ( one dimensional defect), that centers on the line that is
defined along the end of the extra half plane of atoms. Atoms close to the distraction line are
squeezed together , while those atoms that are far away from the distortion are pulled apart. The
burger vector is perpendicular to the distortion line .
Mixed dislocation
linear crystallographic defeat that is nether pure edge nor pure screw dislocation, however it is a
mixed of both dislocation.
6. Name the two types of solid solutions and describe them briefly.
The are two types of solid solution
1 ) substitutional solid solution : solutes or impurity atom replace or substitute the host atom,
meaning that impurity atom occupies the original place of the host atom. There many factors
determine the formation of the substitutional solid solution including, the size of impurity atom,
crystal structure, electronegativity, valences.
2 ) interstitial solid solution: the solute or impurity atoms fill the void spaces among the host
atoms.
7. For a given material, compare the surface energy to the grain boundary energy, and explain.
Usually the surface energy is greater than the grain boundaries energy. Because in the surface
energy , the atoms in the surface are not bonded to the maximum number atoms , therefore, there
are many unsatisfied bonds , thus , there is high energy. While the atoms on one side of the
boundary can be bonded to the atoms of the other side, thus there are fewer unsatisfied bonding
and low energy is associated with it.
8. Calculate the number of vacancies per cubic meter in gold at 900 oC. The energy for vacancy
formation is 0.98 eV/atom. The density and atomic weight for Au are 18.63 g/cm 3 (at 900C) and
196.9 g/mol, respectively.

=N exp (-Q/ KT)

N exp= N ( Avocado number) * p / A ( Weight)

N exp =6.023 1023atoms/mol)(18.63 g /cm3)/ 196.9 g /mol
= 5.70 10

28

T=900+273
T=1173
N=N exp (-Q/ KT)

N V= 6.023 1023atoms/mol)(18.63 g /cm3)/ 196.9 g /mol [ 0.98 eV/atom/ (8.62 105

eV/atom K)(1173 K)]
N

V=

= 3.52 x 1024 vacancies / m3

9. Gold forms a substitutional solid solution with silver. Compute the weight percent of gold that
must be added to silver to yield an alloy that contains 5.5 1021Au atoms per cubic centimeter. The
densities of pure Au and Ag are 19.32 and 10.49 g/cm 3, respectively.

P1 Au= 19.32 g/cm3 , A1= 196.97 g/ mol

P2 Ag= 10.49 g/cm3 , A2= 107.87g/mol
5.5 1021Au atoms per cubic centimeter

By using equation ( 6.25) in the textbook page 178

C1= 100/ (1+(NAPAg/NAU AAU)-(P

C1= 100/ (1 +((6.023 x 10

C1= 15.9%

23

Ag

/P

Au

))

x 10.49/(5.5 x 1021)(196.97)) (10.49 /19.32)