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Prof. Mostofi
Homework #1 Solutions
4d
2
Pr,dBm Pt,dBm = 100 20 = 120 dB, so Pr /Pt = 1012 . f = 1 GHz gives = 0.3
m. gt = 10, gr = 1.
r
gt gr
d=
= 75.49 km
4 Pr /Pt
(b) For the ground reflection case,
Pr
(ht hr )2
gt gr
Pt
d4
Using 0.3048 m = 1 ft,
d=
(ht hr )2
gt gr
Pr /Pt
1/4
= 6.64 km
path B
path A
path C
(a) Derive an expression for the resultant received signal from paths A, B, and C.
For the next two parts, you may assume the following:
(b) Plot the amplitude variation due to multipath fading and calculate the maximum Doppler
frequency (take the delays to be zero).
(c) How far apart (in distance) do the nulls in the signal occur?
Solution:
2.
v
where d = is the maximum Doppler frequency.
c
(b) Let A = B = C = 0. We have
+
cos
. So the envelope
2
2
1 + cos
r(t) = 2Vr cos
d t ,
2
1 cos
d
2
2
or f =
1 cos
fd .
2
r(t)/Vr
1.5
0.5
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
Time [s]
0.04
0.05
cos = cos 30 =
So
fd = fc
3
.
2
6 104 /3600
v
= 9 108
= 50 Hz.
c
3 108
"
50
r(t) = 2Vr cos 2
2
and
f =
! #
3
1+
t ,
2
3
2 50 = 3.35 Hz.
2
Then the envelope variation |r(t)| is as shown.
(c) The nulls occur when the argument of the cosine term above is equal to (2n+1) 2 for integer
n, or, equivalently, the difference in phase should be . Let d = vz t bet the distance the
mobile travels in time t. We can then solve for the distance traveled as follows:
(using vz = (60 km/hr)/(3600 sec/hr) = 16.67 m/s)
!
50
3
= 2
1+
t
2
2
d = vz t
= (16.67)
= 17.9 cm
(50)(1 + 3/2)
3
3. Consider a mobile user moving slowly in a residential area, where there are many random paths
arriving at many random angles. Assume there is no large scale signal variation over the distance
interval of motion. Assume that from subjective listening tests, the quality of the radio link is
acceptable if the signal level falls below the minimum usable signal threshold only 1% of the
time. How many dB must the mean of the signal level exceed the minimum usable signal level
to ensure acceptable signal quality?
Solution:
3. The cumulative distribution function for the Rayleigh random variable is
Pr (r R) =
2 /2P
f (r)dr = 1 eR
P Rt / 2 ln 0.99 = 7.053Rt
or
M
8.8163
Rt
so the mean must exceed the threshold by 20 log10 8.8163 = 18.9 dB.
4. The power sum of N uncorrelated log-normal interference signals is
I=
N
X
Ik =
N
X
10Xk /10 ,
k=1
k=1
where Xk is Gaussian distributed with mean k and variance k2 . Unfortunately there is no simple
analytical formula for the distribution of I. A general approach is to approximate I by another
log-normal variable,
I = 10X/10 ,
where X is Gaussian distributed with some mean and variance 2 . For Xk s with small variances, a good choice of and can be obtained by equating the mean and variance of I and
I.
(a) Assume k and k are the same for all k and are equal to 1 and 1 , find and in terms
of 1 and 1 using the above criterion. (Hint: I = 10X/10 = eX , E[I n ] = E[enX ], where
= ln 10/10.)
4
Z/10
) = eZ/10ln 10 = eZ .
E[Y n ] = E[enZ ]
Z
1
2
2
e(z) /2 dz
=
enZ
2
Z
1
2 2
2
2
n+(n) /2
e(z(+n )) /2 dz
= e
2
n+(n)2 /2
= e
So
= e+() /2
E[I]
= E[I2 ] E[I]
2
V ar[I]
2
(1)
= e2+2() e2+()
2
= e2+()
and
E[I] =
V ar[I] =
N
X
k=1
N
X
k=1
e() 1
2 /2
E[Ik ] = N ek +(k )
(2)
(3)
2k +(k )2
V ar[Ik ] = N e
(k )2
e
1
(4)
2 /2
e+()
2+()2
= N ek +(k )
2
2
2
e() 1 = N e2k +(k ) e(k ) 1
(5)
(6)
()2
e(k ) 1
= ln 1 +
N
= k +
5
2 2
(k 2 ) + ln N
2
(7)
(8)
and
i = 10logI
then s and i are normally distributed with means s and i and standard deviations s and i . The
S/I ratio in dB thus becomes s i and the a quantity of interest often is
p = Pr {s i < }
where is a signal-to-interference threshold for a system in dB. Derive an expression for p in
terms of a function of s, i, s , i and .
Solution:
5. Assume s and i are uncorrelated, then si will be Gaussian with mean si and variance s2 +i2 .
So
Z
(x(
si))2
1
2
2
p
p=
e 2(s +i ) dx
2
2
2(s + i )
x(
si)
Substituting y =
, we have
2
2
s +i
(
si)
Z
2
2
1 y2 /2
e
dy
2
Z +
1 y2 /2
e
dy
= 1 (si)
2 2 2
s +i
!
(
s i)
= 1Q p
s2 + i2
p =
s +i
6. Consider a mobile receiver operating at a frequency of 860 MHz and moving at 100 km/hr in
a Rayleigh fading environment with angles of arrival uniformly distributed over 0 2 in a
horizontal plane. Sketch the Doppler spectrum if a CW signal is transmitted and indicate the
maximum frequencies in cycles/second, cycles/meter, and cycles/wavelength.
Solution:
6
6.
f = 860 MHz,
v = 100 km/hr =
105 m/hr
= 27.78 m/s
3600 sec/hr
27.78
v
(860 106 ) = 79.63 Hz
fm = f =
c
3 108
c
3 108
= =
= 0.349 m
f
860 106
Maximum frequency in cycles/m:
79.63 cycles/sec
= 2.87 cycles/m
27.78 m/s
Maximum frequency in cycles/wavelenth:
(2.87 cycles/m)(0.349 m/wavelength) = 1 cycle/wavelength
860 MHz 79 63 Hz
2 87
1
:
860 MHz
0
0
7. Assume someone in a car is using a receiver operating at 900 MHz. The antenna is a dipole and
is mounted vertically on top of the car. There are many paths arriving at the antenna uniformly
distributed in angles in the horizontal plane. Only consider small-scale variations.
(a) The receiver records samples of the envelope of the received signal every t seconds, where
5 ms< t <15 ms. If the car travels at 36 km/hr, what are the values for t such that the
adjacent samples are uncorrelated?
7
(b) What is the correlation coefficient between the adjacent samples if we use the same t found
in part (a) but the speed changes to 18 km/hr?
Solution:
7.
(a) fm = fc
v
36 103 /3600
= 9 108
= 30 Hz. The nulls of J0 (2fm t) are
c
3 108
fm t = 0.383, 0.879, 1.377, . . .
which correspond to
t = 12.8 ms, 29.3 ms, 45.9 ms, . . .
For the given range, 5 ms < t < 15 ms, we choose t = 12.8 ms.
(b) fm = 15 Hz. So 2fm t = 2 15 0.0128 = 2 0.192 = 1.203 for t = 12.8 ms.
Therefore the correlation coefficient is
J02 (2fm t) = J02 (1.203) = 0.4487
8. A mobile user is moving in an environment in which signal energy arrives uniformly distributed
in angles in the horizontal plane, and the antenna has unity gain. The following receiver is used
to measure the power received from a sinusoidal transmission with fc = 900 MHz.
Power Meter
BPF
v
Let the power received at the antenna output before the BPF be P . Define W = fc . Consider
c
two BPFs having the following frequency responses for f > 0:
(
1 |f fc | < W
BPF1 : |H1 (f )| =
0 otherwise
(
1 fb < |f fc | < 2W
BPF2 : |H2 (f )| =
0 otherwise
(a) If BPF1 is used and the user moves at a speed of v, what is the power at the output of the
BPF in terms of P ?
(b) Repeat for a user speed of 2v.
(c) Now use BPF2 with the speed still 2v. Find the value of fb in terms of W such that the
received power at the output of the BPF is the same as in part (b).
8
Solution:
8.
(a) When the user moves at a speed of v, the maximum Doppler frequency is W . Therefore all
of the energy will pass through BPF1 . The output power is just P .
(b) When a user moves at a speed of 2v, the maximum Doppler frequency is 2W . Only the
energy in the range 0 < |f fc | < W will pass through BPF1 . That corresponds to the
arrival angle , where < < , in the range of 0 < | cos | < 1/2, or /3 < || <
2/3(see figure). Since the power is uniformly distributed in angle, we will have P/3 at the
output of the BPF1 .
(c) The maximum Doppler frequency is again 2W , but now only the energy in the range fb <
|f fc | < 2W will pass. That corresponds to fb /2W < | cos | < 1. Therefore 0 <
|| < cos1 (fb /2W ) or cos1 (fb /2W ) < || < (see figure). Obviously
we need
(c)
60
30
v
Energy Passed
Through BPF
9. Assume that a receiving antenna is moving at a uniform speed through a multipath propagation
medium that has a very large number of waves arriving from angles uniformly distributed in a
plane. Assume that all the arriving angles are confined to the plane and that the received signal
amplitude is Rayleigh distributed. The transmitted signal is a single frequency sinusoid at frequency f.
The receiving antenna has a beam pattern G() as a function of angle . is the angle with
respect to the direction of motion. Find and Sketch the power spectrum of the received signal for
the following two cases:
(a) G() has a constant gain, G, for 0 and zero for the rest of .
(b) G() has a constant gain, G, for /2 /2 and zero for the rest of .
Solution:
9
9. we know that
S(f ) = p
p
2 (f f )2
fm
c
(p()G() + p()G()) |f fc | fm
(9)
c
Where = cos1 ( fff
).
m
Gp/wm
c 2
)
1 ( fff
m
|f fc | fm
1
.
2
Then S(f )
(10)
2Gp/wm
1
c 2
)
( fff
m
fc f fc + fm
(11)
Assume that this wireless system is being used in a residential environment as described by the
data in the figure. For this problem, assume that the standard deviation of the log-normal process
with the trend removed is = 10 dB. Assume for this problem that there is only one base station
and one user.
(a) Let Pr (d) represent the mean received power (the solid line) in dBm at distance d, and
Pr0 (d) be the free-space received power (the dotted line) in dBm at distance d. Suppose the
reference power is Pref in dBm. Then the x-axis of the figure is Pr (d)Pref or Pr0 (d)Pref .
Find Pref using the dotted line and the Friis formula. Show that we can write Pr (d) =
K 45 log d, then find the value of K for d in feet.
10
Part a
4
3
S(f) /(2pG/w )
m
0
f f
c
f +f
Part b
6
S(f) /(2pG/w )
m
0
f f
c
f +f
(b) If we ignore the small scale multipath fading, and consider a user traveling on a circle of
radius d centered at the base station. Find the value for d such that the system will work
(i.e. the received signal power is above the minimum usable level) for half of the time.
(c) Repeat (b) if we want the system to work for 90% of the time.
Solution:
10.
c
= 0.368 m. In free space,
f
Pr0 (d) = Pt + Gt + Gr + 20 log
4d
0.368
= 44.32 dBm
4 152.37
From the figure, the free-space received power at 500 ft relative to reference is about
Pr0 (d) Pref = 31 dB
So Pref = Pr0(d) + 31 = 44.32 + 31 = 13.3 dBm.
Since the mean received power has a distance dependence form of 1/dn , in log form, we
will have,
Pr (d) = K n log(d)
11
where K is some constant. From figure, we find for d =500 ft, Pr (d) Pref = 51 dB and
for d =1000 ft, Pr (d) Pref = 64.5 dB. So
n = (64.5 51)/3 = 44.84 45
(b) Since the signal received at distance d in dBm N (Pr (d), ), for the system to work 50%
of the time, the mean of the large scale variation should equal to the minimum usable level,
i.e.
Pr (d) = 42 45 log d = 100 dBm
= d = 1430 ft
(c) For the system to work 90% of the time,
Pr (d) (100 dBm)
= 0.1
Q
12