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FemaleCircumstitions
Badreasonstocutagirl'sgenitals
Aesthetic:2,28,114
Cultural:25
Conformity:40,63,106
Riteofpassage6,41,56,103,107
Tradtion:39,100,105,113,119
Patriarchy124
Economic:37,95,118
Hygienic:
"Cleanliness":7,20,32,35,50,58,80,85,
86,97,111,116,120
Diseaseprevention:13,21,22,30,33,112
Magical/Irrational:8,9,15,16,23,25,38,42,43,
44,68,69,78,79,83,109,110,117
Psychological:3,82,115
Punishment:96,104
Religious:31,34,72
Islam:4.1,4.2,10,11,18,48
Christianity:55
Sexual:
preservevirginity:74
preventpromiscuity:75,92
reducelust:1,4.3,5,17,19,29,36,45,46,
49,64,84,91
improveintercourse:14,47,94,108
makelessmasculine/morefeminine:51,
99
totestherhusband'svirility:24
increasehusband'spleasure:76,81,122
increasefertility:77,89,98,123
facilitatechildbirth:121
Social:52,57,60,61,62,67,70,71,73,90
marriagability:53,54,59,65,66,87,88,
102,
Unclassified:12,27,93,101
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1. Because"itwillstabilizeherlibido,
2. Two,itwillmakeawomanlookmorebeautifulintheeyesofherhusband.
3. Andthree,itwillbalanceherpsychology.
LukmanHakim,chairmanofsocialservices,
AssalaamFoundation,Indonesia
NewYorkTimesmagazine,January20,2008
4. Advantagesofcircumcisingfemalechildren
1. ItshowsthatoneisafollowerofProphetIbrahimswayofworship.ProphetIbrahim(ASW)isthe
fatheroffaith.[FGCisnotmentionedintheBible.]
2. ItshowsoneasafollowerofProphetMuhammad(SAW).
3. Itisawayofreducingsexualdesireinthewomanthusavoidingadulteryandawayofcurbingher
frombadsexualhabits.Thisisbecauseanuncircumcisedwomanwouldalwayshaveunlimitedsexual
appetite,whichmayforcehertocommitadultery.
RulesofcircumcisioninIslamSheikhA.B.Muhammed,Friday,28May2010
5. psychosexualreasons:reductionoreliminationofthesensitivetissueoftheoutergenitalia,particularlythe
clitoris,
inordertoattenuatesexualdesireinthefemale,
maintainchastityandvirginitybeforemarriageand
fidelityduringmarriage,and
increasemalesexualpleasure
6. sociologicalreasons:
identificationwiththeculturalheritage,
initiationofgirlsintowomanhood,
socialintegrationand
themaintenanceofsocialcohesion
7. hygieneandaestheticreasons:
theexternalfemalegenitaliaareconsidereddirtyand
unsightlyandaretoberemovedtopromotehygieneandprovideaestheticappeal
8. myths:enhancementoffertilityand
9. promotionofchildsurvival
10. religiousreasons:SomeMuslimcommunities,however,practiseFGMinthebeliefthatitisdemandedbythe
Islamicfaith.Thepractice,however,predatesIslam.
theWorldHealthOrganisation
11. "ThosewhoadvocateforFGMfromanIslamicperspectivecommonlyquotethefollowinghadithtoarguethat
itisrequiredaspartoftheSunnahorTraditionoftheProphet:
'UmAtiyyatalAnsariyyahsaid:
AwomanusedtoperformcircumcisioninMedina.
TheProphet(pbuh)saidtoher:
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Donotcuttooseverely
asthatisbetterforawoman
andmoredesirableforahusband'."
1,8
www.religioustolerance.org
12. Because"itbringsmanybenefits."
13. Because"Thesecretionsofthelabiaminoraaccumulateinuncircumcisedwomenandturnrancid,sothey
developanunpleasantodourwhichmayleadtoinfectionsofthevaginaorurethra.
14. Because"Circumcisionreducesexcessivesensitivityoftheclitoriswhichmaycauseittoincreaseinsizeto3
centimeterswhenaroused,whichisveryannoyingtothehusband,especiallyatthetimeofintercourse."
15. Because"itpreventsstimulationoftheclitoriswhichmakesitgrowlargeinsuchamannerthatitcauses
pain."
16. Because"Circumcisionpreventsspasmsoftheclitoriswhichareakindofinflammation."
17. Because"Circumcisionreducesexcessivesexualdesire."
18. Because"ForusintheMuslimworldfemalecircumcisionis,aboveallelse,obediencetoIslam,whichmeans
actinginaccordancewiththefitrahandfollowingtheSunnahwhichencouragesit."
19. Because"Ittakesawayexcessivelibidofromwomen"
20. Because"Itpreventsunpleasantodourswhichresultfromfoulsecretionsbeneaththeprepuce."
21. Because"Itreducestheincidenceofurinarytractinfections"
22. Because"Itreducestheincidenceofinfectionsofthereproductivesystem."
IslamQ&A
23. "Howonearthcantheygetmarriedwithabigthinghangingbetweentheirlegs?Shame!Thinkofhowlongit
willgrow!"
24. "Whenshegetsmarried,shellgetslicedopenagain.Then,youknow,ifherhusbanddoesntenterher,heis
shamed.Weak.Herfamilywillrefusethemarriage."
"K",anoldDjiboutiwomanontheJonesfamilyblogspot.
25. To"buildtrustbetweenhospitalsandimmigrantcommunities,
26. savesomegirlsfromundergoingdisfiguringandlifethreateningproceduresintheirnativecountries,
27. andplayaroleintheeventualeradicationofFGC."
AmericanAcademyofPediatrics2010PolicyonFemaleGenitalCutting,p1092(6of8)
28. Becauses/hewasdiagnosedwith"clitorimegalyassociatedwithambiguousgenitalia"(hadabigger
clitoris/penisthansomeoneelsewascomfortablewith).
JenniferYang,DianeFelsenandDixP.Poppas
NerveSparingVentralClitoroplasty:
AnalysisofClitoralSensitivityandViability
JUrol,178,15981601,Oct2007
29. Because"Uncircumcisedgirlswillwantsexmorethanishealthy.
30. Andtheyaremoreliabletoinfectionsandcancers...."
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DrSaedThabetinWiensJ.FemalecircumcisioniscurbedinEgyptBMJ(1996)313:249.
31.
32.
33.
34.

"Whilereligionwasthemainreasonforcircumcisions,
itisbelievedbysomelocalsthatagirlwhoisnotcircumcisedwouldhaveuncleangenitalsaftersheurinates
whichcouldleadtocervicalcancer.
Itisalsobelievedifoneprayswithuncleangenitalstheirprayerwon'tbeheard."
PhotoessaybyStephanieSinclairinVII,June21,2010

35. "Insomecountrieswherethepracticeoffemalecircumcision,itisbelievedthatifawomanhasnotpassed
throughthistest,thenitisunclean,
36. tooexcited
37. andcannotproperlydealwiththeeconomy.
38. Itisalsobelievedthatuncircumcisedwomencannotgivebirthtoaboy."
Photoessay(samephotos)atAnkitMehta,June272010
39. "...itwasconsideredtobeagoodtraditionalpractice
40. ...to...avoidbeingshunnedandlaughedatbytheboys
41. ...thatwastheonlyriteofpassagetowomanhood."
MsJoyceMunanda,anadvocateagainstFGMwhogotcircumcisedin1968"Whencultureconfrontshealth
andthelaw",theMonitor(Uganda),July10,2010
42. Leavingagirluncircumcisedendangersbothherhusbandandherbaby.Ifthebabysheadtouchestheuncut
clitorisduringbirth,thebabywillbebornhydrocephalic.
43. Themilkofthemotherwillbecomepoisonous.
44. Ifamanspenistouchesawomansclitorishewillbecomeimpotent.
LightfootKleinHErroneousBeliefSystemsUnderlyingFemaleGMinSubSaharanAfrica
andMaleNeonatalCircumcisionintheUnitedStates,
paperpresentedatthe3rdInternationalSymposiumonCircumcision,
Washington,DC,1994.
45. "Itwashopedthatitwouldtamethewomen'ssexualdesiressincewe(themen)hadtomovelongdistances
grazingouranimals.Therefore,
46. itwouldpreventthewomenfrombeingunfaithfultotheirhusbands.However,Ivowedtomywifethatnone
ofourchildrenwilleverundergothetradition."
a60yearoldUgandantoRichardMusaniinNewVision
47. "Greatersexualsensations,closercommunicationwithonespartner,higherlevelsoforgasm.Anawesome
75%ofwomenarehinderedfromfeelingthefullextentofsensations,duetoaconditionwhichismost
commonlyknownashoodedclitoris
"TheKindestCut:CircumcisionforWomen",Playgirl,1973,quotedinRabbitwrite'sblog,December31,
2010
48.
49.
50.
51.
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"ThepracticehasbecomeimportanttoIslambecauseitisassociatedwithfemalesexualpurity.
FGMisintendedbyitspractitionerstobothcontrolwomen'ssexualdrivesandalso
tocleansewomen'sgenitaliabyremovingtheclitoris,
whichisseenasmasculine,afemalepenis."




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JacquelineCastledine,MountHolyokeCollege.
52. ToallowthemtoenterthesecretBondosocietyofwomen(SierraLeone)
statementbyAfricanWomanareFreetoChoose
andnewsitem,February11,2009
53. Marryingwithoutcircumcisionwasnotanoption:uncutgirlswerebelievedtobeundisciplinedandclumsy.
54. Nohusbandwouldbewillingtoruntheriskofsocialisolationinextricablyboundupwithmarryingan
uncircumcisedgirl.
55. Tomakethingsworse:circumcisionwasbelievedtobeareligiousobligationforbothChristiansandMuslims.
Ethiopianvillagefightsagainstfemalecutting,RadioNetherlands,April11,2011
56. Femalegenitalmutilationisthepartialremovaloftheexternalgenitalia,undertakenforculturalinitiationof
agirlintoadulthood.
Kjongstoldtoshunfemalecircumcision,NewVision(Uganda),May8,2011
57. ...becauseithasanimportantroleintheMaasaiculture....anuncircumcisedgirlwillfindithardtoprove
thatsheisawoman
58. andanychildrenshebearswillbeseenasunclean.
WhyFemaleGenitalMutilationPersists,byNyokabiKamau,DailyNation(Kenya),May9,22011
59. ""Marryinganuncircumcisedgirldegradesyourvalueasaman.
60. Therearesomeritualsthegirlcannotparticipateinifsheisnotcircumcised,"explainedMartinOloloigero,
oneofthemanagersoftherescuecentre.
61. "Itisimportantforawomantobecircumcisedsothatshecangotoherhusband'shome,"saidOlemairuj
Kipaken,aMaasaielderinNarok.
"FemalecircumcisioninKenya"News24October5,2011
62. "Plapanregrettedthatsomeofthemidwivescannotattendtouncircumcisedwomenforfearofgoing
againsttheirtraditions,whichconsidersuncircumcisedwomanasuntidy.
63. Someoftheuncircumcisedwomenareteasedbytheirfellowcircumcisedwomen.
Thisforcesthemtochangetheirheartandgoforthecut,shesaid.
64. Themenalsoconsideruncircumcisedwomenaspromiscuousandpolygamousmenfearsuchwomencan
embarrassthemespeciallywhentheytakelongtoreachtheirmatrimonialbeds.
"CulturalBeliefsBenefitPokotPastoralists"Coastweek,December2,2011
65. "Hundredsofschoolgirlsunderwentthetraditionalriteofpassagethatnowallowsthemtogetmarried,..."
66. "Thegovernmentallowedustocircumcisethemen,whichwedid,butthenwelaterwondered:nowthatwe
havetakenmenthroughtheinitiation,mustwenotcreateapoolofwomenfromwheretheycanmarry?"
"Villagersignorethelawandgoonagirlcircumcisionfrenzy"theDailyNation(Kenya)December7,2011
67. Personally,Ihavebeenthroughtheprocess.Iwillevenmakemydaughtersundergoit.Thepainis
tolerableandhasstrengthenedmyrelationshipwithmyhusband,shewrote.
"Bohrawomengoonlinetofightcircumcisiontrauma"HindustanTimes,December9,2011
68. Someculturesconsideritapurificationritual,Ms[FadumaSalah]Mussesaid.
Iamavictimmyself,andIwasforcedtoallowmythreedaughterstogothroughitalso.
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"Woman'smissionistoendmutilation",DanenongLeader,January13.2012
69. "Thechild'smother...saidherchildwassufferingfromstomachinfections,asaresultshecouldn'tlearnhow
towalkevenafterattainingtheageoftwelvemonths.
..."Isentmychildtohergrandmother,whoclaimedinorderforthechildtobehealed,shemustundergo
circumcision,"shesaid.
"ChildsubjectedtoFGMnowadmittedtohospital"IPPMedia,January30,2012
70. Toallowhertoattendpublicmeetingsandtakepartindecisionmaking.
71. Toallowheraplaceatthe"hightable".
IwouldnotbeallowedtoattendpublicmeetingsbecauseIwasnotawoman,somethingwhich
subjectedmetoalotofpsychologicaltorture.IfeltIwasmissingalotinthepublicforaandwas
beingleftbehindindecisionmaking.
Thatwasnotall,Ialwaysmissedoutonthehightable.
"Whatitmeanstoundergothecut"theMonitor(Uganda),February8,2012
72. [MrsJosephineEffahChukwuma,ExecutiveDirector,ProjectAlertonViolenceAgainstWomen,Lagos,]said
...FGMisconsideredtobeaculturalinheritancedesignedtopreservesometraditionalvaluessuchas
religiouspurification,
73. familyhonour,
74. protectionofvirginity,
75. preventionofpromiscuity,
76. increasingsexualpleasureforthehusbandand
77. enhancingfertility.
Others,shefurthertoldDailyChampion,are
78. thebeliefthatiftheclitorisofanuncircumcisedwomantouchestheheadofababyabouttobeborn,the
babywilldie
79. andthatiftheclitorisisnotcut,itwillgrowdownwards,
80. bedirty,
81. andnotallowamanenjoysex.
Nigeria:CelebratingZeroTolerancetoFemaleGenitalCuttingAllAfrica.com,February20,2012
82. Because"Ifagirlisnotcircumcised,shecan'tstandit".
EgyptianwomanonYoutTube(0:34),October12,2011
83. Because"Inourculturethereisasayingthatifafemaleisnotcircumcisedshewillbreakthings."
a14yearoldEthiopiangirlinHurtAndAbusedChildrenInEthiopia:CulturalCalamity,
EurasiaReview,March21,2012
84. Because"womenotherwisewereoverlysexualand'pronetoprostitution.'"
FrankBruni,RethinkingHisReligionNYTimes,March24,2012
"Shewasreferringtokakia,theritualofcrudecircumcisionthatgirlsinhernativecountry[Togo]were
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traditionallyforcedtoendure.Femalerelativeshelddownthescreamingteenagersandslicedofftheir
genitalswithaknife,believing
85. thiswouldmakethemcleanfortheirhusbands."
Notvictimsoftradition:Womenemergeassymbolsforgirlsfacingabusivefates
WashingtonPost,May2,2012
86. Topreventfeelingdirty:"sheaskedmepointblankifIdidnotfeeldirtysinceIwasnotcircumcised."
87. Because"Insomecommunitiesuncircumcisedgirlsareconsiderednotgoodenoughformarriage"
NatashaKokutangiiraIt'smuchmorethanjustacut,DailyNews,Tanzania,August26,2012
88. "...toprepareyoungwomenforhomemanagementandmarriage,aswellas
89. tohelpwomentogivebirthtomorechildren."
Liberia:InSandeBushWomanBleedstoDeath,AllAfrica.com,September13,2012
90. Because"Circumcisedwomenarelessapttomakenuisancesofthemselvesthanintactones.'Whatisthe
caseifherhusbanddiedordivorcedher,isshegoingtopullmenfromthecafes?'thedaya
[midwife/circumciser]asks."
Reviewof"SexandtheCitadel"byShereenElFekiintheNewYorkTimes,April7,2013
91. Because"circumcisionpreventsagirlfromhavingahighsexdrive...
92. ...andthusfrombecomingsexuallypromiscuous...'Theresthisideathatifagirliscircumcised,shewill
growuptobeagoodgirlwithalowsexdrive,shesays."
YuliKrisna,ActivistsDemandRepealofCircumcisionLawJakartaGlobe,April20,2013
93. Theprocedureexposesthesesensitivezones,inbothmalesandfemales,lesseningtheeffortneededin
achievingpleasure.
94. Moreovertherecanbeadiscussionaboutthefunctionofforeskiningeneral.Thatitspurposeistoprotect
thedevelopingchildinthewombfrombeingarousedsexuallyandskewinghis/herhormonalbalance.That
afterbirththiskindofprotectionisnolongnecessaryand,liketheumbilicalcord,besevered.
AbdulkhaliqAlemaoonFacebook,June10,2013
95. "IhadtorunawayfromhometoanearbyschoolasmyfatherinsistedthatIhadtobecircumcisedandget
marriedsohecouldgetcows,"saida13yearoldgirlfromAmudat.
"Uganda:ParliamenttoAmendChildren'sAct"AllAfrica,June12,2013
96. Topunishtheirfatherforspeakingoutagainstgenitalcutting:
Ahram(Egypt)
June20,2013

Egypt'srefugeesfindSyriancrisis
bringsnewchallengesandsomehope
byHazelHaddon
...Moataz,a41yearoldSudaneseasylumseeker
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fromDarfur,...arguedthatgirlsshouldnotbe
circumcised.
"WhileIwasspeakingattheconference,theycame
andtookmykids.Theytookmytwogirlsand
circumcisedthem.
"Theybroughtaletter,andtheyhaddoctors'
uniforms.Theysaidtheycamefromtheministryof
health.Theyhadputmyphotoonadocument,
sayingthatIhadagreedtodothat,"Moatazsays.
"Whentheybroughtthembacktheygavemywifea
message:Tellyourhusbandheshouldn'ttalkabout
thesethings."
Hisdaughtersweretwoandsix...
97. Dafa'aAllah...oncedescribeduncircumcisedwomenas"dirty".
"SudanMPCallsforBanningFemalesFromSports"AllAfrica.com,June25,2013
98. Because"womenbecomepregnantmoreeasilywhentheyarecircumcised,and...
99. theclitoriscangrowhugeiftheyhavenotbeencircumcised..SomalibornSafiaAbdiisanursewho...says
womenmaintainthetraditionprimarily
100. topassontheiridentitytothenextgeneration....manythink
101. thisisthewaythingsshouldbe....Manydoitwithaneyetothefuture.Theydoit
102. becausetheywanttomarryofftheirdaughters...,saysAbdi....Theritualcanalsobecarriedoutat
puberty
103. tomarktheonsetofadulthood....
"Circumcisedwomenuncriticaloftheritual"ScienceNordic,June26,2013
104. Topunishherforadultery.
Followingrumoursthatwhenacertainpartofthe
femalegenitaliaischoppedoff,sexurgessubside
drastically,thesaidgroupofwomenagreedto
mutilatethegenitaliatocontainherlibido.
"Adulterouswomanfoilscircumcisionploytotameherlibido"theStandard(Kenya),December1,2013
105. "Thegirlssaidtheywereforcedbytheirparentstoundergothecutbecauseitistradition.
106. Theysaidtheydidnotwanttobelaughedatinschoolforallegedlybeinguncircumcised
107. andreferredtoaschildren."
"EmbuMCAsrescuesixcutgirlsfromdanger"TheStar(Kenya),December6,2013
108. Toenablewomentoreachorgasmbyexposingtheclitoris
FemaleCircumcisionasSexualTherapy:ThePastandFutureofPlasticSurgery?bySarahB.Rodriguez,
PacificStandard,February24,2014,orhere
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109. Because..."Ifagirlisnotcircumcised,itisacurse,"[Angel'smother,oftheMaasaicommunityinKajiado]
said."Herparents,hersistersandherbrotherswilldieearly.Soifagirlrefusestobecut,sheiscursingher
familyandsheisanenemy."
JudeKaberia:Kenya:localchiefsaccusedofabbeting[sic]FGMinCapitolFM,June22,2014
110. BecausegivingbirthbeforeundergoingFGMisconsideredtaboo.
TheStandardnewspapersaidthewoman,ChepongerYarasia,admittedto
policethatthegirl'sparentshadsoughtherouttoperformtheritual
becausetheirdaughterwaspregnant,andthatgivingbirthbefore
undergoingFGMwasconsideredtaboo.
"Femalecircumcisionkillergetsamnestydespitegirl'sdeath"News24(Kenya)
September4,2014
111. yess..cutgirlmakehercleann
112. ..anddprefrntdizeasses
srrymyenglushnotgood...ifromsomalia...wecutgirlhere.
113. itsbeutifultradittion
114. ..itmakegurlpreitty
115. andhappy
MohammedSaidAlSalaamonFacebook,November4,2014
116. Because"theclitorismakesawomanitch,makingherwanttoscratchallthetime,andthat
117. theclitorismakeswaterleakfromherprivateparts.
MuhammedAlhajieLaminTouray,presidentoftheGambiasSupremeIslamicCouncilin"Mydaughterwilll
neverbecut:itstopswithme"inTheGuardian,December13,2014
118.
119.
120.
121.

BecauseItisourjobandwegetpaidfordoingit.
Ourparentsdiditbeforeus,nowwearedoingitandthenwepassitontoourchildren."
...ifawomanisnotcircumcised,sheisntconsideredclean.
Shealsobelievesthatithelpswomenduringchildbirth:shehasheardthatwhenanuncutwomanhasa
baby,herclitoriscanexplodeand,
122. anyway,itisbetterforthehusband.Webelieveifawomanisnotcircumcised,makinglovewiththemwill
notbeenjoyable,shesays,smiling.
Sarjo,63,whocutantiFGCcampaignerJahaDukureh,in"Mydaughterwilllneverbecut:itstopswith
me"inTheGuardian,December13,2014
123. Toaidconception
CircumcisiontoaidconceptionkillsBingawoman
A33YEAROLDwomanfromBinga,whowasdesperatetoconceive,diedafterbleedingformorethan
aweekfollowingabotchedcircumcisionduringwhichherhusbandsgrandmothercutoffpartsofher
genitalia.
Sourcessaiditwasaculturalbeliefinpartsofthedistrictthatlonglabialeadtothedevelopmentof
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fibroidsandfailuretoconceive.Villagersoftencircumcisewomenbycuttingoffpartsoftheirexternal
genitaliatodealwiththeproblem.
TheChronicle(Zimbabwe)September17,2015
124. Toexpressthepowerofthepatriarchy.(Documentationsupportingthiscommonlyexpressedreasonwould
bewelcomed.)


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