A.

Mechanical Filter
The working principle of mechanical filter is to use the media to remove the suspending matters
and mechanical foreign matters in the water so as to make the water clean. This is the
pretreatment of the whole water treatment system and is generally used for the intake water with
the turbidity between 1-10 NTU. The purpose is to remove the suspending matters, solids and
colloidal matters and reduce the turbidity and SDI value so as to meet the water inlet requirement
of the latter demineralized equipment. The equipment can regain its cleaning nozzle ability
through the periodic cleaning. After equipments operates normally, the pressure difference
between intake and output water is no more than 0.05 MPa. Three main operation steps are wash,
water production and backwash (backwash procedure includes: water discharge, air cleaning,
backwash, standing and wash).
The equipment consists of its body, water distribution device, water collection device, external
distribution pipe, instrument sampler, etc. The water inlet device is upward water intake and
cross multi-hole water distribution. The water collection device is multi-hole plate water filter
nozzle collection. The equipment body has external distribution pipe valves and pressure
sampling junctions to facilitate users site installation and equipment normal operation.
B. Activated Carbon Filter
Activated carbon filter is a piece of equipment which uses granular activated carbon to
further remove the foreign matters such as residual chlorine, organic matters, suspending matters,
etc in the water coming from the mechanical filter. The activated carbon filled in the filter is shell
carbon which enjoys the features as lightness, large porosity, strong abrasive resistance and large
adsorption capacity. It mainly uses the activated carbon of high carbon content, high molecular
weight and large superficial area organic flocculating constituent to physically absorb the foreign
matters in the water. Through this way, the water quality meets the requirement. When the water
flows through the gaps between the activated carbon, all suspending matters, organic matters,
etc, under the VDW force, adsorb within the gaps of the activated carbon. Meanwhile, chemical
reactions occur to the chlorine (hypochloric acid) on the surface of the activated carbon and it
reverts to chloridion. In this way, the chlorine is effectively removed and the chlorine content in
the water outlet can be lower than 0.1 ppm.
Under normal conditions, according to the pressure difference before and after the filter,
using the reverse water flow to carry out backwashing the filtering materials so that most
retention absorbed in active carbon pores can be stripped and carried away by water and then
return the absorption function; When active carbon reach to the saturated absorption capacity and
completely lose the efficiency, we should regenerate or replace the active carbon to meet the

projects requirements. When activated carbon filter operates to the inlet and outlet pressure
difference at 0.05~0.07 Mpa, backwashing must be done. The replacement duration of active
carbon is half year to one year.
C. Cation exchangers
cation exchangers that exchange positively charged ions (cations) or anion
exchangers that exchange negatively charged ions (anions). There are also amphoteric
exchangers that are able to exchange both cations and anions simultaneously. However, the
simultaneous exchange of cations and anions can be more efficiently performed in mixed
beds that contain a mixture of anion and cation exchange resins, or passing the treated
solution through several different ion exchange materials.
When the raw water flows into the cation exchanger filled with H type strong-acid
cation-exchange resin, the cation ion in the water and the H+ on the ion exchange resin
react as follows:
Ca2+ + 2HR CaR2 + 2H+
Mg2+ + 2HR MgR2 + 2H+

in this reaction R means strong acid resin

Na+ + HR NaR + H+

inside cation exchanger

K+ + HR KR + H+
The result of reactions mentioned above is that various cations (Na+, K+ and so on) in
water are absorbed on the ion exchange resin, but H+ on the ion exchange resin goes to
water; the cations in water almost only contain H+ which has reactions with various
anions in water generating various acids. Cation exchanger control index: analysis
water outlet Na 50 g/L.
Cation exchange softening process, the scale-forming cations, such as Ca2+, Ba2+
and Sr2+, are removed and replaced by sodium cations. The resin is regenerated with NaCl
at hardness breakthrough. The pH of the feed water is not changed by this treatment and,
therefore, no degasifier is needed. Only a little CO2 from the raw water is present that can
pass into the permeate, creating a conductivity increase there. The permeate conductivity can
be lowered by adding some NaOH to the softened feed water (up to pH 8.2) to convert
residual carbon dioxide into bicarbonate, which is then rejected by the membrane. With ion
exchange resins, the removal efficiency for Ca2+, Ba2+, and Sr2+ is greater than 99.5%,
which usually eliminates any risk of carbonate or sulfate scaling. Softening with a strong

acid cation exchange resin is effective and safe, provided the regeneration is done properly.
It is used mainly in small- or medium-size brackish water plants, but not in seawater plants.
A drawback of this process is its relatively high sodium chloride consumption, potentially
causing environmental or economic problems.
D. Degasser
For a small amount of entrained gas in a drilling fluid, the degasser can play a major
role of removing small bubbles that a liquid film has enveloped and entrapped. In order for it
to be released and break out the air and gas such as methane, H2S and CO2 from the mud to
the surface, the drilling fluid must pass degassing technique and it can be accomplished by
the equipment called degasser which is also a major part of a mud systems.
Degasser is composed of degassed (carbon dioxide eliminator), degassed water tank
and degasser blower, these three connected into a whole. The equipment uses the air
blowing mode to remove free CO2 in water. Water is brought in from the top of the device
and flows through a bigger area packing material after being sprayed by spraying device. Air
enters from the bottom air inlet and passes through the packing material reversely, free CO2
in water folds quickly and enters to the atmosphere, then exhausts from the top.
Degasser have two types :
1. Vacuum Tank Degasser
Vacuum Type is the most common form of degasser. It can be horizontal, vertical or
round vessel. A vacuum action is created to pull in the gas cut mud. When the liquid enters
the tank it will flow and be distributed to a layer of internal baffle plates designed for the
mud to flow in thin laminar film and is exposed to a vacuum that forces the gas to escape
and break out of the mud.The vacuum pump moves the escaping gas from the vessel
discharging it to the rig's flare or environmental control system.

2. Atmospheric Degasser
This type of degasser processes mud by accelerating fluid through a submerged
pump impeller and impinging the fluid on a stationary baffles to maximize surface and thus
enable escaping gas vent to atmosphere.

E. Anion Exchanger
When the cation ion water flows into the OH type cation exchange resin, the cation ion in
the water and the OH- on the exchange resin react as follows:
2ROH + SO42- R2SO4 + 2OH-

in this reaction R means strong alkali resin

2ROH + 2Cl- 2RCl + 2OH-

inside anion exchanger

2ROH + 2NO3- 2RNO3- + 2OHThe result of reactions mentioned above is that various cations (Cl-, NO3- and so on) in water
are absorbed on the ion exchange resin, but OH+ on the ion exchange resin goes to water;
and cation H+ and anion OH- result in H2O.
F. Mixed Bed Exhanger
The mixed bed is one in which the cation and anion exchange resin are put into. Before
operation, the compressed air is used to fully mix the cation and anion resins to a degree that
the two kinds of resin are evenly and tightly arranged, similar to series of anion bed and
cation bed. In this way, it eliminates the disturbance of the countra-ion and generates highly
purified water. The principle is as follows:
Operation:
Cation exchange resin Ca2+ . Mg2+ etc HR Ca R2. Mg R2 etc H+
Anion exchange resin CO32- . SO42- etc ROH R2CO3 . R2SO4 OHRegeneration:
Cation exchange resin Ca R2 . Mg R2 HCl Ca2+ . Mg2+ HR
Anion exchange resin R2 CO3 . R2 SO4 ROH CO3 .SO4 ROH