Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
2R-08
First Printing
May 2008
www.concrete.org
ISBN 978-0-87031-278-6
ACI 209.2R-08
Domingo J. Carreira*
Secretary
Akthem A. Al-Manaseer
Marwan A. Daye
David B. McDonald*
Ian Robertson
Zdenek P. Baant
Walter H. Dilger
Harald S. Mueller
Kenji Sakata
Jeffrey J. Brooks
Noel J. Gardner
Hani H. A. Nassif
K. Nam Shiu
Ronald G. Burg
Will Hansen
Lawrence C. Novak
W. Jason Weiss
Hesham Marzouk
CONTENTS
Chapter 1Introduction and scope, p. 209.2R-2
1.1Background
1.2Scope
1.3Basic assumptions for development of prediction
models
Chapter 2Notation and definitions, p. 209.2R-3
2.1Notation
2.2Definitions
Chapter 3Prediction models, p. 209.2R-5
3.1Data used for evaluation of models
3.2Statistical methods for comparing models
3.3Criteria for prediction models
3.4Identification of strains
3.5Evaluation criteria for creep and shrinkage models
Chapter 4Model selection, p. 209.2R-7
4.1ACI 209R-92 model
4.2Baant-Baweja B3 model
4.3CEB MC90-99 model
4.4GL2000 model
4.5Statistical comparisons
4.6Notes about models
ACI 209.2R-08 was adopted and published May 2008.
Copyright 2008, American Concrete Institute.
All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any
means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or
mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction
or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing
is obtained from the copyright proprietors.
209.2R-1
209.2R-2
209.2R-3
209.2R-4
fc
H(t)
h
J(t,to)
=
=
J(to,to)
kh, RH(h)
or (h) =
ks
q1
=
=
S(t tc),
s(t tc)
or (t tc)=
T
t
t tc
tc
=
=
=
=
to
V/S
w
=
=
=
1 or k
as, ds1
and ds2 =
as(t)
c(t to) =
ds(t tc) =
e
RH,T
sc
209.2R-5
209.2R-6
Duration of drying;
Duration of loading; and
Specimen size.
Models should also:
Allow for the substitution of test values of concrete
strength and modulus of elasticity;
Allow the extrapolation of measured shrinkage and
creep compliance results to get long-term values; and
Contain mathematical expressions that are not highly
sensitive to small changes in input parameters and are
easy to use.
As described in ACI 209.1R, it has long been recognized
that the stiffness of the aggregate significantly affects the
shrinkage and creep of concrete. Some models account for
the effect of aggregate type by assuming that the effects of
aggregate are related to its density or the concrete elastic
modulus. Models that use concrete strength can be adjusted
to use a measured modulus of elasticity to account for aggregate
properties. Models that do not use the mechanical characteristics of the concrete and rely on mixture proportion
information alone may not account for variations in behavior
due to aggregate properties.
Until recently, autogenous shrinkage was not considered
significant because, in most cases, it did not exceed 150
microstrains. For concretes with water-cement ratios (w/c)
less than 0.4, mean compressive strengths greater than 60 MPa
(8700 psi), or both, however, autogenous shrinkage may be
a major component of the shrinkage strain.
Some models consider that basic creep and drying creep
are independent and thus additive, while other models have
shrinkage and creep as dependent, and thus use multiplicative
factors. The physical phenomenon occurring in the concrete
may be neither.
3.4Identification of strains
Equations (3-1) and (3-2) describe the additive simplification
discussed in 1.3.1
total strain = shrinkage strain + compliance stress (3-1)
( elastic strain + basic creep + drying creep )
compliance = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (3-2)
stress
(3-3)
(3-4)
209.2R-7
209.2R-8
Baant-Baweja B3
Model
CEB MC90
CEB MC90-99
GL2000
17 to 70
(2500 to 10,000)
20 to 90
(2900 to 13,000)
15 to 120
(2175 to 17,400)
16 to 82
(2320 to 11,900)
a/c
Cement content,
kg/m3 (lb/yd3)
w/c
2.5 to 13.5
279 to 446
(470 to 752)
160 to 720
(270 to 1215)
Input variables
0.35 to 0.85
0.40 to 0.60
Relative humidity, %
Type of cement,
European (U.S.)
tc (moist cured)
40 to 100
R or RS
(I or III)
40 to 100
R, SL, RS
(I, II, III)
40 to 100
R, SL, RS
(I, II, III)
40 to 100
R, SL, RS
(I, II, III)
20 to 100
R, SL, RS
(I, II, III)
1 day
1 day
< 14 days
< 14 days
1 day
tc (steam cured)
1 to 3 days
to
7 days
to tc
> 1 day
> 1 day
to tc 1 day
209.2R-9
in SI units
(4-1)
in in.-lb units
209.2R-10
209.2R-11
4.4GL2000 model
The GL2000 model was developed by Gardner and
Lockman (2001), with minor modifications introduced by
Gardner (2004). The model is a modification of the GZ
Atlanta 97 model (Gardner 2000) made to conform to the
ACI 209 model guidelines given in Section 3.5. Except for
the concrete compressive strength, the model only requires
input data that are available to engineer at time of design.
Figure 4.7 and 4.8 compare the calculated and measured
shrinkages and compliances, respectively.
The method requires:
Age of concrete when drying starts, usually taken as the
age at the end of moist curing;
Age of concrete at loading;
Relative humidity expressed as a decimal;
Volume-surface ratio;
Cement type; and
Concrete mean compressive strength at 28 days.
4.5Statistical comparisons
As stated previously, there is no agreement as to which
statistical indicator(s) should be used, which data sets should
be used, or what input data should be considered. To avoid
revising any investigators results, the statistical comparisons of
209.2R-12
Investigator
Baant and
Baweja
(2000)
AlManaseer
and Lam
(2005)
Indicator
Model
CEB
MC90
CEB
MC90-99 GL2000
BP*
55%
34%
46%
VCEB*
46%
41%
52%
37%
37%
83%
84%
60%
65%
84%
1.22
1.07
0.75
0.99
1.26
102%
55%
90%
48%
46%
FCEB
MCEB
BP
ACI
Baant209R-92 Baweja B3
Gardner
(2004),
fcm only
G*
34%
31%
32%
25%
Gardner
(2004),
all data
G*
41%
20%
25%
19%
(2005) MCEB
BP*
ACI
Baant209R-92 Baweja B3
Model
CEB
MC90
CEB
MC90-99 GL2000
58%
24%
35%
45%
23%
32%
48%
36%
36%
38%
35%
32%
35%
31%
32%
34%
0.86
0.93
0.92
0.89
0.92
87%
61%
75%
80%
47%
Gardner
(2004),
fcm only
G*
30%
29%
37%
26%
Gardner
(2004),
all data
G*
30%
27%
29%
22%
209.2R-13
209.2R-14
209.2R-15
209.2R-16
( t tc )
sh ( t, t c ) = -------------------------- shu
f + ( t tc )
(A-1)
(A-2)
209.2R-17
Table A.1Factors affecting concrete creep and shrinkage and variables considered in recommended
prediction method
Factors
Cement paste content
Variables considered
Standard conditions
Type of cement
Slump
70 mm (2.7 in.)
Air content
6%
50%
Cement content
Moist cured
Steam cured
7 days
1 to 3 days
Moist cured
23.2 2 C
(73.4 4 F)
Curing humidity
Steam cured
Relative humidity
100 C ( 212 F)
95%
Concrete temperature
Concrete temperature
23.2 2 C
(73.4 4 F)
40%
V/S = 38 mm (1.5 in.)
Steam cured
1 to 3 days
Water-cement ratio
Concrete composition
Mixture proportions
Aggregate characteristics
Concrete
(creep and shrinkage)
Degrees of compaction
Length of initial curing
Initial curing
Curing temperature
Environment
Geometry
Loading history
Sustained load
Sustained load
Compressive stress
Axial compression
Stress/strength ratio
0.50
f = 26.0e
f = 26.0e
{ 1.42 10 ( V S ) }
{ 0.36 ( V S ) }
in SI units
(A-3)
in in.-lb units
(A-4)
sh = sh,tcsh,RHsh,vssh,ssh,sh,csh,
(A-5)
with
7 days
Stress conditions
150 mm (6 in.)
R2 = 0.9987
(A-6)
(A-7)
{ 0.00472 ( V S ) }
{ 0.12 ( V S ) }
in SI units
(A-8)
in in.-lb units
209.2R-18
sh,tc
1
3
1.2
1.1
7
14
1.0
0.93
28
90
0.86
0.75
in SI units
in SI units
(A-10)
in in.-lb units
31 (1.25)
1.08
152 (6)
37.5 (1.50)
1.00
for 50%
in SI units
in in.-lb units
(A-11)
(A-12)
(A-13)
127 (5)
in in.-lb units
1.25
1.17
1.35
19 (0.75)
25 (1.00)
(A-15)
E mcto = 0.043 c
1.5
E mcto = 33 c
(A-16)
t
= -------------- f cm28
a + bt
(A-17)
( t to )
( t, t o ) = ----------------------------
u
d + ( t to )
(A-18)
(A-19)
For the time-ratio in Eq. (A-18), ACI-209R-92 recommends an average value of 10 and 0.6 for d and (steeper
curve for larger values of (t to)), respectively.
The shape and size effect can be totally considered on the
time-ratio by replacing = 1.0 and d = f as given by Eq. (A3), in Eq. (A-18), where V/S is the volume-surface ratio in
mm or in.
For conditions other than the standard conditions, the
value of the ultimate creep coefficient u (Eq. (A-19)) needs
to be modified by correction factors. As shown in Eq. (A-20)
and (A-21), ACI 209R-92 suggests multiplying u by six
factors, depending on particular conditions.
209.2R-19
Moist-cured concrete
a
b
4.0
2.3
Steam-cured concrete
a
b
0.85
0.92
1.0
0.70
0.95
0.98
(A-22)
(A-23)
(A-24)
c, vs
{ 0.54 ( V S ) }
2
= --- ( 1 + 1.13e
)
3
in SI units
(A-25)
in in.-lb units
in SI units
(A-26)
u = 2.35c
(A-20)
c = c,toc,RHc,vsc,sc,sh,
(A-21)
c, d = 1.14 0.023d
c, d = 1.14 0.092 ( V S )
in in.-lb units
209.2R-20
19 (0.75)
25 (1.00)
1.17
1.11
127 (5)
31 (1.25)
1.04
152 (6)
37.5 (1.50)
1.00
in SI units
(A-27)
c, d = 1.10 0.017d
c, d = 1.10 0.068 ( V S )
in in.-lb units
in SI units
in in.-lb units
(A-28)
(A-29)
(A-30)
(A-31)
(A-32)
0.28
in SI units
2.1
0.28
cm28
in in.-lb units
+ 270 ] 10
(A-33)
and
209.2R-21
Relative humidity
E cmt
0.5
t
= E cm28 ---------------------
4 + 0.85t
(A-34)
h 0.98
1 h3
0.2
h = 1.00
0.98 < h < 1.00
Type of cement
Type I
1.00
Type II
Type III
0.85
1.10
( t tc )
S ( t t c ) = tanh -------------- sh
(A-35)
where t and tc are the age of concrete and the age drying
commenced or end of moist curing in days, respectively,
and sh is the shrinkage half-time in days as given in Eq.
(A-36).
The size dependence of shrinkage is given by
Curing method
Steam cured
0.75
1.00
1.20
in SI units
0.08
0.08
f cm28
f cm28
0.25
0.25
[ 2k s ( V S ) ]
[ 2k s ( V S ) ]
in SI units
(A-36)
in in.-lb units
(A-37)
(A-38)
(A-39)
in in.-lb units
q 2 = 185.4 10 c f cm28
6 0.5
q 2 = 86.814 10 c f cm28
0.9
in SI units
0.9
(A-41)
in in.-lb units
Q(t,to) is an approximate binomial integral that must be multiplied by the parameter q2 to obtain the aging viscoelastic term
Qf ( to )
Q(t,to) = Qf (to) 1 + --------------- Z ( t, t o )
r ( to ) 1 r ( to )
(A-42)
(A-43)
(A-44)
r(to) = 1.7(to)0.12 + 8
(A-45)
209.2R-22
1.25
1.30
Cube
1.55
Note: The analyst needs to estimate which of these shapes best approximates the real
shape of the member or structure. High accuracy in this respect is not needed, and ks
1 can be used for simplified analysis.
q 4 = 0.14 10 ( a c )
(A-53)
ks
t o t c 1 2
S ( t o t c ) = tanh ----------- sh
0.7
0.7
(A-46)
in SI units
(A-47)
in in.-lb units
(A-48)
(A-49)
(A-50)
(A-51)
where S(t tc) and S(to tc) are the time function for shrinkage
calculated at the age of concrete t and the age of concrete at
loading to in days, respectively, and sh is the shrinkage
half-time
t t 12
S ( t t c ) = tanh -----------c
sh
(A-52)
(A-54)
209.2R-23
sc
SL (slowly-hardening cements)
N and R (normal or rapid hardening cements)
4
5
(A-55)
The effect of temperature on the time development of
shrinkage is taken into account by
with
s(fcm28) = [160 + 10sc(9 fcm28/fcm0)] 106
h 3
RH ( h ) = 1.55 1 -----
h o
(A-56)
In SI units:
0.5
(A-57)
0.5
(A-58)
( t tc ) t1
s, T ( t t c ) = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
( t tc )
T
V
V
350 --- --- exp 0.06 ----- 20 + -------------- S S o
To
t1
(A-60)
In in.-lb units:
0.5
( t tc ) t1
s, T ( t t c ) = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------( t tc )
T
V V 2
S S
t1
To
In SI units:
T T o 20
0.08
RH, T = RH ( h ) 1 + ---------------------------- ----------------------- 1.03 h h o
40
(A-59)
In in.-lb units:
18.778 T T o 37.778
0.08
RH, T = RH ( h ) 1 + ---------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------
1.03 h h o
40
(A-61)
(A-62)
209.2R-24
where caso( fcm28) is the notional autogenous shrinkage coefficient from Eq. (A-63), and as(t) is the function describing the
time development of autogenous shrinkage from Eq. (A-64)
f cm28 f cmo 2.5
6
caso ( f cm28 ) = as -------------------------------- 10
6 + f cm28 f cmo
(A-63)
t 0.5
as ( t ) = 1 exp 0.2 ---
t 1
(A-64)
(A-65)
0.5
(A-68)
(A-69)
where ds1 and ds2 are coefficients that depend on the type of
cement (Table A.11), s1 is a coefficient that takes into
account the self-desiccation in high-performance concrete, h
is the ambient relative humidity as a decimal, ho = 1, V/S is the
volume-surface ratio (mm or in.), (V/S)o = 50 mm (2 in.), fcmo
= 10 MPa (1450 psi), tc is the concrete age at the beginning of
drying (days), and (t tc) is the duration of drying (days).
According to Eq. (A-67) for normal-strength concretes,
swelling is to be expected if the concrete is exposed to an
ambient relative humidity near 99%. For higher-strength
grades, swelling will occur at lower relative humidities
ds1
ds2
800
0.13
700
600
4
6
0.12
0.12
(A-70)
(A-71)
(A-72)
f cm28
= 3,118,310 3 ---------- in in.-lb units
f cmo
(A-74)
(A-75)
1 h ho
RH ( h ) = 1 + ----------------------------------------------------- 1 2
3 0.1 [ ( V S ) ( V S ) ]
o
(A-76)
5.3
( f cm28 ) = ---------------------------f cm28 f cmo
(A-77)
1
( t o ) = ----------------------------------0.2
0.1 + ( t o t 1 )
(A-78)
with
3.5f cmo
1 = ---------------f cm28
s
0.20
0.25
0.38
0.20
(A-73)
Type of cement
RS (rapid hardening high-strength cement)
209.2R-25
0.7
(A-79)
Aggregate type
Basalt, dense limestone aggregates
1.2
Quartzitic aggregates
Limestone aggregates
1.0
0.9
Sandstone aggregates
0.7
0.5 days
(A-81)
0.3
(A-82)
with
H = 150[1 + (1.2 h/ho)18](V/S)/(V/S)o + 2503 15003 (A-83)
3.5f cmo
2 = ---------------f cm28
0.2
(A-80)
3.5f cmo
3 = ---------------f cm28
0.5
(A-84)
209.2R-26
(A-85)
(A-90)
with
where T is the temperature (C or F), and To = 1 C (33.8 F).
Equation (A-85) can also be used for a concrete age other
than t = 28 days.
The 28-day creep coefficient at an elevated temperature
may be calculated as
28(t,to,T) = oc(t to) + T,trans
(A-86)
t o, T =
ti exp
i=1
4000
13.65 ------------------------------T ( t )
273 + --------------i To
ti exp
i=1
4000
13.65 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------( 18.778T ( t i ) 600.883 )
273 + --------------------------------------------------------------To
in in.-lb units
(A-88)
with
1500
T = exp --------------------------------- 5.12
( 273 + T T o )
in SI units
1500
T = exp -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5.12
[ 273 + ( 18.778T 600.883 ) T o ]
(A-89)
in in.-lb units
(A-91)
in SI units
(A-92)
in in.-lb units
in SI units
(A-87)
t o, T =
(A-93)
(A-94)
(A-95)
(A-96)
209.2R-27
s
28
e = exp --- 1 ------
2
t
(A-97)
(A-98)
(A-99)
12
6
shu = 900k 4350
------------
10
in in.-lb units
f cm28
(A-100)
1/2
1/2
in SI units
(A-101)
in in.-lb units
where t and tc are the age of concrete and the age drying
starts or end of moist curing in days, respectively, and V/S is
the volume-surface ratio in mm or in.
A.4.6 Compliance equationsThe compliance is
composed of the elastic and the creep strains. The elastic
strain is the reciprocal of the modulus of elasticity at the age
209.2R-28
s
0.335
k
1.0
Type II
Type III
0.4
0.13
0.75
1.15
(A-102)
( ij Oij )
(B-1)
i=1
2
1
1 j = ----- ---------- ij ( C ij O ij )
Oj n 1 i = 1
(B-2)
0.3
0.5
( t to )
( t t o ) 0.5
28 ( t, t o ) = ( t c ) 2 -------------------------------- + --7- -----------------------0.3
to
( t t o ) + 7
( t t o ) + 14
n
ij = ---------nd nk
0.5
( t to )
2
-
+ 2.5 ( 1 1.086h ) ------------------------------------------------- ( t t ) + 0.12 ( V S ) 2
o
(A-103)
In in.-lb units:
0.3
0.5
( t to )
( t t o ) 0.5
- + --7- ----------------------- 28 ( t, t o ) = ( t c ) 2 -------------------------------0.3
t
t
(
t o ) + 7
o
( t t o ) + 14
0.5
( t to )
2
+ 2.5 ( 1 1.086h ) ---------------------------------------------
( t t ) + 77 ( V S ) 2
o
BP =
where
n
nw
nk
nd
=
=
=
=
N
Oij
=
=
Cij
Cij Oij=
(A-104)
When to > tc
0.5
( to tc )
( t c ) = 1 ----------------------------------------------------2
( t o t c ) + 0.12 ( V S )
0.5
( to tc )
-2
( t c ) = 1 ----------------------------------------------- ( t o t c ) + 77 ( V S )
1--N
0.5
0.5
in SI units
(A-105)
in in.-lb units
ij
j
B3
=
=
(B-3)
(B-4)
j=1
days, and above 1095 days. The final values are the RMS of
the six interval values.
1
O i = --n
( O ij )
(B-5)
Mi
where
Mi =
2
1
1
V i = ----- -----------( C ij O ij )
Oj n 1 j = 1
1
---N
V CEB =
(B-6)
Vi
(B-7)
i=1
where
n
= number of data points considered;
N
= total number of data sets considered;
= coefficient of variation in interval i; and
Vi
VCEB = RMS coefficient of variation.
B.2.2 CEB mean square errorThe mean square error
uses the difference between the calculated and observed
values relative to the observed value
( C ij O ij )
f j = ----------------------- 100
O ij
1
-----------n1
1--N
F CEB =
(B-8)
fj
( Oij )
(B-13)
i=1
Fi
1
-----------n1
RMS j =
(B-10)
( Cij Oij )
(B-14)
i=1
i=1
C ij
-----O ij
j=1
j=1
(B-9)
where
fj
=
1
M i = --n
MCEB =
n
=
N
=
1
O j = --n
(B-12)
j=1
Fi =
=1 M CEB = i-------------N
209.2R-29
(B-11)
1
O = ---N
( Oj )
(B-15)
j=1
1
RMS = ---N
( RMSj )
(B-16)
j=1
RMS
G = -----------O
(B-17)
209.2R-30
fc =
SI units
25 MPa
in.-lb units
3626 psi
h=
T=
20 C
68 F
V/S =
100 mm
4 in.
0.7
Infinite slab
tc =
7 days
Moist cured
to =
14 days
ks =
40%
fcm28 =
SI units
33.3 MPa
in.-lb units
4830 psi
Ecm28 =
28,178 MPa
4,062,346 psi
(A-16)
SI units
I
20 mm
in.-lb units
I
3/4 in.
c=
409 kg/m3
690 lb/yd3
Water content
w=
205 kg/m3
345 lb/yd3
Water-cement ratio
Aggregate-cement ratio
Fine aggregate percentage
Air content
Slump
Unit weight of concrete
*
w/c =
a/c =
=
=
s=
c =
0.50
4.23
40%
2%
75 mm
2345
kg/m3
3953 lb/yd3
146* lb/ft3
in.-lb units
shu = 780 10
(A-2)
(A-6)
209.2R-31
(A-7)
(A-7)
sh,RH = 0.686
[0.00472(V/S)]
sh,vs = 1.2e
sh,vs = 1.2e
(A-8)
(A-8)
sh,vs = 0.749
(A-8)
sh,vs = 0.743
(A-8)
(A-11)
(A-11)
sh,s = 1.011
(A-11)
sh,s = 1.011
(A-11)
(A-7)
[0.12(V/S)]
(A-12)
(A-12)
sh, = 0.860
(A-12)
(A-13)
(A-13)
sh,c = 0.999
(A-13)
sh,c = 0.998
(A-13)
(A-14)
sh, = 1.000
(A-14)
sh = sh,tcsh,RHsh,vssh,ssh,sh,csh,
(A-5)
sh = 0.448
sh = 0.444
(A-5)
(A-5)
106
shu = 350
(A-4)
shu = 347
(A-4)
106
(A-4)
Shrinkage strains
(A-1)
=1
t, days
f(t tc)
sh(t,tc), 106
t, days
f(t tc)
sh(t,tc), 106
f = 35 days
7
14
28
60
90
180
365
0.000
0.167
0.375
0.602
0.703
0.832
0.911
0
58
131
211
246
291
318
7
14
28
60
90
180
365
0.000
0.167
0.375
0.602
0.703
0.832
0.911
0
58
130
209
244
288
316
Note that the 365-day shrinkage strain reduces to 268 106 when the effect of the volume-surface ratio on the shrinkage
time function is considered, that is, if f = 26e0.0142(V/S) = 108 days (f = 26e0.36(V/S) = 110 days).
C.1.4 Compliance J(t,to)
a) Elastic compliance J(to ,to)
SI units
in.-lb units
I
Cement type
a=4
b = 0.85
fcmto = [to /(a + bto)]fcm28
fcmto = 29.3 MPa
(A-17)
Ecmto = 0.043c1.5fcmto
(A-16)
(A-16)
(Table A.4)
(Table A.4)
(A-17)
fcmto = 4253 psi
Ecmto = 33c
1.5f
cmto
J(to,to) = 1/Ecmto
J(to,to) = 37.82 106 (1/MPa)
(A-15)
(A-17)
(A-16)
(A-16)
(A-15)
(A-15)
209.2R-32
in.-lb units
u = 2.35
(A-19)
c,to = 1.25to0.118
(A-22)
c,to = 0.916
(A-22)
(A-24)
c,RH = 0.801
(A-24)
(A-25)
c,vs = 0.756
(A-25)
c,vs = 0.754
(A-25)
(A-28)
(A-28)
c,s = 1.018
(A-28)
c,s = 1.018
(A-28)
c, = 0.88 + 0.0024
(A-29)
c, = 0.976
(A-29)
c, = 0.46 + 0.09 1
(A-30)
c, = 1.000
(A-30)
c = c,toc,RHc,vsc,sc,sh,
(A-21)
c = 0.551
c = 0.549
(A-21)
(A-21)
u = 2.35c
u = 1.29
(A-20)
u = 1.29
(A-20)
(A-20)
Creep coefficients
= 0.6
d = 10 days
t, days
14
28
60
90
180
365
f(t tc)
(t,to)
0.000
0.328
0.499
0.573
0.682
0.771
0.000
0.424
0.646
0.742
0.883
0.998
t, days
14
28
60
90
180
365
(A-18)
f(t tc)
(t,to)
0.000
0.328
0.499
0.573
0.682
0.771
0.000
0.423
0.643
0.740
0.880
0.995
in.-lb units
6
(t,to)/Ecmto, 10
0
16.04
24.42
28.08
33.41
37.75
J(t,to) (1/MPa), 10
37.82
53.86
62.24
65.90
71.24
75.58
J(to,to), 10
0.262
0.262
0.262
0.262
0.262
0.262
Note that when the effect of the volume-surface ratio is considered in the time function of the creep coefficient as d =
26e0.0142(V/S) = 108 days (f = 26e0.36(V/S) = 110 days) and = 1, the creep coefficient and the compliance rate of development
are initially smaller than when the effect of the volume-surface ratio is not considered; however, after 365 days under load,
they are similar.
209.2R-33
fcm28 =
SI units
33.3 MPa
in.-lb units
4830 psi
Ecm28 =
27,318 MPa
3,961,297 psi
(A-39)
in.-lb units
I
20 mm
3/4 in.
3
690 lb/yd3
345 lb/yd3
Cement content
c=
409 kg/m
Water content
w=
205 kg/m3
Water-cement ratio
Aggregate-cement ratio
Fine aggregate percentage
Air content
Slump
w/c =
a/c =
=
=
s=
c =
0.50
4.23
40%
2%
(4-1)
75 mm
2345
2.95 in.
kg/m3
3953 lb/yd3
146 lb/ft3*
in.-lb units
kh = 0.2 if h = 1
(Table A.6)
(Table A.6)
kh = 1 h if h 0.98
(Table A.6)
kh = 0.657
(Table A.6)
1 = 1.000
(Table A.7)
2 = 1.000
(Table A.8)
Ambient relative
humidity factor
Nominal ultimate
shrinkage
s = 12[0.019w2.1fcm280.28
+ 270] 106
(A-33)
s = 780 10
(A-33)
s = 781 10
sh = 0.085tc
0.08f
0.25 [2k
cm28
sh = 1211.323
(V/S)]2(A-36)
(Table A.9)
sh = 190.8tc
0.08f
0.25 [2k
cm28
2
s(V/S)]
sh = 1253.630
(A-36)
(A-32)
(A-36)
(A-36)
Ecm607/Ecm(t + ) = 0.998
c sh
sh = s Ecm607/Ecm(tc+sh)
sh = 778 106
(A-33)
(A-33)
ks = 1.000
s = 12[0.02565w2.1fcm280.28
+ 270] 106
sh = 779 106
(A-32)
(A-32)
(A-35)
Shrinkage strains
(A-31)
209.2R-34
t, days
7
14
28
60
90
180
365
S(t tc)
sh(t,tc), 106
0.000
0.076
0.131
0.206
0.256
0.361
0.496
0
39
67
105
131
184
253
t, days
7
14
28
60
90
180
365
S(t tc)
sh(t,tc), 106
0.000
0.075
0.129
0.203
0.252
0.355
0.489
0
38
66
104
129
182
250
in.-lb units
q1 = 1/Eo = 0.6/Ecm28
Instantaneous
compliance
q1 = 21.96
106(1/MPa)
(A-38)
q1 = 0.152
106(1/psi)
b) Compliance function for basic creep Co(t,to) = q2Q(t,to) + q3ln[1 + (t to)n] + q4ln(t/to)
Aging viscoelastic term q2Q(t,to)
SI units
in.-lb units
q2 = 185.4 106c0.5fcm280.9
q2 = 159.9
106
q2 = 86.814 106c0.5fcm280.9
(A-41)
(1/MPa)
(A-41)
q2 = 1.103
106
(1/psi)
(A-41)
(A-41)
(A-43)
Qf (to) = 0.246
(A-43)
m = 0.5
n = 0.1
r(to) =1.7(to)0.12 + 8
(A-45)
r(to) = 10.333
(A-45)
Z(t,to)
Q(t,to)
0.000
0.223
0.241
0.249
0.262
0.275
0.000
0.216
0.228
0.232
0.236
0.240
q2Q(t,to) (1/MPa),
106
0
34.59
36.41
37.02
37.78
38.30
(A-44)
)}r(to)]1/r(to)
t, days
14
28
60
90
180
365
(A-42)
Z(t,to)
Q(t,to)
0.000
0.223
0.241
0.249
0.262
0.275
0.000
0.216
0.228
0.232
0.236
0.240
q2Q(t,to) (1/psi),
106
0
0.239
0.251
0.255
0.261
0.264
in.-lb units
4
q3 = 0.29(w/c) q2
q3 = 2.924 106 (1/MPa)
(A-46)
n = 0.1
(A-46)
q3 = 0.020 106 (1/psi)
(A-46)
ln[1 + (t to
)n]
q3ln[1 + (t to
0.000
0.834
0.903
0.933
0.981
1.029
209.2R-35
) n]
(1/MPa),
106
0
2.44
2.64
2.73
2.87
3.01
n
n
6
t, days ln[1 + (t to) ] q3ln[1 + (t to) ] (1/psi), 10
14
0.000
0
28
0.834
0.017
60
0.903
0.018
90
0.933
0.019
180
0.981
0.020
365
1.029
0.021
in.-lb units
106(a/c)0.7
(A-47)
q4 = 0.14 106(a/c)0.7
(A-47)
(A-47)
(A-47)
ln(t,to)
q4ln(t/to) (1/MPa), 10
0.000
0.693
1.455
1.861
2.554
3.261
0
5.13
10.76
13.76
18.89
24.12
ln(t,to)
t, days
14
28
60
90
180
365
0.000
0.693
1.455
1.861
2.554
3.261
0
0.035
0.074
0.095
0.130
0.167
Compliance function for basic creep Co(t,to) = q2Q(t,to) + q3ln[1 + (t to)n] + q4ln(t/to)
SI units
in.-lb units
to)n]
q4ln(t/to),
Co(t,to)
6
10
(1/MPa), 106 t, days
0
0
14
5.13
42.15
28
10.76
49.81
60
13.76
53.51
90
18.89
59.54
180
24.12
65.42
365
+ q4ln(t/to)
(A-40)
q4ln (t/to),
Co(t,to)
6
10
(1/psi), 106
0
0
0.035
0.291
0.074
0.344
0.095
0.369
0.130
0.411
0.167
0.451
in.-lb units
1
6 0.6
q5 = 0.757fcm28 |sh 10 |
q5 = 419.3 106 (1/MPa)
S(to tc) = 7.587 102
(A-49)
S(to tc) = tanh[(to
(A-49)
tc)/sh]0.5
(A-53)
S(to tc) = 7.459 102
(A-53)
H(to) = 1 (1 h)S(to tc)
H(to) = 0.977
(A-51)
S(t tc) = tanh[(t tc)/sh
(A-53)
(A-51)
H(to) = 0.978
]0.5
(A-49)
(A-51)
(A-52)
209.2R-36
(A-50)
S(t tc)
0.076
0.131
0.206
0.256
0.361
0.496
H(t)
0.977
0.961
0.938
0.923
0.892
0.851
f(H),
102
0
0.754
1.216
1.475
1.988
2.646
Cd(t,to,tc) (1/MPa),
106
0
3.16
5.10
6.19
8.34
11.10
t, days
14
28
60
90
180
365
S(t tc)
0.075
0.129
0.203
0.252
0.355
0.489
(A-48)
f(H),
102
0
0.746
1.202
1.458
1.964
2.613
H(t)
0.978
0.961
0.939
0.925
0.893
0.853
Cd(t,to,tc) (1/psi),
106
0
0.022
0.035
0.042
0.057
0.076
in.-lb units
J(t,to) = q1 + Co(t,to) + Cd(t,to,tc)
t, days
14
28
60
90
180
365
q 1,
106
21.96
21.96
21.96
21.96
21.96
21.96
Co(t,to),
106
0
42.15
49.81
53.51
59.54
65.42
q 1,
106
0.152
0.152
0.152
0.152
0.152
0.152
(A-37)
Co(t,to),
106
0
0.291
0.344
0.369
0.411
0.451
Cd(t,to,tc),
106
0
0.022
0.035
0.042
0.057
0.076
J(t,to) (1/psi),
106
0.152
0.464
0.530
0.563
0.619
0.678
fcm28 =
SI units
33.0 MPa
Strength constant
fcmo =
10 MPa
1450 psi
(A-72)
Ecm28 =
32,009 MPa
4,642,862 psi
(A-72)
in.-lb units
4786 psi
(A-73)
in.-lb units
N
20 mm
3/4 in.
Cement content
c=
406 kg/m3
685 lb/yd3
Water content
w=
205 kg/m3
345 lb/yd3
Water-cement ratio
Aggregate-cement ratio
Fine aggregate percentage
Air content
Slump
Unit weight of concrete
*
w/c =
a/c =
=
=
s=
c =
0.504
4.27
40%
2%
(4-1)
75 mm
2.95 in.
2345 kg/m3
3953 lb/yd3
146* lb/ft3
in.-lb units
sc = 5
(Table A.10)
209.2R-37
Concrete strength
factor
s( fcm28) = 445 10
(A-56)
(A-56)
(A-57)
(A-57)
Ambient relative
humidity factor
ho = 1
RH(h) = 1.018
(A-57)
cso = s(fcm28)RH(h)
Notional shrinkage
coefficient
cso = 453 10
(A-55)
cso = 453 10
(A-55)
(A-55)
Shrinkage
time function
(A-58)
t1 = 1 day
(V/S)o = 50 mm
(V/S)o = 2 in.
sh(t,tc) = csos(t tc)
Shrinkage strains
t, days
7
14
28
60
90
180
365
s(t tc)
sh(t,tc),
0.000
0.071
0.122
0.191
0.237
0.332
0.451
106
(A-54)
t, days
7
14
28
60
90
180
365
0
32
55
87
107
150
205
s(t tc)
sh(t,tc), 106
0.000
0.071
0.122
0.191
0.237
0.332
0.451
0
32
55
87
107
150
205
in.-lb units
as = 700
(Table A.11)
2.5
10
(A-63)
(A-63)
as(t) = 1 exp[0.2(t/ti)0.5]
(A-63)
(A-64)
t1 = 1 day
cas(t) = caso(fcm28)as(t)
as(t)
cas(t), 106
0.000
0.411
0.527
0.653
0.788
0.850
0.932
0.978
0
22
28
34
41
45
49
51
t, days
0
7
14
28
60
90
180
365
(A-62)
as(t)
cas(t), 106
0.000
0.411
0.527
0.653
0.788
0.850
0.932
0.978
0
22
28
34
41
45
49
51
in.-lb units
ds1 = 4
(Table A.11)
ds2 = 0.12
(Table A.11)
209.2R-38
cdso(fcm28) = 444 10
(A-66)
cdso(fcm28) = 444 10
(A-66)
(A-66)
ho = 1
1 = [3.5fcmo/fcm28]0.1 1.0
1 = 1.000
(A-69)
1 = 1.000
(A-69)
(A-69)
(A-67)
(A-67)
RH (h) = 1.018
RH (h) = 1.018
(A-67)
(A-68)
(A-67)
t1 = 1 day
(V/S)o = 50 mm
(V/S)o = 2 in.
ds(t tc)
cds(t,tc),
0.000
0.071
0.122
0.191
0.237
0.332
0.451
106
t, days
7
14
28
60
90
180
365
0
32
55
86
107
150
204
(A-65)
in.-lb units
sh(t,tc) = cas(t) + cds(t,tc)
t, days
0
7
14
28
60
90
180
365
cas(t),
106
cds(t,tc),
0
22
28
34
41
45
49
51
0
32
55
86
107
150
204
106
sh(t,tc),
0
22
60
89
127
152
199
255
106
t, days
0
7
14
28
60
90
180
365
(A-61)
cas(t),
106
cds(t,tc),
0
22
28
34
41
45
49
51
106
sh(t,tc), 106
0
32
55
87
107
150
205
0
22
60
89
128
152
199
256
in.-lb units
N
Cement type
s = 0.25
e = exp[s/2{1 (28/to)
(Table A.12)
0.5
}]
e = 0.950
(A-97)
fcmto = e2fcm28
(A-96)
(A-96)
(A-97)
(A-71)
(A-96)
)0.5}]
(A-71)
(A-71)
J(to,to) = 1/Ecmto
Elastic compliance
(A-85)
(A-85)
J(to,to) = 1/Ecmto
J(to,to) = 32.90 106 (1/MPa)
(A-85)
(A-70)
209.2R-39
(A-85)
(A-70)
in.-lb units
[3.5fcmo/fcm28]0.7
(A-79)
2 = [3.5fcmo/fcm28]0.2
(A-79)
1 =
Compressive strength factors
1 = 1.042
(A-79)
1 = 1.042
(A-79)
2 = 1.012
(A-79)
2 = 1.012
(A-79)
ho = 1
(V/S)o = 50 mm
RH(h) = 1.553
(V/S)o = 2 in.
RH(h) = 1.553
(A-76)
(fcm28) = 5.3/(fcm28/fcmo)0.5
(fcm28) = 2.918
(A-77)
To = 1 C
to,T = 14.0 days
(A-76)
(A-77)
(fcm28) = 2.917
(A-77)
Temperature-adjusted
age of loading
(A-76)
To = 33.8 F
(A-87)
} + 1] 0.5 days
(A-87)
(A-81)
=0
t1,T = 1 day
to = 14.0 days
Adjusted age of loading factor
Notional creep coefficient
(to) = 1/[0.1+
(to) = 0.557
(A-81)
(to/t1)0.2]
(A-78)
(A-78)
(to) = 0.557
o = RH(h)(fcm28)(to)
o = 2.524
(A-75)
(A-75)
o = 2.524
3 = [3.5fcmo/fcm28]0.5
3 = 1.030
Creep coefficient time function
(A-75)
(A-84)
3 = 1.030
(A-84)
(A-83)
H = 570.470
(A-84)
(A-83)
H = 570.445
(A-78)
0.3
(A-83)
(A-82)
(A-74)
209.2R-40
c(t to)
0.000
0.326
0.459
0.526
0.640
0.749
t, days
14
28
60
90
180
365
28(t,to)
0.000
0.824
1.159
1.328
1.614
1.890
SI units
T = exp[0.015(T/To 20)]
c(t to)
0.000
0.326
0.459
0.526
0.640
0.749
t, days
14
28
60
90
180
365
28(t,to)
0.000
0.824
1.159
1.328
1.614
1.889
in.-lb units
(A-91) T = exp[0.015{(18.778T 600.883)/To 20}] (A-91)
(A-91)
T = 1.000
(A-91)
T = 1.000
Effect of temperature
conditions
RH,T = 1.553
(A-90)
RH,T = 1.553
(A-90)
(A-90)
o = RH,T(fcm28)(to)
o = 2.524
(A-75)
(A-75)
o = 2.524
(A-75)
o,k = 2.524
(A-93)
o,k = 2.524
(A-93)
(A-93)
o = ck
Notional creep
coefficient temperature
and stress adjusted
o = 2.524
o = 2.524
T = 0.999
(A-89)
T = 0.999
(A-89)
(A-89)
H,T = HT
Effect of temperature
conditions on creep
coefficient time function
H,T = 570.159
Creep coefficients
temperature and stress
adjusted
t, days
14
28
60
90
180
365
H,T = 570.128
(A-88)
(A-88)
(A-88)
2
(A-92)
(A-92)
(A-82)
(A-86)
c(t to)
28(t,to,T)
0.000
0.326
0.459
0.526
0.640
0.749
0.000
0.824
1.159
1.328
1.615
1.890
t, days
14
28
60
90
180
365
c(t to)
28(t,to,T)
0.000
0.326
0.459
0.526
0.640
0.749
0.000
0.824
1.159
1.328
1.614
1.890
in.-lb units
J(t,to) = 1/Ecmto + 28(t,to)/Ecm28
t, days
14
28
60
90
180
365
J(to,to), 106
32.90
32.90
32.90
32.90
32.90
32.90
t, days
14
28
60
90
180
365
(A-70)
J(to,to), 106
0.227
0.227
0.227
0.227
0.227
0.227
28(t,to)/Ecm28,
106
0
0.178
0.250
0.286
0.348
0.407
J(t,to) (1/psi),
106
0.227
0.404
0.476
0.513
0.575
0.634
209.2R-41
in.-lb units
J(t,to) = 1/Ecmto(T) + 28(t,to)/Ecm28(T)
t, days
14
28
60
90
180
365
J(to,to), 106
32.90
32.90
32.90
32.90
32.90
32.90
(A-70)
J(to,to), 106
t, days
14
28
60
90
180
365
0.227
0.227
0.227
0.227
0.227
0.227
28(t,to)/Ecm28,
106
0
0.178
0.250
0.286
0.348
0.407
J(t,to) (1/psi),
106
0.227
0.404
0.476
0.513
0.575
0.634
fcm28 =
SI units
32.5 MPa
Ecm28 =
28,014 MPa
in.-lb units
4689 psi
(A-94)
4,060,590 psi
(A-95)
in.-lb units
I
20 mm
3/4 in.
Cement content
c=
402
kg/m3
676 lb/yd3
Water content
w=
205 kg/m3
345 lb/yd3
Water-cement ratio
Aggregate-cement ratio
Fine aggregate percentage
Air content
Slump
w/c =
a/c =
=
=
s=
c =
0.510
4.33
40%
2%
75 mm
2.95 in.
2345 kg/m3
3953 lb/yd3
146 lb/ft3*
in.-lb units
k = 1.000
0.5
shu = 900k[30/fcm28]
(A-99)
(Table A.14)
0.5
shu = 900k[4350/fcm28]
10
(A-99)
(h) = (1
(h) = 0.717
(t tc) = [(t tc)/{t tc + 0.12(V/S)2}]0.5(A-101)
(A-99)
(A-99)
1.18h4)
10
(A-100)
(A-100)
Shrinkage strains
t, days
7
14
28
60
90
180
365
(t tc)
0.000
0.076
0.131
0.206
0.254
0.355
0.479
sh(t,tc), 10
0
47
81
128
158
220
297
t, days
7
14
28
60
90
180
365
(A-101)
(A-98)
(t tc)
sh(t,tc), 106
0.000
0.075
0.129
0.203
0.251
0.351
0.475
0
47
80
126
156
218
295
209.2R-42
in.-lb units
I
Cement type
s = 0.335
(Table A.14)
e = exp[s/2{1 (28/to
Mean strength at age to
(A-97)
fcmto = e2fcm28
(A-96)
(A-96)
0.5
(A-97)
e = 0.933
fcmto = 28.3 MPa
)0.5}]
J(to,to) = 1/Ecmto
Elastic compliance
(A-96)
0.5
(A-102)
(A-95)
(A-95)
(A-102)
J(to,to) = 0.262 106 (1/psi)
(A-102)
in.-lb units
J(t,to) = 1/Ecmto + 28(t,to)/Ecm28
(A-102)
Effect of drying before loading factor
(tc) = 0.962
(A-104) & (A-105)
2nd term
t, days
14
28
60
90
180
365
1st term
0.000
0.272
0.368
0.415
0.497
0.586
t, days
14
28
60
90
180
365
t, days
14
28
60
2.5(1 1.086h2)
1.170
Ambient
relative humidity factor
Time function
1st term
0.000
0.272
0.368
0.415
0.497
0.586
Time function
28(t,to)
0.000
0.937
1.203
t, days
14
28
60
(A-103)
28(t,to)
0.000
0.936
1.201
90
180
365
1.377
1.598
1.843
1.324
1.536
1.771
90
180
365
1.374
1.593
1.837
209.2R-43
1.321
1.532
1.767
in.-lb units
J(t,to) = 1/Ecmto+ 28(t,to)/Ecm28
6
6
t, days J(to,to), 10 28(t,to)/Ecm28, 10
14
37.92
0
28
37.92
33.46
60
37.92
42.93
90
37.92
47.25
180
37.92
54.82
365
37.92
63.22
(A-102)
J(t,to) (1/MPa),
J(t,to) (1/psi),
6
6
t, days J(to,to), 10 28(t,to)/Ecm28, 10
106
106
37.92
14
0.262
0
0.262
71.38
28
0.262
0.231
0.492
80.85
60
0.262
0.296
0.557
85.17
90
0.262
0.325
0.587
92.74
180
0.262
0.377
0.639
101.1
365
0.262
0.435
0.697
209.2R-44
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