The FAT Facts: Butter vs Margarine

wakeup-world.com /2015/05/09/the-fat-facts-butter-vs-margarine/wuw_paginate/disabled/
By Katrin Geist
Guest Writer for Wake Up World
The one sentence summary of this article goes: I
prefer butter from grass fed cows to margarine. If
you would like to know what led to this conclusion,
find out below.
Both butter and margarine serve the same
purpose: they enhance flavor. We use them in
baking, cooking, and as spreads. Were so used to
multiple options of both on supermarket shelves
we hardly stop to think what were actually looking at, let alone how its made and what it contains.
For butter, thats simple: the label on the one I just bought reads: Cream, water, no added salt.
Contains milk. Milk fat 80% minimum. Butter has been a staple for millennia and is obtained from
churning cream until hard. Thats it. You can make your own in under 5 minutes. Four cups of 35%
cream yield c. 500g butter. Margarine, on the other hand, is a more recent 19th century invention using
mostly plant oils, rather than animal fats. It is an engineered food. As such, it requires more processing
steps to turn a liquid vegetable oil into a solid spread .

Why and how did margarine come about in the first place?
It all started with a French emperors desire to feed the working class and the army. In an attempt to
make butter more affordable by finding a suitable alternative, Louis Napoleon III offered a prize to the
person presenting an adequate solution. Much to the dairy industrys dismay, that person was French
chemistHippolyte Mge-Mouris. The year was 1869, and margarine was born as a butter substitute,
at half its price. Mge-Mouriss margarine originated from beef fat, though, and plant oil based
margarine was developed later, helped along by the influences (ingredient shortages) of the Great
Depression and WW2. From 1950 onward, US margarine usually consisted of plant based fats (Clark
1986), which is what we see on supermarket shelves today.
Margarine resembles butter in many aspects: looks, texture, smell. It differs in ingredients and
production process. Hydrogenation (adding hydrogen to unsaturated plant oils), invented in 1903, turns
liquid plant oils into more solid spreads at room temperature by increasing their melting point. This
treatment creates trans-fats (see below) and also decreases the vulnerability of oils to go rancid at
room temperature under the influence of light, oxygen, and heat: product shelf life improves. The early
food engineers were likely unaware of trans-fats and their impacts on biology. Their aim was to create a
product to replace butter. However, as analysis technology further developed, evidence for the
existence and negative impacts of trans-fats emerged and between 1960 1990 numerous studies
appeared, with conflicting results (Dalainas & Ioannou 2008). This changed in the 1990s, where the
negative effects of partial hydrogenation and resulting trans-fats on serum cholesterol bore out
consistently across multiple studies (Dalainas & Ioannou 2008). After next to ignoring them for 50
years, the negative effects of trans-fats is well recognized today (Franklin Institute, Puligundla et al
2012).

What is fat? Why does the body need it? In what form?

Fat (lipids), like sugar (carbohydrates) and protein

(amino acids), is a fundamental building block of
biology, consisting of a carbon chain saturated (or
not) with hydrogen atoms and a COOH head,
rendering the molecule a (fatty) acid (Fig 1). Fat
yields twice as much energy compared to sugar,
and mammals can convert sugar to fat, but not vice
versa. We must derive essential fatty acids (omega
3 & 6) from our diet. Fats ensure proper brain
function (your brain consists of 60% fat), help
carry, absorb and store fat-soluble vitamins (A, D,
E, K), provide fuel and energy storage, and are the
fundamental cell membrane component, among many other functions. From essential fatty acids, the
body can make its own more complex, longer chained fats (eg AA, arachidonic acid and DHA,
docosahexaenoic acid, the most abundant brain fat) to incorporate into membranes. Some of these are
also available as precursors from food directly.
Fatty acids form the key element of all biological
membranes, composed of a thin fatty acid bi-layer
(Fig 2). Membranes create compartments between
and within cells (organelles, eg mitochondria,
nucleus). Each of our c. 50 trillion cells uses a
membrane which selectively admits some
substances, but not others. Membranes are very
important for life. They confer properties to cells
and are characteristic of them. A cells membrane
configuration allows it to participate in metabolic
functions or not. For instance, when a food
particle reaches a cell that has no receptor for it,
that cell is literally blind to whats floating past in
the blood stream and cannot use it. No receptor, no interaction. Cell membranes are dynamic and
adaptable, not static. For example, cancerous cells increase their sugar receptors >20-fold compared
to their healthy counterparts (see documentary Truly Heal from Cancer), which is why its vitally
important to limit sugar consumption while experiencing cancer.
Cells communicate and interact through their unique membrane structure (Lipton 2004), the core part
of which is fat (Fig 2). So we need fats to maintain proper cellular function. Theyre actually very
important, and not to be condemned. Question is: are all fats equal?

Natural vs processed fats

Short answer: no. Longer answer: naturally saturated fats are solid at room temperature and do not
turn rancid from cooking. Sources of saturated fats are mostly animals (red meat) and some plants (eg
coconut), or derived products thereof (eg butter, cheese, ice cream, coconut & palm oils). Oleic acid is
one of the most common (mono-unsaturated) fats in our diet (main component of olive, almond, pecan,
macademia, peanut and avocado oils) and body. Ideally, we maintain a 1:1 balance of polyunsaturated omega 3 and omega 6 fats. Often, Western diets do not reflect this ratio, but tend to be
much higher in omega 6 fats (present in vegetable oils, nuts, poultry) up to 20 times or more (Franklin
Institute). Natural fats are those readily available without much processing.
Processed fats, on the other hand, are just that: subject to processing. Poly-unsaturated vegetable oil
(eg corn, rapeseed, safflower, sunflower, grape seed) stays liquid when refrigerated, and is unstable at
room temperature, prone to oxidation and rancidity. Vegetable oils produce trans-fatty acids when
heated while cooking and deep-frying, and during the industrial process of hydrogenation (see

Puligundla et al 2012 for details on hydrogenation). Examples of foods containing trans-fats:

margarine, french fries, donuts, popcorn, commercially baked goods, potato chips, snack foods,
sauces, crackers, mayo, salad dressings anything that contains partially hydrogenated oils.
The production process of oil involves pesticides, solvents and metals which may remain in the final
product (Puligundla et al 2012). Repeated heating during oil processing renders it rancid, the reason
why deodorization is part of the process, before final packaging in some form of plastic with its own
inherent problems. Additionally, a lot of vegetable oils come from genetically engineered plants (GMO,
genetically modified organisms). Common ones are corn and rapeseed. Canola oil is a prominent
brand. Margarine, baking shortening and frying fats may contain up to 40-50% trans-fats (Dalainas &
Ioannou 2008).

Trans-fats
Trans-fats rarely occur in nature (Puligundla et al 2012). That said, ruminant animals milk contains
between 1-8% natural trans-fats (Dalainas & Ioannou 2008). However, contrary to industrially produced
trans-fats, ruminant trans-fats are thought to be harmless when consumed in normal amounts (Willet &
Mozaffarian 2008).
The chemical structure and shape of industrial trans-fats differs from natural fat, affecting physiological
processes downstream where building blocks derived from trans-fats may not necessarily suit the
intended purpose or change functional properties. Its kind of like fitting a slightly off puzzle piece into a
puzzle. It works, but is not quite right. If your puzzle contains too many malformed pieces, the overall
result suffers, and the puzzle may change shape and fall apart, losing its function. In the rat model,
French researchers found that trans-fats changed the electric conductivity of brain cells (which
communicate through electric pulses). Further, they also reported a doubling of trans-fat incorporation
into brain cell membranes when the diet was deficient in omega 3 ALA (alpha linolenic acid) (Franklin
Institute). A change in molecular shape challenges highly specific (shape-dependent, as lock to key)
enzymes that break down fats: they struggle to do so with a changed molecular configuration.
So trans-fats are like off puzzle pieces. Too many of them cause problems, and theyre best avoided
altogether (Franklin Institute). They lead to more densely packed cell membranes, rendering them rigid
and inflexible, thereby changing their properties (Franklin Institute). A meta-analysis of 140.000
participants showed a 23% increased incidence of coronary artery disease after increasing energy
intake from trans-fats by 2% (Dalainas & Ioannou 2008). Trans-fats negatively influence blood
cholesterol levels (Zock & Katan 1997) and can activate a systemic inflammation response (Dalainas &
Ioannou 2008). They cause or exacerbate cancer, atherosclerosis, heart disease, auto-immune
disease, tendon and bone degeneration, type 2 diabetes, endothelial dysfunction, problems with fertility
and growth, osteoporosis, allergic sensitization in 2 year olds, eczema, among others, and are present
in mothers milk (Sausenthaler et al 2006, Mente et al 2009, Weston A. Price Foundation 2009,
Dalainas & Ioannou 2008, Franklin Institute).
Our body must use the building blocks we feed it. The consumption of trans-fats provides no apparent
benefit, but, as seen, considerable potential for harm (DiNicolantonio 2014). Denmark enacted
respective legislation in 2003, virtually eliminating industrially produced trans-fats (Dalainas & Ioannou
2008). They pose an unprecedented challenge to our body in its 1000s of generations of evolution. Yet,
foods rich in trans-fats remain abundant in our food supply. The obvious remedy is to stay away from
products containing them. Reading labels and becoming a fringe shopper in supermarkets are
certainly excellent choices. Health care starts at home (and in the supermarket). Use your power of
discernment!

The rise of margarine

During WW2, margarine was a uniform product in two versions (cheap and more expensive)
manufactured by one company and distributed under government allocation orders. For example, in

the 1940s, each person was eligible to 8oz of fat per week. Two of those had to be margarine, the rest
could be either butter or margarine (Clark 1986). Food adulteration has long been a problem, and
entire departments were created to ensure that butter was butter and margarine remained margarine,
as declared on the packaging (Deelstra et al 2014), difficult times or not. Pre- WW1 and WW2
margarine was mostly distributed in bulk, and people would buy it at the shop by unit of weight. Post
WW2, government rules eased. Individual packaging came along. And with it, influencing consumers
with brands (logos, colors, text). Shops shifted from offering bulk to individually packaged products.
Easing of regulations gave rise to competition, aggressive brand marketing and advertising (at first
largely unregulated), following the economics of supply and demand (Fig 3)(Clark 1986).
While there was hardly any margarine advertising prior to 1900,
in 1954 the advertising budget of one Dutch margarine brand
was 500.000 British Pounds. Reaching out and influencing
buyers through the media was well and truly under way. TV
advertising (of this brand) began in 1955. That year, margarine
production surpassed that of butter, continuing its success from
during and immediately after the war (Clark 1986).

Why did butter get such a bad reputation?

The earliest records of butter go back as far as 3500 BC. In all
the time since then, nobody ever thought it problematic until
the 1950s, where a new trend emerged: while margarine was
first marketed as the butter substitute that it was, with a goal to
resemble butter as much as possible, new research at the time
suggested that saturated fats and cholesterol as found in
butter and other animal fats were unhealthy and linked to
heart disease (Keys 1953 & 1970 in Ravnskov 1998).
With heart disease on the rise in the US at a puzzling rate a 500.000 fold increase between 1921 and
1960 (Fallon-Morell 2009) people welcomed to finally know the underlying cause. Contemporary
research also reported possible benefits of poly-unsaturated fats (Weston A. Price Foundation). These
results flowed into whats still known today as the Diet-Heart or Lipid Hypothesis: that saturated
animal fats raise blood cholesterol which then causes heart disease by hardening and clogging up
arteries (atherosclerosis), resulting in a possible heart attack. This hypothesis was highly influential
(Ravnskov 2002) and led the American Heart Association to inform people that consuming animal fats
causes coronary heart disease. For a healthy heart, therefore, one should prefer unsaturated fats the
basis of margarine. The US government followed up by recommending a diet higher in carbohydrates
and lower in fat to prevent heart disease (Hite et al 2010).
Thus, butter turned a bad fat for decades to come and margarine was established (and marketed) as
the healthy alternative due to its lower saturated fat content (Dalainas & Ioannou 2008) and richness in
poly-unsaturated fats. In public perception, margarine turned into a health food. The use of partially
hydrogenated fats accelerated in the 1960s, 70s and 80s as food producers responded to public
health organizations to move away from animal fats (Dalainas & Ioannou 2008).
There was only one problem: one of the central studies purporting the Lipid Hypothesis was majorly
flawed (Ravnskov 1998, DiNicolantonio 2014). Data were omitted and misrepresented. When reanalyzed, trends turned out a lot weaker (Ravnskov 1998). The result: theres little to no evidence that
a high fat diet causes heart disease (Ravnskov 1998, Fat Head 2009, Mente et al 2009, Hite et al
2010, Diamond 2011, Lundell 2012), and data in support of a low fat diet are lacking (DiNicolantonio
2014). Despite scarce valid evidence for the above cholesterol story we all know and lots against it and
the connection between saturated fat intake and coronary heart disease (Weston A. Price Foundation
2000, Siri-Tarina et al 2010, Ramsden et al 2013), the (misinformed) public still thinks of the low-fat diet
tale as well established, almost doubtless scientific fact. How did we get here?

The influence of published opinion on consumers: cholesterol & saturated fats

Just to what degree does marketing influence our lives? I think its much more than we are aware or
like to admit (Moynihan & Cassels 2005, Taylor 2009).
Its amazing how select published opinion, be it as technical paper, magazine article, institutional
declaration, government recommendation or marketing campaign, takes root and drives perception.
Sometimes for generations. The use of partly hydrogenated oils increased on the back of the low fat
craze, catering to an increased demand of unsaturated, low fat products based on the questionable
premise that cholesterol and animal fats cause heart disease and should be avoided. Favorable
published opinion sells product and old myths die hard. I remember the low fat hype growing up in
1980s Germany.
As early as 1936 it emerged there was no correlation between cholesterol levels and atherosclerosis,
as published by Land & Sperry (in Fallon-Morell 2009) and Gertler et al (1950). A later dietary study in
1965 found patients after a heart attack had highest survival rates when consuming animal fat (75%),
as opposed to olive oil (57%) and corn oil (52%) (Fallon-Morell 2009). Interestingly, the Lipid
Hypothesis took root regardless.
Recent literature provides clear evidence that the global epidemic of atherosclerosis, heart disease,
diabetes, obesity and the metabolic syndrome is driven by a diet high in carbohydrates (sugar, flour,
bread, potatoes), rather than fat (DiNicolantonio 2014). That one could lose weight by reducing
carbohydrates was already known and successfully practiced in 1864 (Diamond 2011). Replacing
saturated fats with carbohydrates or poly-unsaturated fats (namely omega 6s) in our diet is potentially
harmful (Ramsden et al 2013, DiNicolantonio2014). An excess of omega 6 fats causes inflammation
(Lundell 2012).
A meta-analysis of 21 studies looking into the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke and coronary artery
disease as a result of dietary saturated fats concluded there was no association between consumption
of saturated fats and increased risk for these conditions (Siri-Tarino et al 2010), a result echoed by
Chowdhury et al (2014) who analyzed 72 studies and found no support of current cardiovascular
guidelines that encourage high consumption of poly-unsaturated fatty acids and low consumption of
saturated fats.
And to ease the blame on butter further: its use decreased between the 1920s and 1990s, while
coronary heart disease and cancer increased (Fallon-Morell 2009). Changes in trans-fatty acid intake
roughly correspond with the epidemic of coronary artery disease (Dalainas & Ioannou 2008, Puligundla
et al 2012), and Felton at al (1994) concluded that omega 3 & 6 fats form a significant part of human
aortic plaques, suggesting that the protective effect of increased intake of poly-unsaturated acids may
have been overstated. This is seconded by Ravnskov (1998), who concludes that There is little
evidence that saturated fatty acids [] are harmful and that poly-unsaturated fatty acids [] are
beneficial. But there is evidence that margarine intake increases risk of coronary heart disease and
butter does not (Gillman et al 1997).
Cholesterol is a vital molecule for good health, and one that our body produces on its own. Its a large
sterol (not a fat) important for cell membrane structure (Fig 1), wound repair, the nervous system, as an
antioxidant, and as precursor of vitamin D, bile salts, and sex hormones (Fallon-Morell 2009). Theres
no need to demonize it. It has been known for a long time that dietary cholesterol hardly influences
blood serum cholesterol levels (Gertler et al 1950, Ravnskov 2000). Former heart surgeon Dr. Dwight
Lundell shares this view. I highly recommend to read what he says or listening to this interview
touching on the ways in which industry compromises well meaning doctors and researchers and
ultimately, government agencies (Fallon-Morell 2009).
Regarding the latter, the latest development of great concern is TPP (Trans Pacific Partnership). This
partnership prunes protective consumer laws, some of them centuries old (Deelstra et al 2014), to

accommodate industry the center of its interest, rather than peoples wellbeing. And relating to heart
disease and the workings of questionable facts turned public health recommendation, watch what
neuroscientist Dr. David Diamond shares in his 2011 talk How bad science and big business created
the obesity epidemic or read this critical account of the flawed foundations of US national dietary
guidelines (Hite et al 2010).
The film Fat Head (2009) by comedian and former health writer Tom Naughton (never mind the
content warning on Youtube, just click through and enjoy the film) offers a humorously different
perspective on fat and what fuels published opinion. It is an interesting and entertaining must watch
that challenges what we thought we knew about fat and healthy eating. Did you know one could lose
weight by only eating fast food for a month? Not that I advocate this kind of diet. But it illustrates the
films point. Sorry to spoil the plot. Its still worth watching though!
Some even say that higher cholesterol in women of all ages and people over 60 is associated with a
longer life span (Fallon-Morell 2009, Ravnskov 2002). Apparently, a cholesterol level below 160 is a
predictor of depression, cancer, violent behavior, stroke and suicide, and lower cholesterol was
associated with greater risk of death (Fallon-Morell 2009) the puzzling conclusion from this flies in
the face of commonly held belief:higher cholesterol may be better for us than lower cholesterol
(Ravnskov 2003). Nutritional guidelines have been confusing people for a long time (Steel 2005, Hite
et al 2010).
Maybe we should take a hint from our own bodies: nearly every cell almost all ~ 50 trillion of them
can produce cholesterol. Thats how important it is. Interestingly, William Castelli, director of the famous
Framingham study, often cited in support of the Lipid Hypothesis, said this about its results, in a
different publication: The more saturated fat one ate, the more calories one ate, the lower the persons
serum cholesterol. [] The opposite of what the equations provided by Hegsted et al and Keys at al
would predict. [] The people who ate the most cholesterol, ate the most saturated fat, ate the most
calories, weighed the least, and were the most physically active(Castelli 1992).
So what to make of all of this?

Butter vs margarine
Milk fat contains about 400 different fatty acids, most of them saturated (70%). Unsaturated fats make
up approximately 25%, and naturally occurring trans-fatty acids in milk comprise c. 2%. Butter is about
80% fat, the rest mostly water. Other components include cholesterol, minerals, vitamins and
phospholipids. For a longer list of butter constituents, see this article.
As mentioned at the beginning, fats serve important physiological functions: saturated fats make up ~
50% of cell membranes, are important for bone calcium, heart, liver & kidney function, and support the
immune system & detox mechanisms (Fallon-Morell 2009). Trans-fats on the other hand, influence the
body negatively and are best avoided. Fig 4 contrasts some physiological effects of natural saturated
fats vs industrial trans-fats.

Margarine manufacturing guidelines vary between countries, but generally margarine contains 80% fat,
oils from animal or vegetable sources, and vitamins A & D. The aqueous content may be milk, water, or
a soy-based protein liquid. Like milk it must be pasteurized and may also contain a salt substitute,
sweeteners, fatty emulsifiers, preservatives, and coloring agents. Not to mention trans-fats and
involuntary ingredients such as pesticides, solvents, and metal. Repeated heating during manufacture
also turns vegetable oils rancid.
Recognizing the danger and negative image of trans-fats, an increasing proportion of margarines do
not contain them anymore, so as always it pays to read the label. Palm oil and coconut oil, for
example, do not require hydrogenation as they are naturally semi solid. Yet, palm oil is problematic for
the way its sourced (tropical deforestation to establish plantations) (Isenhour 2014). When in doubt,
coconut oil based products may be the better choice.
And even if margarine does not contain trans-fats, in my mind, its still a highly processed food.

In closing.
When I set out to write this piece, I had no intention to delve in so deeply. I simply thought to investigate
whats better, butter or margarine. Little did I suspect this was such a huge story, present in so many
layers and aspects perhaps Ive been living under a rock for the past decades. At any rate, I certainly
learned a lot researching this topic. Its a bit unsettling what comes up when you begin looking and
question things you thought were harmless or just took for granted such as the all too commonly
known fact that animal fat and cholesterol cause heart disease. I guess the biggest lesson is to take
nothing for granted. As the saying goes: Assume nothing. Question everything. Select your truth
provider wisely. =)
Considering all of the above, needless to say, I dont bother with margarine. Why use a highly
processed product when the original (butter) is readily available and easily made at home? Simple is
best. I also find it important to consider just how much knowledge about the benefits (or detriments) of
something comes from marketing efforts and not primary sources such as research papers. And even

those can be bought or omitted in official reports (Moynihan & Cassels 2005, Hite et al 2010). Getting
to the root of things is work and can be tricky, especially with complex subjects such as this, including
many data, opinions, and stakeholders (Steel 2005).
Bottom line: own investigation is best. I shared my current results here and hope you find them useful.
Doubt any or all of it? Excellent! I invite you to start reading and find out for yourself. Enjoy the ride.
Im off now for some freshly homemade bread with butter and (real) salt sprinkled on top!
For more articles like this, sign up to my monthly Healthy Living Newsletter and receive a free report on
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interview: youtube.com/watch?v=E5jgrB2RblY
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The Franklin Institue
Truly Heal From Cancer Article & Documentary
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Further links:
Elkaim Y. 2013. Super Nutrition Academy ~ Butter vs Margarine podcast.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gzghqVEEqng
The history of butter and margarine and their production:

http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Butter-and-Margarine.html
Dr. Dwight Lundell (Heart Surgeon)
article: http://myscienceacademy.org/2012/08/19/world-renown-heart-surgeon-speaks-out- onwhat-really-causes-heart-disease/
interview: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E5jgrB2RblY
Canola oil: The Great Con-ola article, Weston A. Price Foundation 2002.
Weston A. Price Foundation. 2001. What causes heart disease?
Authority Nutrition: 7 reasons why butter is good for you .
TEDMED: Dr.s Dean Ornish & Deepak Chopra
TEDMED: Dr Peter Attia: What if blaming the obese is blaming the victims?
Previous articles by Katrin Geist:
The Power of Convictions and How They Shape Our Lives
10 Significant Reasons Why Regularly Drinking Green Tea Is An Awesome Healthy Living Habit!
Cradle to Cradle Design How a Biochemist and an Architect Are Changing the World
Truly Healing From Cancer and Preventing It Altogether
How to Lose Your Mind and Create a New One
Research Shows Promising Effects Treating Advanced Cancer with Light Frequencies
Depression & Anxiety: Discover 3 Powerful, Drug-Free Ways that Help Thousands, Naturally
The Power of Suggestion Are You Asking the Right Questions?
About the author:
Katrin Geist loves exploring the mysteries of life. Initially doing so as a
biologist, she now devotes her time to helping people regain and maintain
their wellbeing through Reconnective Healing and holistic health coaching.
Biophysics taught her the importance and far reaching implications of a
truly holistic approach to wellbeing, and to life at large. More and more, she
begins to understand how energy, frequency, and information shape our
lives knowingly or not.
Katrin holds a BA from the University of Montana, USA and an MSc in
biology from Berlin University (FU). This science background enables her
to communicate scientific subjects in an accessible way, so that everyone can benefit from information
otherwise often confined to technical experts.
Katrin has held international wellbeing clinics in several countries and currently works from her New
Zealand office in Dunedin. She feel privileged to serve in this capacity and invites you to experience
something different. Take back the reins of your health and discover more!
To contact Katrin for personal or remote sessions and to invite her for a seminar or presentation, please
call or email her.
You can contact Katrin via Facebook Email Website or telephone 0064 (0)21 026 95 806
(NZ mobile)

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