Pre-Feasibility Study Update and Feasibility Level Design

for Matenggeng Pumped Storage Power Plant Project

Technical Transfer Program in Jakarta

Introduction of
Sedimentation Analysis
September 10th, 2015
Takao SARUHASHI
(Hydrologist)

NEWJEC Inc.

CONTENTS
1. Introduction
1.1 Purposes of Sedimentation Study
1.2 Mechanism of Sedimentation

2. Estimation of Sediment Volume

2.1 Overview
2.2 Methods of Estimating Sedimentation
2.3 Example of Sedimentation Analysis

3. Introduction of Countermeasures
3.1 Countermeasures against Sedimentation
3.2 Overview of Countermeasures
1) Drawdown Flushing
2) Sediment Bypass
3) Density Current Venting
4) Dredging / Excavation

3.3 Studies on Countermeasures

3.4 Example of Countermeasures
2

1. Introduction
1.1 Problems to be caused by Sedimentation
Sedimentation causes ...
- Decrease / Lose functions of Dam
Decrease Storage Capacity for Flood control and Water utilization
Negative Impact to Intake Facility
- Rising riverbed of upstream of the reservoir
Raises Flood Water Level will cause floods upstream of the reservoir
- Decrease riverbed of downstream of the reservoir
Negative Impact to Stability of Bridge Piers
Coastal Erosion because of decrease of sediment
supply of downstream of dam
Dam

Raise Flood WL.

Sedimentation
Downstream River
Sea

Coastal Erosion

Lose Dam function

Decrease Riverbed
3

1. Introduction

1.2 Mechanism of Sedimentation

Sediment inflow consists of coarse ~ fine (Washload) composition
Sediment is classified according to flowing down into coarse at upstream area and
fine at downstream near the dam axis
Sediment sand forms the delta shape, which will proceed downstream with time

2. Estimation of Sedimentation
2.1 Overview of Sedimentation Study

Issues on Sedimentation
(1) How much sedimentation will be produced in the watershed
To estimate Sediment Yield
(2) How much volume of sedimentation flows into the reservoir
To estimate sediment volume
(3) How much the sediment elevation will reach in the reservoir
To estimate sediment elevation
(4) How to deal with sedimentation if sedimentation in the reservoir is
estimated to be big issue
To estimate sediment shape, and study on countermeasures by
sedimentation simulation

2.Estimation of Sedimentation

2.1 Overview of Sedimentation Study

(1) Estimation of Sedimentation Volume

1) Estimate Sediment Inflow Volume
2) Estimate Trapped Sediment volume in the reservoir
60.9(M.m3/50yr) = EL.+733m

750

Trapped Efficiency
by Brune Curve

Reservoir Elevation (m)

745

FTL : EL.742 m

740

Reservoir Volume (M.m3)

Sediment
60.9(M.m3/50yr)Elevation
= EL.+733m

735
730
725

MOL : EL.721.5 m

720
715
710

Sediment
Volume

705
700
695
0

50

100
150
Resevoir Volume (Million m3)

200

250

(2) Estimate Sediment Elevation Level and Low Water Level

1) Set Lowest Lower Level based on
Sedimentation Elevation Level
2) Set Lower Water Level in consideration
of available drawdown for turbine
Lowest Low Water Level; LLWL
LLWL = SEL + 2D + 1
SEL : Sedimentation Elevation Level, D : Diameter

HWL

LWL
h>=2.0D
H>=1.5~2D
SEL

1m
Headrace tunnel
or Penstock

2.Estimation of Sedimentation

2.2 Methods of Estimating Sedimentation

Overview of Estimation methods
Sediment volume in the reservoir is calculated by;
(1) Actual Measurement of Suspended Load
(2) Nearby sedimentation record
(3) Other methods

Cross-check by several methods is advisable

Shape of reservoir sedimentation

The sedimentation shape assumed to be horizontal in F/S in generally
In case the shape affects reservoir storage capacity and reservoir
operation seriously, it may be studied by computer simulation and
recorded data. Generally, this analysis is done at D/D stage if required

Typical reservoir sedimentation shape

2.Estimation of Sedimentation

2.2 Methods of Estimating Sedimentation

1) Estimation by the Nearby Sedimentation Record

When a dam already exists near the proposed dam site and its
sedimentation record is available, the sediment volume of the
proposed dam site is estimated from the specific sediment yield
Specific sediment yield is the sediment volume delivered to the
reservoir from catchment area of 1 km2 in a year (unit :
m3/km2/year)
Regarding specific sediment yield (qs),
following relation between qs and
catchment area (A) is introduced

qs = K A-0.7
K: coefficients

It is considered ...
Sediment inflow for the point with larger
catchment area will be decreased
because of
Trapped upstream of the river
Flat area with smaller sediment
production is larger

Source: The Collection of Hydraulic Formulae,Japan

Society of Civil Engineers (JCSE), 1999
8

2.Estimation of Sedimentation

2.2 Methods of Estimating Sedimentation

2) Estimation by the Actual Measurement of Suspended

Load
- This method is applied when the data of suspended load and runoff data
during the measurement are available near the dam site
- The suspended load is expressed by concentration (mg/l = ppm).
- The flow is expressed by the mean daily flow (m3/s)
- These are plotted on the log-log paper as shown bellow
- Coefficients a and b are acquired by the least square
method in the following equation;

Qs = aQb
where,
Q : mean daily flow (m3/s)
Qs: Suspended load (mg/l)
a, b: coefficients

2.Estimation of Sedimentation

2.2 Methods of Estimating Sedimentation

3) Others .... Examples of Empirical Methods

(a) Tanakas Formula
qS = a*Kt - b c
for watershed comprising plutonic rock,
hypabyssal rock and metamorphic rock
a = 12, b = 109, c = 50
for watershed comprising old
sedimentary rocks
a = 9, b = 247, c = 90
where,
qs : specific sediment yield (m3/km3/year),
Kt : Relief ratio of watershed

(b) Muranos Formula

log qs = a + b log A + c log R
+ d log ME + e log Rr
where;
qs : Specific sediment yield (m3/year/km2)
A : Catchment area (km2)
R : Annual mean rainfall (mm) for a long time
ME : Mean elevation of watershed (m)
Rr : Relief ratio (no unit)
a to e :Coefficient for each term depending upon
category of geological feature such as:
Watershed comprising old sedimentary rocks
(Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata)
II : Watershed mainly comprising old sedimentary,
metamorphic rock (crystalline schist)
a = -8.5498, b=-0.3926, c=1.3380, d=0.2523, e=0.0955

III : Watershed mainly comprising new

sedimentary rock (Tertiary and Quaternary
strata & volcanic detritus)
a = -2.7844, b=-0.0618, c=2.0970, d=0.1071, e=1.8900

Coefficients are decided depending on Geological and Geophysical conditions

10

2.3 Example of Sedimentation Analysis

Methodology & Overview

Long-term Runoff : by Low Flow study

Suspended Load Measurement Record

1,000

y = 0.0214x
Qs = 0.0214
Q1.534
1.5339

Suspended Load (kg/s)

100

10

Measurement record
1

Annual Sediment Yield for 1954 - 2011

V V s Vb
Vs R
12

10

1
1
1
Y
Y , Vb R 0.2
( 1 nb )
(1 ns )

R Q m Tm

m 1

, where
V:
Total Sediment Volume (103m3/yr)
Vs, Vb: Sediment Volume of Suspended Load, Bed Load (m3/yr)
R:
Sediment Weight (kg)
:
Specific Gravity (2,650 kg/m3)
ns, nb: Void Content; Suspended Load: 0.7, Bed Load: 0.4
Qm : Monthly Average Discharge (m3/s)
Tm : Time in month (sec)
Average
Y : Retention ratio
3
Sediment Yield and Annual Maximam Daily Discharge

1,200

500

1,000

400

800

300

600

200

400
200

100
Sediment Yield from Daily(m3/km2/yr)

0
1950

Max. Daily Discharge(m3/s)

0
1960

1970

1980
year

1990

2000

Sediment Volume
= 234 x 5200 (km2) x 50 (year)
= 60.9 (Million m3 for 50 year)

2010

Annual Maximum discharge (m3 /s)

Sediment yield (m 3/km2 /yr)

600

234 m /km2/yr

Sediment Elevation :
EL. 733 m

No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43

Date

100

Discharge (m3/s)

17.9.2008
13.9.2008
6.9.2008
2.9.2008
13.11.2008
17.11.2008
19.11.2008
22.11.2008
24.11.2008
26.11.2008
29.11.2008
30.11.2008
2.12.2008
18.12.2008
24.12.2008
27.12.2008
10.1.2009
24.1.2009
1.2.2009
5.2.2009
10.2.2009
17.2.2009
10.2.2009
24.2.2009
18.8.2009
25.8.2009
26.8.2009
28.8.2009
31.8.2009
12.8.2009
18.8.2009
18.8.2009
25.8.2009
2.9.2009
10.9.2009
13.9.2009
21.9.2009
27.9.2009
5.9.2009
4.9.2009
25.9.2009
2.10.2009
6.10.2009

Place
Hota
Hota
Hota
Hota
Hota
Dam
Hota
Hota
Dam
Hota
Hota
Dam
Dam
Nantain
Hota
Dam
Dam
Dam
Dam
Dam
Hota
Hota
Dam
Dam
Hota
Weir
Hota
Hota
Hota
Hota
Weir
Hota
Weir
Hota
Hota
Hota
Hota
Weir
Weir
Hota
Hota
Hota
Hota

Water
Level

(1)
Discharge
(m3/sec)

641.1
641.3
641.3
641.3
641.0
687.6
640.5
640.4
687.5
640.1
639.9
687.5
687.9

640.4
687.8
687.6
687.7
687.6
687.5
68.7
66.8
687.6
687.5
641.3
547.7
641.4
641.4
641.3
641.3
547.6
641.3
547.7
641.3
641.3
641.3
640.5
546.2
547.4
641.8
640.5
640.6
640.7

188.9
193.1
180.3
198.2
183.7
131.4
112.7
100.7
96.7
92.5
86.0
87.7
103.7
7.7
99.4
87.7
66.0
75.5
72.8
82.8
68.7
66.8
66.0
60.6
190.6
251.2
206.4
202.7
201.4
182.7
222.5
190.5
251.2
198.2
198.2
193.1
142.7
153.4
192.7
262.5
146.2
120.7
130.5

1,000
(masl)

(4)=(3)/(2)
Suspended
Sediment
(g/)
0.645
0.715
0.815
1.17
0.01
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.10
0.62
1.35
0.70
0.95
0.15
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.20
0.33
0.13
0.23
0.33
0.48
0.60
0.15
0.20
0.55
0.55
0.45
0.70
0.75
0.65
0.40
0.50
0.10
0.15
0.43
0.05
0.25
0.50
0.35
0.48

(5)=(4)x(1)
Suspended Load
(kg/sec)
122
138
147
231
2
13
6
5
5
9
53
118
73
7
15
16
12
14
15
27
9
15
22
29
114
38
41
111
111
82
156
143
163
79
99
19
21
66
10
66
73
42
63

11

Example of Sedimentation Analysis

3) Further Study
Limitation of the Result above
Estimated Result shown above has limitation as follows;
- Sedimentation profiles in the reservoir cannot be considered
- Sediment is assumed
to accumulate horizontally in the reservoir
to accumulate from downstream end of the reservoir
Assumed to accumulate
horizontally from downstream end
Assumed this
way

Further Study
Sedimentation Analysis
- based on current riverbed condition
- to estimate Sediment Profiles for every
year after operation

Not accurate

Sediment Profile cannot be

considered

Actually?

Sedimentation Analysis

12

Example of Sedimentation Analysis

Methodology of Sedimentation Analysis

<Concept of the Model>

Location of
Cross-Sections

One-Dimensional Simulation Model

to Estimate chronological variation
of the sedimentation in the reservoir
Dam

Section I

Section I+1

Modeling of Riverbed Cross Section

Modeling of Riverbed Exchange

II

Riverbed
variation

Modeled
cross section

Flow
Riverbed
Mixing layer
Transition

Z1 (Average

Cross sectional
area (A)

Z1Z0A/B

riverbed
line)

Z0

Sedimentation
layer (NL number)

Reference
riverbed
x

13

Example of Sedimentation Analysis

Methodology of Sedimentation Analysis

Flow Equation : Continuity and momentum conservation equations

Q
q
x

1 Q2

gA x A

Z h I e 0
x

Basic Equation

Z b 1 Nb 1 Bs qbk Bs Esk Dsk Nd Bs Ewk Dwk

0

t
x

1 s
1
Bb k 1 1 b

1
k
N
w

Calculation of Riverbed variation

Bed
load

Ashida and Michiue formula

Suspended load
Measurement record
Sep.2008 ~ Oct.2009
(Only 1 year)

u
17 pbk *3ek2 1 *ck 1 *ck
u* *k

gdk3
qbk

Suspen Ssediment concentration:

Lane and Kalinske formula
ded

Ck
z z a w sk
Load

exp 15

C ek

Washload

u*

Wash load discharge (m3/s)

Qs=8.03510-7Q1.942

Where, qbk : bed load per unit width of each particle diameter, density of particle and water, dk :representative
particle size (m) of particle class k, pbk : distribution ratio of particle class k in riverbed (pbk=1), pwk : distribution ratio
of wash load at particle class k , u* : friction velocity (m/s), u*ck : critical friction velocity (m/s) of particles with diameter
dk, *k, *ck : non-dimensional tractive force and critical tractive force of particles with diameter dk., *ek : nondimensional effective tractive force, Ck : mean cross-sectional concentration of particle class k, Cek : concentration of
particle class k at an equilibrium datum plane (z=za) , z : distance from riverbed

14

Example of Sedimentation Analysis

(1) Initial Riverbed Condition

- 51 km upstream from the dam axis
- Initial sections and profiles of riverbed :
based on 1/10,000 & 1/50,000 topographic map
- Cross-sections interval : 500 m

(2) Grain Size

Distribution
0.2~500mm: 7 classes
(Bed load)
0.002~0.2mm: 3 classes
(Wash load)

Dam
axis

7k

14k

Condition
of Analysis

(0~17km from dam axis)

15

Example of Sedimentation Analysis

Results of the Analysis

Simulation for 50-years after completion of the dam
- Sedimentation will be accumulated as below graph (not horizontally)
- Sediment level will reach to Intake of EL.706m within 40 years
Chronological Riverbed at
Dam axis

0 yr 10 yr 20 yr 30 yr 40 yr 50 yr
0.0 k 696.0 698.7 701.5 703.3 705.4 708.5

16

3. Introduction of Countermeasures
3.1 Countermeasures against Sedimentation
Target Area:
(A) Dam Body, (B) Reservoir, (C) Inflow Area, (D) Upstream (Producing area)
Countermeasures:
1) Reducing, 2) Routing, 3) Removing

Countermeasures
1) Reducing Sediment
Watershed
conservation;
vegetation,
hillside erosion
control
Sabo dam,
Check dam
2) Sediment Routing
Sediment Bypassing
3) Sediment Removing
Flushing
Dredging
17

Classification of Strategies of Sediment Control in Japanese and European Reservoirs

Classification

Sediment
Yield
Reduction

Place

Methods and details of settlement control

measures

Catchment, river
use of reservoir

Afforestation and vegetation practices

Settling and off-stream storage basins

Nonseasonal

Examples of dams
in Japan

Examples of dams
in Europe

Sabo Area, Changing from Sediment check

dams to sediment control dams

Slope and bank protection, river regulation

End of reservoir

Sediment check dams

Miwa, Koshibu,
Nagashima

Beninar

End of reservoir

Sediment bypass

Asahi, Miwa, Koshibu,

Yokoyama

Egsehi, Rempen,
Palagnedra

Gated outlets

Sabaishigawa,
Dashidaira, Unazuki

Luzzone, Livigno

Gateless outlets

Masudagawa

Orden, Ligustbach

Bottom outlet

Koshibu, Fukase,
Kigawa

Luzzone

Non-gate & curtain

wall

Katagiri

Glockner-Kaprun

Selective withdraw
inlets

Yahagi

Tourtemagne

Seasonal

Sediment Management Strategies

Sediment
Routing

Timing

Sediment Sluicing

Inside of reservoir

Turbidity current
venting

Submerged dam,
groynes
Flushing outlet

Dashidaira, Unazuki

Bodendorf, Gebidem,
Verbois

Sediment scouring
gate

Settsu, Yasuoka

Feistritz, Edltng

Sediment scouring
pipe

Ikawa

Annabrucke

Sediment
replenishment

Nunome, Akiba,
Futase, Muro

Margaritze, Emosson

Recycling for
concrete aggregate

Miwa, Yasuoka,
Hiraoka

Bodendorf, Genissiat

Miwa, Yanase

Margritze,
Sylvenstein, Forni

Sediment siphoning

Sakuma

Luzzone

Sediment redistribution

Sakuma

Pievedi Cadore

Drawdown flushing
Seasonal

Grimsel

Inside of reservoir
Partial flushing

Sediment
Removal

Dry
excavation
End of
reservoir

Mechanically
Dredging

Nonseasonal
Inside of
reservoir

Hydraulically

18

3. Introduction of Countermeasures

3.2 Overview of Countermeasures

(1) Drawdown Flushing
Dashidaira Dam (KANSAI) and Unazuki Dam (MLIT) coordinate together,
conducting integrating drawdown flushing to remove sediment on the reservoir
a. Drawdown
Dashidaira Dam

Unazuki Dam

b. Flushing through
low-level outlet

Dashidaira Dam

Unazuki Dam

c. Refill

Source: MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan)

19

3. Introduction of Countermeasures

3.2 Overview of Countermeasures

(2) Sediment Bypass [1/2]

Problems
Floods

Problems
Prolongedon
Turbid Water

Bypass tunnel contributes to control turbid water

and sedimentation.
Furthermore, it contribute recovering the
environment of downstream

Sediment
accumulation

Weir

Intake

Riverbed
Degradation

Intake

Bypassing sediment and

turbid water during flood

Tunnel

Intake

Bypass Tunnel
Weir

Outlet

Improve
sedimentation
and turbid water
in reservoir
Supply sand to
downstream

Dam
Outlet

20

3. Introduction of Countermeasures

3.2 Overview of Countermeasures

(2) Sediment Bypass [2/2]
Combination with a weir and an orifice makes it possible to regulate sediment inflow
to the bypass tunnel automatically and to prevent clogging intake with sand

Intake

21

3. Introduction of Countermeasures

3.2 Overview of Countermeasures

(3) Density Current Venting

Remove sediment by releasing high density turbid water and fine sediment at the
bottom of the reservoir from low level outlet during flood

High density
flow

Source: River Bureau, MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan)

22

3. Introduction of Countermeasures

3.2 Overview of Countermeasures

(4) HSRS (Hydro-suction Sediment Removal System)

Produce water flow in the sediment removal suction pipe by utilizing the head energy
between the reservoir water level and outlet with a siphon principle
Sucking sediment by utilizing negative pressure and remove out to the downstream

Fixed type
- Vortex tube
- Hydro pipe
- Multi-hole suction
sediment removable
system
Movable type

23

3. Introduction of Countermeasures

3.2 Overview of Countermeasures

(5) Dredging / Exavation

Basic countermeasure commonly applied
The target is not only the reservoir but also check dams
Disposal of dredged/excavated sediment is a also problem

Source: MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan)

Check dam

198
2

Plant for aggregate quarry

Source: Professor of Kyoto University, World Water Forum, 2003

24

3. Introduction of Countermeasures

3.2 Overview of Countermeasures

(6) Sediment Replenishment in downstream

The practice to compensate sediment deficits downstream and to improve the
ecological condition
Put excavated sediment at downstream of the downstream river and let it flow
down by energy of floods
(1)
Replenishment
198
2

(2)
Some of
sediment was
transported by
small flood

(3)
80% was transported
to downstream by
flood

(4)
Most of sediment was
transported

Source: River Bureau, MLIT (2011)

25

3.3 Studies on Countermeasures

Sediment Flushing

Advantage
- Continuity of sediment transportation is
kept to the downstream reaches.
- No need of sand disposal
Dis-Advantage
- Sand flushing gate is required
- Large cost
- Need to draw down the reservoir
- Affects downstream environment

Sediment Bypass

Advantage
- No deterioration of sediment
- Continuity of sediment transport kept
- Applicable for existing dam
Dis-Advantage
- Large scale tunnel is necessary
- Large cost

Excavation and Dredging

Advantage
- No need of additional facilities
- Immediate operation can be done after
planning
Dis-Advantage
- Operation cost is large
- Spoil area is necessary for dredged sand

26

3.3 Studies on Countermeasures

Strategies for Sediment Countermeasures
Capacity-inflow ratio and Reservoir Life
Check dam
Bypassing

100000

Flushing
Excavating

Scoring gate
Dredging

Scoring pipe

1 Oi

NoMeasures

Reservoir Life = CAP / MAS

10000

1000

100

Matenggeng-PreF/S

10
0.001

0.01

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Matenggeng_UpperDam 12
13
14
15

Matenggeng_C-2
16

17
SedimentCheck Dam,
18
19
SedimentReplenishment

20

SedimentBypass,
Sluicing

Matenggeng_A

SedimentFlushing,
SedimentScouringGate
0.1

Capacity-inflow ratio = CAP / MAR

10

CD
F
PF
SG
SP
B
E
D

Senzu
Yasuoka
Kasagi
Ooma
Tokiwa
Miura
Hiraoka
Sakuma
Hakuwa
Ikawa
Yamaguchi
Akiba
Miwa
Makio
Koshibu
Matsukawa
Asahi
Dashidaira
Unazuki

D, SP
SG
SG, D, PF
SG, PF
SG, PF
SG
SP
D, PF
D
E, D
SP, E, D, PF
SG, PF
E, D, PF
B, E, D, CD
E, D, CD
E, CD
B, E, CD
B
F
F

Check dam
Flushing (Draw down)
Flushing (Partial draw down)
Scoring gate
Scoring pipe
Bypassing
Excavating
Dredging

27

3. Introduction of Countermeasures

3.3 Studies on Countermeasures

Study on Sedimentation Countermeasures
Numerical simulation is effective to evaluate the impact of each
countermeasures with quantitatively estimations
Data Collection
Summary of
Issues
Understanding the
condition

Set Target

Development of
Simulation Model

Prepare
Plans

Monitoring

Comparison

Estimation of
Sedimentation
(No
countermeasure)

Estimation of
Sedimentation
with
Countermeasures
Selection of
Countermeasures

Lose 25.7% of effective capacity Improve 12%)

F/S level Design,

D/D, etc.

Flowchart of Study (Example)

Examples of Simulations

28

3.3 Studies on Countermeasures

Examples of Numerical Simulation
No Countermeasure

Flushing

Bypassing

Check Dam + Excavation + Tracking

29

3.3 Studies on Countermeasures

Sediment Management
Numerical Simulation requires investigation as follows;
Characteristics of Sediment (Riverbed condition,
Suspended Solid (SS))
Topographical condition
Dredging ability and availability of sediment disposal
sites
Check dam site and dimension of the check dam
Economic feasibility
Effect on river environment
30

3. Introduction of Countermeasures

3.4 Examples of Sedimentation Countermeasures

(1) Sediment Bypass : Asahi Dam

(2) Drawdown Flushing

Integrated flushing : Dashidaira & Unazuki Dam

31