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C 6H 12O 6.
6 carbon atoms
12 hydrogen atoms
6 oxygen atoms
VIII - 2
% oxygen =
oxygen 53.3 %
hydrogen 6.7 %
From the data, in 100.0 g of compound there would be 63.5 g of iron combined
with 36.5 g of sulfur. The empirical formula expresses the simplest ratio of the
relative number of atoms of Fe and S present and as one mole of atoms of any
element contains N A atoms of that element, this will be the same as the relative
number of moles of Fe and S atoms present in the compound. To calculate the
number of moles of Fe and of S atoms present in the compound, divide the mass of
each of these two constituent elements by their atomic weights.
Moles of Fe = mass / atomic weight of Fe = 63.5/55.85 = 1.14 mole of Fe atoms
Moles of S = mass / atomic weight of S = 36.5/32.07 = 1.14 mole of S atoms
Thus the ratio of moles of Fe to moles of S in the compound is
1.14 moles of Fe atoms : 1.14 moles of S atoms.
i.e. 1.14 NA Fe atoms: 1.14 N A S atoms which on dividing by N A gives
1.14 Fe atoms:1.14 S atoms.
However, the empirical formula must have integer quantities for all the numbers of
atoms in it. In this example, it is obvious that, within the usual allowable
experimental error in analytical data of about 0.3 %,
ratio of atoms of Fe : atoms of S = 1.00 : 1.00 and the empirical formula is FeS.
VIII - 3
= 1.14 moles Fe
= 1.14 moles S
As ratio of moles =
ratio of atoms,
Fe1.14S1.14
Simplify:
FeS
Example 2. Analysis returns the following data for an unknown compound:
nitrogen: 26.2 %
chlorine: 66.4 %
hydrogen: 7.5 %
by mass.
VIII - 4
hydrogen: 6.7 %
40.0
= 3.33 mole of C atoms
12.01
H = 6.7
= 6.6 mole of H atoms
1.008
O = 53.3
= 3.33 mole of O atoms
16.00
Therefore the ratio of atoms of C : H : O = 3.33 : 6.6 : 3.33
Dividing each by 3.33, the empirical formula is CH 2O.
The empirical formula weight of CH 2O = 12.01 + 2 1.008 + 16.00 = 30.
As the experimentally determined molecular weight is 120, then the empirical
formula must be multiplied by 120/30 = 4 to obtain the molecular formula.
i.e. the molecular formula is C4H8O4.
[Note the use of the word "amount" in these examples. By definition, "amount" is a
measure of the quantity of a given substance expressed in moles. This could be
compared with, say, "mass" which is a measure of quantity expressed for example
in grams, or "time" which is measured for example in seconds]
VIII - 5
2.
3.
4.
The formula for any given compound always has the same number of atoms of
each of its constituent elements combined in simple integer ratios. As the atoms of
each element always have their own characteristic mass, then it follows that any
given compound always has the same percentage composition of each element by
mass although, as seen in Topic 7, the masses of each element in the compound are
not in simple numerical ratios. Thus for any compound whose empirical formula is
known, the percentage composition by mass of each of its constituent elements can
be deduced.
Using this process in reverse, if the percentage composition of a compound is
available from experiment, then the empirical formula for the compound can be
deduced by converting this mass data into relative numbers of moles of each
element in the compound. This is done by dividing the mass of each element
present in a given mass of compound by that elements gram atomic weigh. The
relative number of moles of each element in the compound is the same as the
relative number of atoms of each, which when reduced to the simplest integer ratio,
is the empirical formula of the compound.
For molecular compounds, the molecular formula is a simple multiple of the
empirical formula. If the molecular weight is also available from experiment, then
the molecular formula can be deduced by comparing the empirical formula weight
with the molecular weight to obtain the required multiple.
VIII - 6
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
VIII - 7
(i)
67.14 %
(ii)
27.29 %
(iii)
10.57 %
(iv)
25.13 %
(v)
20.11 %
(vi)
42.88 %
(vii)
11.19 %
(viii) 20.11 %
Explanations and Partial Solutions.
(i) Molar mass of KBr = 119.0 g mol1
Molar mass of Br = 79.90 g mol1
There is only one Br in the formula for potassium bromide,
% Br in KBr = (79.90 / 119.0) 100 = 67.14 %
Note the importance of having the correct formula for the compound, potassium
bromide.
(ii) Molar mass of CO 2 = 44.01g mol1
(iii) Molar mass of PbSO 4 = 303.3 g mol1
(iv) Molar mass of CH 4 = 16.04 g mol1
Molar mass of H = 1.008 g mol1
There are four H atoms in each CH 4 molecule,
% H in methane = [(4 1.008) / 16.04] 100 = 25.13 %
(v) Molar mass of C 2H 6 = 30.07 g mol1
(vi) Molar mass of CO = 28.01 g mol1
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(i)
(a) CH 3O
(b) C 2H 6O 2
Worked Solution.
In 100 g compound, mass of carbon = 38.7 g, mass of hydrogen = 9.8 g and mass
of oxygen = (100.0 38.7 9.8) = 51.5 g.
Moles of C atoms = 38.7 / 12.01 = 3.22 mol
Moles of H atoms = 9.8 / 1.008 = 9.72 mol [Note the use of the atomic weight for
H as it is the number of moles of H atoms that is required.]
Moles of O atoms = 51.5 / 16.00 = 3.22 mol [Likewise, the atomic weight of O is
used so that moles of O atoms is obtained]
ratio of moles of C:H:O = 3.22 : 9.72 : 3.22 = ratio of atoms of C:H:O
Reducing these ratios to integers gives the empirical formula with the ratios of
C:H:O = 1.00 : 3.02 : 1.00, which within the allowable error for analysis (0.3%),
is CH3O
The formula mass of CH 3O = 12.01 + 3 1.008 + 16.00 = 31.0
Molar mass of the compound is 62 which corresponds to twice the empirical
formula mass. molecular formula is C 2H 6O 2.
3.
(ii)
C6H6BNCl
(iii)
(a) SO3
(b) S3O 9
(iv)
(a) FeS
(b) FeS2
(v)
Na2SO 4
(vi)
NSF3O3
(c) Fe2S3
0.23 g
Worked Solution.
One mole of FeSO4.6H2O contains one mole of Fe2+.
moles of FeSO 4.6H 2O = moles of Fe2+ required.
Moles Fe2+ = 50 103 / 55.85 = 8.95 104 mol.
Molar mass of FeSO 4.6H 2O = 260.0 g mol1.
Mass of FeSO4.6H2O required = 8.95 104 260.0 = 0.23 g.
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4. Take an amount of each compound such that there would be exactly 1.0 g of
nitrogen present in each sample. For each compound, calculate the mass of
compound taken and thence by difference, the mass of oxygen present.
If 63.64 % is nitrogen, then mass of compound = 100 1.0 g = 1.57 g
63.64
and mass of oxygen = 1.57 ! 1.0 = 0.57 g
If 46.67 % is nitrogen, then mass of compound = 100 1.0 g = 2.14 g
46.67
and mass of oxygen = 2.14 ! 1.0 = 1.14 g
If 36.84 % is nitrogen, then mass of compound = 100 1.0 g = 2.71 g
36.84
and mass of oxygen = 2.71 ! 1.0 = 1.71 g
If 30.44 % is nitrogen, then mass of compound = 100 1.0 g = 3.29 g
30.44
and mass of oxygen = 3.29 ! 1.0 = 2.29 g
If 25.93 % is nitrogen, then mass of compound = 100 1.0 g = 3.86 g
25.93
and mass of oxygen = 3.86 ! 1.0 = 2.86 g
Thus the ratios of N:O in the various compounds are
0.57 : 1.14 : 1.71 : 2.29 : 2.86
which simplifies to
1:2:3:4:5