Complete the sentences with the correct word classes.

1. A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, event,

substance or quality,
e.g. teacher, banana, hotel, oil and friendliness.
2. A pronoun is a word which is used instead of a noun or a
noun phrase, e.g. she, it, who. They are often used to refer to
a noun that has already been mentioned.
3. An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun,
e.g. small, tired, pink, hot.
4. A verb is a word or phrase that describes an action, a
state of being or an experience, e.g. jump, keep, feel.
5. An adverb is a word that describes or gives more
information about a verb, adjective, adverb or phrase,
e.g. she laughed happily, the dress was beautifully made.
6. A conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases and
clauses in a sentence, e.g. and, but, while, although.
7. A determiner is a word that is used before a noun to show
which particular example of the noun you are referring to,
e.g. that blue dress, my last holiday.
8. A preposition is a word that is used before a noun, a noun
phrase or a pronoun, connecting it to another word in the
sentence, e.g. he came by bus. They arrived at 10.00.
9. An interjection is a word that is used to show a sudden
expression of emotion, e.g. Hey! Wow! Ouch!

Summary of the 5 types of nouns we have looked at

In Tasks 2 and 3 we looked at countable and uncountable
nouns. We call nouns countable because we can count the
number of things. For example, we can count the number of
apples we see. Countable nouns can be singular or plural.
Singular countable nouns have a, an or the in front of them.
Plural countable nouns usually end in s and can have a
number in front of them, e.g. five apples.
Uncountable nouns are things we cant count like advice,
information, water or air. They dont have a plural form: we
cant say advices. And they are not used with a or an: we
cant say an information (we say some information).
Some words can be countable or uncountable, depending on
their meaning in context. For example, in Task 2, experience is
uncountable when we are talking about the teachers general
experience (she has a lot of experience), but its countable
when we are talking about particular events (I've had many
strange experiences in my life). When we want to quantify
uncountable nouns, we use phrases like a bag of (flour), a
piece of (advice, information) or a drop of (water).
In Task 4, we looked at concrete and abstract nouns. Concrete
nouns can be seen, touched or measured.
In Task 5 we looked at collective nouns. These are nouns that
refer to a group of people, for example family, audience, team
and government.

In Task 6 we looked at compound nouns. A compound noun

combines two or more words into a new word with a related
meaning. Compound words may be written as one word
(bedroom), separate words (alarm clock) or separate but
hyphenated words (brother-in-law).
In Task 7 we looked at possessive nouns. We add an
apostrophe (') and s to a noun to make it possessive. This
shows that what follows the noun belongs to it. For example,
in Johns book, the book belongs to John. In singular nouns
and irregular plural nouns the apostrophe comes before the s
as in Johns or mens. In regular plural nouns ending in an s
the apostrophe comes after e.g. parents.
Lets look at the answers to the task. What other determiners
are there?
The most common determiners in the English language are
the definite and indefinite articles.
The definite article is the, e.g.
the house.
Indefinite articles are a and an, e.g.
a village, an orchard
Other determiners are quantifiers, words that say how much
or how many, e.g.

some, any, few, e.g. some fruit, any lemons, few oranges
cardinal numbers like one, two, three, e.g. five bananas
ordinal numbers like first, second, third, e.g. first time.
The student doesnt know that
A adjectives come before the noun
B adjectives dont have plural forms
C adjectives are sometimes ungradable
D adjectives are not connected with conjunctions when they come
before a noun
E adjectives from participles may end in ing or ed but the meaning
is different
F adjectives are connected with conjunctions when they come after
the verb to be
G adjectives need to follow a specific order when more than one is
used in a sentence
H adjectives have different comparative forms depending on their
length
1 There are olds buildings in my city.
B
2 It is a shop new.
A
3 They were watching a funny and new movie. D
4 The house was big, modern.
F
5 It is very freezing in my country in the winter. C
6 I was very boring in my lesson today.
E
7 Sarah is more kind than Jane.
H
8 She has blue, big suitcase.
G

Lets move on now from adjectives to looking at conjunctions. From the

definition we saw earlier, we know that conjunctions are words that
connect words, phrases and clauses in a sentence. Before we look at
conjunctions, we need to talk about the sentences they work with.
A sentence is a group of words which express a thought or thoughts.
There are four types of sentence:
1 A statement, for example: I like music.
2 A question, for example: How are you?
3 An imperative, for example: Turn on the light.
4 An exclamation, for example: Thats fantastic!
Sentences are made of clauses. Sentences can be simple or complex.
Simple sentences have one clause: that is, a subject and a verb and
perhaps an object.
Complex sentences are made up of more than one clause and this is
where conjunctions come in. For example, the sentence It was sunny
and we felt warm is made up of two clauses joined together by the
conjunction and. In the sentence It was sunny and we felt warm, the
two clauses are independent of each other and can stand alone. For
example, It was sunny. We felt warm. These are main clauses joined

together by and. Conjunctions that join main clauses together are

called coordinating conjunctions. And is an example of a coordinating
conjunction.
There are three main coordinating conjunctions that work with main
clauses in this way: and, but, or. For example: It was raining but it was
warm. Would you like coffee or would you like tea? Note, though, that in
the second of the two coordinating clauses, the subject words and
modal auxiliaries are often left out. For example, It was raining but
warm. Would you like coffee or tea?
The other conjunctions that we use in complex sentences are called
subordinating conjunctions. They are called this because they are used
to join a subordinate clause to a main clause in a complex sentence.
Subordinate clauses are dependent on the main clause. For example,
Ill wear my hat if I want to. I want to is a subordinate clause. It leaves
you asking what? I want to what? We need the main clause Ill wear my
hat to understand the sentence.

Like conjunctions, prepositions are used to

connect or link words in a sentence. Some
of the most frequently used words in
English are prepositions, e.g. in, on, by, to,
with.
Here are a couple of facts about
prepositions:

Prepositions usually come before a noun in

a sentence, e.g. at home, by bus.
Most prepositions have more than one
meaning, e.g. at can relate to time, e.g. at
9 o'clock, or place, e.g. at home.
Prepositions can be classified into some
broad categories, although, as mentioned
before, many prepositions belong to more
than one category and there are some
prepositions that do not fall into these
categories.
Prepositions of time
for 4 years
five to six
since 1999
on Tuesday
five past six
Hell be home by 9 oclock.
4 years ago
in April
from Monday to Thursday
before 2000
Im here until Sunday.

at night
Prepositions of place (position)
on the wall
Its under the table.
behind the door
in the house
It's next to the bed.
at the theatre
Prepositions of place (direction)
Im going to the bank.
Get out of the car.
Drive towards the town.
Pass through the tunnel.
Climb over the fence.
Go across the bridge.

A regular verb is a verb which forms its past tense by adding -ed.
watch I watched TV.

like He liked the game.

correct

An irregular verb is a verb which does not form its past tense by adding -ed. Irregular verbs have many
different past and past participle forms.
drive They drove to work.

go He went to Spain.

correct

The base form of a verb is the simplest form of the verb. It is the form listed in a dictionary. It is also called the
bare infinitive.

play, drive, go, buy, watch, own, think, believe, be

correct

The infinitive form of a verb is the simplest form of the verb with to.
to eat, to play, to drive, to go, to buy, to watch, to own, to believe
correct

A present participle is also called the -ing form. Its the simplest form of the verb with -ing added.
eating, playing, driving, going, buying, watching, singing
correct

A past participle is sometimes referred to as the third form of a verb. It is used to form tenses and comes after
forms of the verb have and be. Regular past participles end in -ed.
eaten, played, driven, gone, bought, watched, belonged, owned
An event verb is also known as a dynamic verb. These verbs describe actions or events. They are used in
simple and continuous tenses.
eat, break, flew, fallen, begin, watch, boils, drinks, exploded, kick
correct

A state verb is also known as a stative verb. These verbs describe states or conditions. They are not normally
used in continuous tenses.
be, knew, believed, understand, belonged, last, own, depend, deserve
correct

A transitive verb is sometimes called an object verb, as it needs to be followed by an object, usually a noun, a
pronoun or a noun phrase.
Tom gave the book to Sarah.
correct

I ate the apple. Jim is buying someshoes.

An intransitive verb is sometimes called a no object verb as it is

not followed by an object; it stands alone.
The train arrived late.

It rained.

Ive already eaten.

The baby laughed.

correct

A linking verb is sometimes called a complement verb because it needs to be followed by a complement,
usually an adjective or a phrase with an adjective in it.
It feels cold.

They are very happy.

She seems relaxed.

correct

A multiword verb is a verb made up of a main verb (do, come, put) plus a particle (on, out, off, back). Multiword
verbs include
phrasal verbs and prepositional verbs.
give up, take away, put up, take after, put up with.