EE 3033 FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEMS

OPTIMAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR

PLACEMENT IN A RADIAL DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM USING FUZZY LOGIC

Submitted by :1. Roushan Kumar

B110135EE
2. Raghuveer Verma
B110638EE

3. Prashankar
B110820EE
4. Rishabh NischalB110842EE

1.ACTUAL SYSTEM BLOCK

DIAGRAM

2.Fuzzy controller

4.FUZZIFICATION AND DEFUZZIFCATION

MEMBERSHIP
The inputs to the rules are the voltages and
power loss indices and the output
consequent is the suitability of voltage
regulator placement. The rules are
summarized in the fuzzy decision matrix in
table given above. Fuzzy variables of PLI
(power loss index) are low, low-medium,
medium, high-medium, high.

Fuzzy variables for Voltage regulator

suitability index are low, low-medium
,medium, high-medium, high.

Defuzzification techniques:
Once the suitability membership function of a node is
calculated, It must

be defuzzified in order to determine the

buses suitability ranking. The centroid method of defuzzification

is used, this finds the center of area of the membership
function. Thus, the voltage regulator suitability index is
determined by:

Centroid method
S = s(z).zdz/(s(z)dz)

5. Rule Base

6.Testing
Validation

and

EXAMPLE: 15 BUS RADIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Line Data & Load Data of 15 Practical RDS:

Fig -bus Radial Distribution System

Input data of a 15 bus practical RDS.
Line Parameters
R= 0.6108/km
X= 0.3521/km
Diversity factor=1.5
Branch From To P Length
No.
bus bus (kW) (km) Bus No. Q(kVAr)
1

4.57

0.58

4 50.4

1.84

37.8

0.73

60

6 50.4

0.73

37.8

80

7 50.4

0.34

37.8

80

0.69

60

80

0.75

60

10

0.28

10

10

11 80

0.95

10

60

11

12 80

0.87

11

60

12

12

13 80

2.65

12

60

13

13

14

0.93

13

14

13

15 40

0.67

14

30

15

15

16 80

0.92

15

60

16

15

17 80

0.95

16

60

Table - line and load data for 15 bus

Algorithm for optimum voltage regulator placement in

RDS using FES:

Step 1. Read line and load data.

Step 2. Run load flows for the system and compute the voltages at each bus, real
and

reactive power losses of the system.

Step 3. Install the voltage regulator at every bus and compute the total real
power loss of
the system at each case and convert into normalized values.
Step4. Obtain optimal number of VRs and location of VRs by giving voltages nd
power
loss indices as inputs to FES.
Step 5. Obtain the optimal tap position of VR using Eqn. (3), so that the voltage
is within
the specified limits.
Step 6. Again run the load flows with VR, then compute voltages at all buses, real
and reactive power losses. If voltages are not within the limits, go to step
3.
Step 7. Determine the reduction in power loss and net saving by using objective
function
(Eqn (2)).
Step 8. Print results.
Step 9. Stop.

Matlab Program Of 15 Bus

Clear;
clc;
pf=1;
linedata=load('datafl.dat');
powerdata=load('datafp.dat');
nline=length(linedata(:,1));
nbus=length(powerdata(:,1));

disp('1.CONSTANT POWER');
disp('2.CONSTANT CURRENT');
disp('3.CONSTANT IMPEDANCE');
disp('4.EXPONENTIAL LOAD');
disp('5.COMPOSITE LOAD');
ch=input('Enter type of load');
%RUNNING LOAD FLOW BEFORE VOLTAGE REGULATORS PLACEMENT
disp('

LOAD FLOW REULTS BEFORE VOLTAGE REGULATOR');

loadbefvr();
%loadwithorig();
lop=1;
for i=1:nbus
vrp(i)=0;
vrpfin(i)=0;
vrpbuk(i)=0;
vrpbst(i)=0;
vrfin(i)=0;
vr(i)=0;
vold(i)=1;
vbef(i)=v(i);
vs(i)=v(i);
end
%PUSH BACK ALGORITHM
while(lop)
l=0;
for i=1:nbus
if (vs(i)<=0.95)
l=l+1;

vp(l)=i;
vrpbst(i)=1;
end
end
if(l~=0)
pushbst();
vfinbst
end
l=0;
for i=1:nbus
if(vs(i)>1.05)
l=l+1;
vp(l)=i;
vrpbuk(i)=1;
end
end
if(l~=0)
pushbuk();
vfinbuk
end
f=0;
disp(' places where voltage regulators are placed after algorithm');
for i=1:nbus
if(vrpbst(i)==1|vrpbuk(i)==1)
vrp(i)=1;
i
end
end

for i=1:nbus
if(vrp(i)==1)
vrpfin(i)=1;
end
end
loadwithvr47bstbk();
vr
vrp
lop=0;
for i=1:nbus
if(vrpfin(i)==1)
vold(i)=v1(i);
else
vold(i)=1;
end
vs(i)=v1(i);
vrfin(i)=vrfin(i)+vr(i);
vr(i)=0;
vrp(i)=0;
vrpbuk(i)=0;
vrpbst(i)=0;
vaft(i)=v1(i);
end
for i=1:nbus
if(v1(i)<=0.95|v1(i)>1.05)
lop=1;
break;
else

lop=0;
end
end
end
nvr=0;
for i=1:nbus
if(vrpfin(i)==1)
nvr=nvr+1;
end
end
regbvr
regavr
totenlbvr
totenlavr
energysaved=(totenlbvr-totenlavr)
disp('

LOSS REDUCED IN "KW"');

lossred=(tpl-tpl1)*1000*basemva;
cstofavb=1.65*10^5;
llf=(0.8*lf*lf+0.2*lf);
benefit=lossred*8760*2.93*llf-(cstofavb*(0.1+0.1)*nvr)

Output

At load=5
regbvr =6.8000
regavr =1.6826
totenlbvr = 3.5602e+006
totenlavr = 2.9608e+005

energysaved =3.2641e+006

LOSS REDUCED IN "KW" benefit = 9.2339e+005

Line Data & Load Data of 15 Practical RDS

Input data of a 47 bus practical RDS.

Line Parameters
R= 0.6108/km
X= 0.3521/km
Diversity factor=1.5

Results of back tracking algorithm:

The proposed method is illustrated with two radial distribution systems of 15 buses
and 47 buses.

Example 1

Consider 15 bus Radial Distribution System. The Line and Load data is given in
Appendix and the single line diagram is shown in Fig. For the positioning of voltage
regulators, the upper and lower bounds of voltage are taken as 5% of base value. The
voltage regulators are of 11kV, 200MVA with 32 steps of 0.00625 p.u. each.

Fig. -

Single line diagram of 15 bus RDS

Load flow solution for 15 bus practical RDS without and with voltage regulators is
given in Table.

Observing the voltage levels in first column of Table, Ideally,

voltage regulators are to be installed at all buses except at bus 1. However, in

practice, it is not economical to have more number of voltage regulators at all
buses to get the voltages within specified limits and hence by applying proposed
back tracking algorithm the required optimal number of voltage regulators that
will maintain the voltage profile within above limits is determined. By applying
the above algorithm for the above systems it is found that voltage regulators at
bus 4 are sufficient to maintain the voltage profile at all buses.
Table-

Load Flow Results pbus and qbus Voltage Regulators

Bus
No.

pbus

qbus

0.3360

0.2520

0.5333

.4000

0.3360

0.2520

0.3360

0.2520

0.5333

0.4000

0.5333

0.4000

10

0.5333

0.4000

11

0.5333

0.4000

12

0.5333

0.4000

13

14

0.2667

0.2000

15

0.5333

0.4000

The reduction in real power loss, net saving and %voltage regulation for
the system is shown in Table below.
Table Summary of Results of 15 bus RDS

Before

After(VR at bus
4)

Ploss (%)

3.5602e+006

2.9608e+005

Net saving (in

-----

3.2641e+006

Rs.)
Voltage

6.8000

1.6826

regulation (%)

It is observed that from Table above, without voltage regulators in the

system the percentage power loss is 3.5602e+006 and percentage voltage
regulation is 6.8000. With voltage regulators at all bus 4 the percentage power
loss is reduced to 2.9608e+005and percentage voltage regulation is reduced to
1.6826. The optimal net saving is increased to Rs. 3.2641e+006.

7. CONCLUSION
In radial distribution systems it is necessary to
maintain voltage levels at various buses by using capacitors or
conductor grading or placing VR at suitable locations. The

proposed Back tracking algorithm determines the optimal

number, location and tap positions of voltage regulators to
maintain voltage profile with in the desired limits and reduces
the losses in the system which in turn maximizes the net
savings in the operation of the system. In addition to the back
tracking algorithm a method using Fuzzy is also proposed and
the results of FES are compared with the results of back
tracking algorithm. It is concluded that the FES also gives the
optimal location and number along with the tap setting of the
voltage regulators. The proposed FES provides good voltage
regulation, and reduces the power loss which in turn increases
the net savings when compared to the back tracking algorithm.
The algorithms are tested with two Radial distribution systems
consisting of 15 buses and the results are provided.