ITEM S

STRUCTURES

S-1-1

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
This item of the Specifications contains a general description of the specific items of work,
the materials and construction requirements, and methods of measurement and payment of
all concrete structures including concrete pipe culverts, slab culverts, box culverts, piles,
composite
structures of concrete and prestressed and post tensioned girders etc. Such structure shall
be built as indicated on the drawings and in conformity with the lines, grades, dimensions
and details there shown, and shall be read and constructed in conduction with the Special
Provisions, and any instructions which may be issued by the Engineer.
Materials, equipment, workmanship and construction methods to be applied in the works
shall conform to the requirements laid down herein and shall also follow the labour
intensive method of construction practices and have the approval of the Engineer.
The provisions of this Item "S" of the Specifications also include certain structural
feature and incidental items which are either common to all types of structures or which
may apply to any of them.
Payment for completed and accepted works according to the methods of measurement
and payment of these specifications and/or the Special Provisions for the items listed in
the Tender Schedule (B.O.Q) shall be full compensation for furnishing all materials,
labour, equipment, tools and all incidental and preliminary works necessary for the
completion.

S-1-2

CLEARING OF SITE
The Contractor shall clear the Sites of the proposed structures of trees, brush, stumps
and debris, in the manner outlined in Item "CG", Clearing and Grubbing. Special clearing
of the Site such as removal of existing bridges, buildings, concrete pavement etc will be
paid for at prices tendered for these items, but where no such Prices are provided for, all
costs in connection with this special clearing shall be included in the price tendered for
the various items of the structures in the Tender Schedule (BOQ).
Removal or relocation of public or private utilities such as telephone or telegraph lines,
power lines, underground cable lines, sewer and water lines, etc shall be arranged by the
Employer's Representative with the specific Government Agency/Agencies, Utility
Companies or persons involved. The Employer shall bear the cost of relocating such
utilities.

S-2-3

FOUNDATION DATA
Foundation data when shown on the Drawings have been obtained from test borings, test
pits, or other sources and represents the best information in the possession of the Employer
as to the character of the material at the locations actually tested. Article 6.14, Boreholes
and Exploratory Excavation of the General Conditions of Contract shall apply if additional
foundation data are required.

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S-2-3

FINAL CLEARING
Upon completion of the structure, the Contractor shall clean up the Site, remove all
temporary buildings, falswork, piling, lumber, equipment and all other debris. The
Contractor shall level off and fine grade all excavated material not used for backfill
around piers, bents, abutments, culvert head walls and on embankment slopes. Bridges
decks and sidwalks shall be left in a clean and workmanlike condition No specific
payment for clearing up shall be made but the cost shall be included in other items
shown in the Tender Schedule (BOQ).

S-2-5

OPENING TO TRAFFIC
Bridges or slab or box culverts having decks constructed with Portland cement concrete
shall remain closed to all traffic and Contractor's equipment subject to the results of tests
made of the concrete but not less than twenty eight (28) days after the placing of
concrete.
The above time of opening to traffic is applicable when temperatures are above 10 oC.
When temperatures are below 10oC the time of opening to traffic shall be increased at
the discretion of the Engineer. In any event bridges or culverts with concrete decks shall
not be opened to traffic without the approval of the Engineer.

ITEM CO

CONCRETE

CO-1-1

DESCRIPTION
This work consists of furnishing, placing, forming, curing and finishing inclusive of
transport, of cement concrete made from approved portland cement, water, fine and
coarse aggregates, all in accordance with the requirements in these specifications, and
in a manner shown on the Drawings, or called for in the Special Provisions, and to the
approval of the Engineer.

CO-1-1.1

Classes of Concrete
The classes of concrete recognized in these specifications shall be designated: A, B, C,
D, E, Y, and lean Concrete shall be used where it is called for on the Drawings, or where
directed by the Engineer or specified in the Special Provisions. The following
requirements shall govern unless otherwise shown on the Drawings.
Class A Concrete shall be used everywhere, for non-reinforced and reinforced concrete
structures, except as noted below or directed by the Engineer. Concrete placed under
water shall be Class A with a minimum cement content of 400 Kg/m 3 (25 pounds per
cubic feet) of concrete and a slump between 10-20 Cm (4 and 8 inch).
P.C.C. Class A concrete tiles, in shape and size, will be provided in accordance with the
drawings and/or as specified by the Engineer.
Class B Concrete shall be used only where specified.
Class C Concrete shall be used for cribbing, or as otherwise directed by the Engineer or
specified in the Special Provisions or on the Drawings.
Class D Concrete shall be used for precast, pre-stressed and post-tensioned concrete
members.
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Class E Concrete shall be used for precast, pre-stressed and post-tensioned concrete
members wherever specified on the drawings or given in writing by the desginer in his
design report or General Notes of the bridge.
Class Y Concrete shall be used as filler in steel grid bridge floors, or where indicated in
the praticular specifications or on the drawings.
Lean Concrete shall be used in thin layers underneath footings and when called for on
the Drawings or directed by the Engineer.
The concrete of the various classes shall satisfy the requirements shown in Table CO-I.
TABLE CO-1
Portland Cement Concrete Requirements
Type of
Concrete

Min
Max Size
Cement of Coarse
Kg/m 3

28 days Maximum
Compressive

Consistency
(Range in Slump)

Permissible
Aggregate
Strength

Cemtemm
Non-Vibrated

kg/cm 2 (Psi)
nt Ratio
inch

Vibrated
inch

350

20

210

(3000)

0.75 2.75

0.75 1.75

0.58

300

38

170

(2400)

0.75 2.75

0.75 1.25

0.65

325

38

425

210

25

350

(5000)

0.75 2.0

25

420

(6000)

See Note below

(3000)
0.75
0.75
0.58

2.75
1.75

0.75 1.25

0.40

300

13

210

(3000)

0.75 2.75

0.75 1.75

0.58

Lean
Concrete

175

38

100

(1400)

Note:

It is the responsibility of the contractor to achieve the requierd strength of 420 Kg/cm 2 (6000 psi.)
by a proper mix design for th Class E Concrete. Test results of the samples shall approved by the
Engineer/Engineers representative. The Amount of Cement per M 3 of the concrete, Consistancy
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of the concrete and the Permissible Water Cement Ratio shall be established from the mix
designs and test data/results.

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CO-2-2
CO-2-2.1

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
Portland Cement
Cement remaining in bulk storage at the mill, prior to shipment, for more than six (6)
months or cement stored in local storage by the contractor for more than sixty (60) days
after shipment from the factory shall be retested before use and will be rejectded if it
fails fot meet any of the specified requirments.

.
Portland cement shall conform to the requirements of the Standard Specifications for
Portland cement, AASHTO Designation M85 (ASTM Designation C150). The type of
cement to be used, unless otherwise shown on the Drawings or specified in the Special
Provisions, shall be Type 1.
Sampling of cement shall be in accordance with AASHTO Designation T127.
Mill certificates shall accompany delivery of the material to the work, which shall be
treated according to the provisions under Item 7, Control of Materials.
Cement shall be delivered in sufficient quantities to ensure that there is no suspension of
the work of concreting at any time. Different brands or different types of cement from the
same mill, or the same brand or type from different mills shall not be mixed or used
alternately in the same item of construction unless authorized by the Engineer.
CO-3-2.2

Fine Aggregate
The fine aggregate shall consist of sand, stone screenings or other approve inert materials
with similar characteristics, or a combination thereof, having clean, hard, strong, sound,
durable, uncoated grains free from injurious amount of dust, lumps, soft or flaky particles,
shale alkali, organic matter, loam or other deleterious substances, and shall not contain
more than three (3) percent of material passing the No.200 sieve by washing nor more than
one percent of clay lumps or one (1) percent of shale. The use of beach sand is prohibited
without the written consent of the Engineer.
For exposed work, the fine aggregate shall be free from any substance that will discolor the
concrete surface.
The fine aggregate shall be uniformly graded and when tested in accordance with AASHTO
Designation T 11 and T27 shall meet the following grading requirements:
US Standard Sieve

Percentage Passing by Weight

1 cm (3/8 in.)
No. 4
No. 16
No. 50
No. 100

100
95 100
45 80
10 30
2 10

Fine aggregates shall be of such quality that mortar specimens, prepared with standard
Portland cement and tested in accordance with AASHTO Designation T71, shall developed
a compressive strength at 7 days of not less than 90 percent of the strength developed by a
mortar prepared in the same manner with the same cement and graded sand having a
fineness modules of 2.40 0.10. Natural aggregates if required shall be thoroughly and
uniformly washed before use.
For the purpose of determining the degree of uniformity a Fineness Modules determination
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shall be made upon representative samples submitted by the Contractor from such sources
as he proposes to use. Fine aggregate from any one source having a variation in fineness
modules greater than 0.20 either way from the fineness modules of representative samples
submitted by the Contractor may be rejected.
Testing of the aggregate is specified under Item CO-31-3.9 of these specifications.
CO-4-2.3

Coarse Aggregate
The coarse aggregate shall conform to ASTM C-33 and consist of crushed or uncrushed
stone, gravel or other approved inert materials with similar characteristics, or a combination
thereof, having clean, hard, strong, sound, durable uncoated particles, free from injurious
amount of soft, friable, thin elongated, or laminated pieces, alkali, organic or other
deleterious matter and conforming to the requirements of these Specifications.
The coarse aggregate shall be of uniform grading with maximum sizes as required for the
various classes of concrete as shown in Table CO-1.
Not more than 5 percent shall pass a No. 8 sieve.
Coarse aggregate shall contain not more than 1 1/2 percent by weight of material passing
the No.200 sieve by washing, not more than 5 percent of soft fragments.
It shall have an abrasion loss of not more than 40 percent at 500 revolutions, when tested in
accordance with AASHTO T 96.
When tested in accordance with AASHTO T104, five cycle, the sodium sulphate soundness
shall be not more than 12 percent maximum loss.
Natural aggregates shall be thoroughly washed before use Testing of coarse aggregate is
specified under item CO-29-3.9 of these Specifications.

CO-5-2.4

Combined Aggregate
The aggregate shall unless otherwise directed by the Engineer be combined in proportions
to produce a mixture within the grading limits for combined aggregates as shown in the
following Table CO-2.

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TABLE CO-2
Grading of Combined Aggregates
US
Standard
Sieve

Percentage Passing
Maximum Size of Aggregate

51 mm
38 mm
25 mm
20 mm
13 mm

2.0

in

in

1 in
3/4 in
in

51mm (2in)

100

38mm (1in)

80 100

25mm (1in)

50 86

100

80 100

100

20mm (3/4in)

45 75

55 100

90 100

100

38 58

45 75

73 100

73 100

80-100

30 45

35 60

55 80

55 80

55 80

23 38

27 45

42 60

42 60

42 60

17 33

20 35

35 48

35 48

35 48

10 20

12 25

20 33

20 33

20 33

100

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4 10

5 15

9 20

9 20

9 20

13

15

16

16

16

02

02

02

02

02

CO-6-2.5

Storage of Cement and Aggregates

a)

All cement shall be stored, immediately upon arrival on the site of the work, in
weather-proof building which will protect the cement from dampness. The floor
shall be raised from the ground. The buildings shall be placed in locations approved
by the Engineer. Provisions for storage shall be ample, and the shipments of
cement as received shall be separately stored in such a manner as to provide easy
access for identification and inspection of each shipment. Storage buildings shall
have capacity for storage of a sufficient quantity of cement is to be used. Bulk
cement, if used, shall be transferred to elevated air tight and weather-proof bins.
However, if approved, sacked cement on small jobs may be stored in the open
upon a raised platform provided that ample waterproof covering is provided. Stored
cement shall meet the test requirements at any time after storage when retest is
ordered by the Engineer. At the time of use all cement shall be free-flowing and
free of lumps.
Copies of cement records shall be furnished to the Engineer showing in such detail
as he may reasonably require, the quantity used during the day or run at each part
of the work. Cement held in storage for a period of over sixty (60) days, or cement
which, for any reason the Engineer may suspect of being damaged, shall be
subject to a retest before being used in the work.

b)

The handling and storing of concrete aggregates shall be such as to prevent

segregation or the inclusion of foreign materials. The Engineer may require that
aggregates be stored on separate platforms at satisfactory locations.
In order to secure greater uniformity of the concrete mix, the Engineer may require
that the coarse aggregate be separated into two or more sizes. Different sizes of
aggregate shall be stored in separate bins or in separate stock piles sufficiently
apart from each other to prevent the material at the edges of the piles from
becoming intermixed.

If aggregates are stored on the ground the bottom layer of aggregate shall not be disturbed
or used without recleaning and as approved by the Engineer.
CO-7-2.6

Water
The Water for curing, for washing aggregates and for mixing shall be subject to the
approval of the Engineer. It shall be free from oil and shall contain not more than 1,000
parts per million of chlorides as Cl nor more than 1,300 parts per million of sulfates SO 4. In
no case shall the water contain an amount of impurities that will cause a change in the
setting time of Portland cement of more than twenty five (25) percent nor a reduction in the
compressive strength of mortar at fourteen (14) days of more than five (5) percent when
compared to the result obtained with distilled water.
In non-reinforced concrete work, the water for curing, for washing aggregates, and for
mixing shall be free from oil and shall not contain more than 2,000 parts per million of
chlorides as Cl, nor more than 1,5000 parts per million of sulfates as SO4.
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In addition to the above requirements, water for curing concrete shall not contain any
impurities in a sufficient amount to cause discolouration of the concrete or produce etching
of the surface.
When required by the Engineer, the quality of the mixing water shall be determined by the
Standard Method of Test for Quality of Water to be used in concrete, AASHTO Methods of
Sampling and Testing, Designation: T 26.
CO-7-2.7

Admixtures
No admixtures shall be used without written permission from the Engineer. If air-entraining
agents, water reducing agents, set retarders or strength accelerators are permitted to be
used, they shall not be used in greater dosages than those recommended by the
manufacturer, or permitted by the Engineer, and shall conform to the relevant AASHTO or
ASTM requirements for each of the agents.

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CO-8-3

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
The manufacturing, transport, handling and placing of concrete shall conform with the
requirements given hereinafter.
Unless, otherwise specified ordinary Portland cement shall be used for all types of concrete.
When sulphate resisting cement or other types of cement is required, it will be specified on
the Drawing/or in BOQ or ordered by the Engineer.

CO-8-3.1

Proportioning of Concrete
All concrete shall be proportioned by weighing, except as specified herein. The proportions
by weight of cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water necessary to produce
concrete of the required strength and consistency shall be approved by the Engineer. Such
approval may be withdrawn at any time, and changes in the proportions may be required for
the purpose of required workability, density, impermeability durability and strength.
Based on the approved mix proportions, the Contractor shall prepare lists showing the
number of kilograms of the various materials to be used in the batch size adopted. The
required consistency shall also be shown. Such lists are subject to approval by the
Engineer, and shall be posted at the mixer. The amount of water in the mix is the total
amount of free water, including the free water held by the aggregates.
No concrete shall be placed in the works until the results of the twenty eight (28) days test
indicate that the design proportions are satisfactory as per requirements under Item
CO-32-3.10. "Testing of Compressive Strength". Adjustment of the proportions shall be
subject to the following provisions:
a)

Adjustment for variation in workability. If it is found impossible to obtain concrete of

the desired placability and workability with the proportions originally approved, the
Engineer shall make such changes as are necessary.

b)

Adjustment for new materials. No change in the source or character of the

materials shall be made without due notice to the Engineer has accepted such
materials and has approved new proportions based on trial mixes.

The Contractor's attention is directed to the time required to prepare and test trial batches at
a
sufficiently early date so that the progress of he work is not delayed.
CO-9-3.2

Consistency
Concrete shall have a consistency such that it will be workable in the required position. It
shall be of such a consistency that it will flow around reinforcement steel but individual
particles of the coarse aggregate when isolated shall show a coating of mortar containing its
proportionate amount of sand. The consistency of concrete shall be determined to be as dry
as is practicable to satisfy the requirements for transportation and placing of the concrete as
described hereinafter.

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CO-9-3.3

Mixing Concrete
a)

Mixing General
The concrete shall be mixed only in the quantity required for immediate use.
Concrete that has developed an initial set shall not be used.
Concrete shall be thoroughly mixed in a mixer of an approved size and type that
will ensure a uniform distribution of the materials throughout the mass.
All concrete shall be mixed in mechanically operated mixers. The supply of
concrete shall be sufficient to complete the casting of a section up to a
construction joint that will meet the approval of the Engineer.
The teperature of mixed concrete, immediately before placing, shall not be more
than thirty (30) degrees cetigrade. Aggregates and water shall be cooled as
nessasary to produce concrete within this temperature limit. Neither aggregates
nor mixing water shall be heated to exceed sixty-five (65) degrees centigrade. If
ice is used to cool the concrete, discharge of the mixer will not be permitted
untill the ice has melted.
Concrete mixers preferably shall be equipped with adequate water storage and a
device for accurately measuring and automatically the amount of water used.
Materials shall be measured by volume, except as otherwise specified or where
other methods are specifically authorized by the Engineer. The measuring
volumetric devices for the aggregates and cement shall be suitably designed
and constructed for this purpose.
The accuracy of all volumetric devices except that for water shall be such that
successive quantities can be measured to within one (1) percent of the desired
amount. Cement in standard packages (bags) approved by the Engineer need
not to be measured. The water measuring device shall be accurate to plus or
minus half percent. All measuring devices shall be subject to the approval of the
Engineer. The measuring devices shall be checked as frequently as the Engineer
may deem necessary to ensure their accuracy.

b)

Mixing at Site
Concrete mixers may be of the revolving drum or the revolving blade type and
the mixing drum or blades shall be operated uniformly at the mixing speed
recommended by the manufacturer. The pick-up and throw-over blades of
mixers shall be restored or replaced when any part or sections is worn 2.5 Cm (1
inch) or below the original height of the manufacturer's design. Mixers and
agitators which have an accumulation of hard concrete or mortar shall not be
used.
When the aggregates contain more water than the quantity necessary to produce
a saturated surface-dry condition, representative samples shall be taken and the
moisture content determined for each kind of aggregate.
The temperature of mixed concrete, immediately before placing, shall be not
more than 32oC. Aggregates and water shall be cooled as necessary to produce
concrete within this temperatures limit. Neither aggregates nor mixing water
shall be heated to exceed 65oC. If ice is used to cool the concrete, discharge of
the mixer will not be permitted until all ice is melted.
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The batch shall be so charged into the mixer that some water will enter in
advance of cement and aggregates. All water shall be in the drum by the end of
the first quarter of the specified mixing time.
Cement shall be batched and charged into the mixer by means that will not
result in loss due to the effect of wind, or in accumulation of cement on surfaces
of conveyors or hoppers, or in other conditions which reduce or vary the required
quantity of cement in the concrete mixture.
The entire contents of a batch mixer shall be removed from the drum before
materials for a succeeding batch are placed therein. The materials composing a
batch except water shall be deposited simultaneously into the mixer.
All concrete shall be mixed for period of not less than 1 1/2 minutes after all
materials, including water, are in the mixer. During the period of mixing, the
mixer shall operate at the speed for which it has been designed.
The first batch of concrete materials placed in the mixed shall contain a
sufficient excess of cement, sand, and water to coat the inside of the drum
without reducing the required mortar content of the mix. When mixing is to
cease for a period of one hour or more, the mixer shall be thoroughly cleaned.
c)

Hand Mixing
In case where the Engineer may authorized hand-mixing the latter shall be done
on a watertight platform and in such a manner as to ensure a uniform distribution
of the materials throughout the mass. Mixing shall be continued until a
homogeneous mixture of the required consistency has been obtained.

C0-11-3.4

Hauling of Mixed Concrete

a)

Hauling
Concrete hauled in open-top vehicles shall be protected during hauling against
access of rain, or exposure to the sun for more than 20 minutes when the
ambient temperature exceeds 25oC.

b)

Retempering
The Concrete shall be mixed only in such quantities as are required for
immediate use and any concrete that has partially hardened shall not be
retempered or remixed.

12.3.5

Handling and Placing Concrete

a)

General
In preparation for the placing of concrete all sawdust, chips and other
construction debris and extraneous matter shall be removed from inside the
formwork, and struts, stays and braces serving temporarily to hold the forms in
correct shape and alignment, pending the placing of concrete at their locations,
shall be removed when the concrete placing has reached an elevation rendering
their services unnecessary. These temporary members shall be entirely removed
from the forms and not buried in the concrete.
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Concrete shall be placed so as to avoid segregation of the materials and the

displacement of the reinforcement. The use of long troughs, chutes, and pipes
for conveying concrete to the forms shall be permitted only on written
authorization of the Engineer. In any case the Engineer will reject the use of
equipment for concrete transportation that will allow segregation, loss of fines, or
in any other way will have a deteriorating effect on the concrete quality.
Open troughs and chutes shall be of metal or metal lined; where steep slopes
are required, the chutes shall be equipped with baffles or be in short lengths that
reverse the direction of movement.
All chutes, troughs and pipes shall be kept clean and free from coatings of
hardened concrete by thoroughly flushing with water after each run; water used
for flushing shall be discharged clear of the structure.
When placing operations would involve dropping the concrete more than 1.5 M (5
feet), it shall be conveyed through sheet metal or other approved pipes. As far as
practicable, the pipes shall be kept buried in the newly placed concrete. After initial
set of the concrete the forms shall not be jarred and no loading of any kind shall be
placed on the ends of projecting reinforcement bars.
The concrete shall be placed as nearly as possible to its final position and the use
of vibrators for extensive shifting of the mass of fresh concrete will not be
permitted.
(b)

Placing Concrete Under Water

Concrete shall not be placed under water except where inevitable in which case
approval must be sought from the Engineer and the work carried out under his
immediate supervision. In this case the method of placing shall as hereinafter
specified.
Concrete deposited under water shall be Class A. A concrete with a minimum
cement content of 400 Kg/m 3 (25 pounds per cubic feet) of concrete.
The slum of the concrete shall be maintained between 10 & 20 Cm (4 and 8 inch).
To prevent segregation, it shall be carefully placed in a compact mass, in its final
position, by means of a tremie, a bottom dump bucket, or other approved means,
and it shall not be disturbed after being placed. Water must not be allowed to flow
past the fresh concrete surface.
A tremie shall consist of a tube having a diameter of not less than 25 Cm (10 inch)
constructed in sections having flanged coupling fitted with gaskets with a hopper at
the top. The tremie shall be supported so as to permit free movement of the
discharge and over the entire top surface of the work and so as to permit rapid
lowering when necessary to retard or step the flow of concrete. The discharge end
shall be closed at the start of Work so as to prevent water entering the tube and
shall be completely submerged in concrete at all times; the tremie tube shall be
kept full to the bottom of the hopper. When a batch is dumped into the
hopper, the flow of concrete shall be induced by slightly raising the discharge end,
but always keeping it in the placed concrete. The flow shall be continuous until the
work is completed.
When the concrete is placed with a bottom-dump bucket, the top of the bucket
shall be open. The bottom doors shall open freely downward and outward when
tripped. The bucket shall be completely filled and slowly lowered to avoid
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backwash. It shall not be dumped until it rests on the surface upon which the
concrete is to be deposited and when discharged shall be withdrawn slowly until
well above the concrete.
Dewatering may proceed when the concrete seal is sufficiently hard and strong.
All laitance or other unsatisfactorily material shall be removed from the exposed
surface by scraping, chopping or other means which will not injure the surface of
the concrete.
(c)

Compaction
Concrete, during and immediately after placing shall be thoroughly compacted
except lean concrete under footings and concrete deposited under water.
Concrete in walls, beams, columns, etc, shall be placed in horizontal layers not
more than 30 Cm (12 inch) thick except as hereinafter provided. When less than
a complete layer is placed in one operation, it shall be terminated in a vertical
bulkhead. Each layer shall be placed and compacted before the preceding layer
has taken initial set to prevent injury to the green concrete and avoid surfaces of
separation between the layers. Each layer shall be compacted so as to avoid the
formation of a construction joint with a preceding layer, which has not taken an
initial set.
The compaction shall be done by mechanical vibration. The concrete shall be
vibrated internally unless special authorization of other methods is given by the
Engineer or is provided herein. Vibrators shall be of a type, design, and
frequency approved by the Engineer. The intensity of vibration shall be such as
visibly to affect a mass of concrete with a 3 Cm (1 1/4inch) slump over a radius
of at least half a meter (1.5 ft). The Contractor shall provide a sufficient number
of vibrators to properly compact each batch immediately after it is placed in the
forms. Vibrators shall be manipulated so as to thoroughly work the concrete
around the reinforcement and embedded fixtures and into the corners and
angles of the forms and shall be applied at the point of placing and in the area of
freshly placed concrete. The vibrators shall be inserted into and with drawn from
the concrete slowly. The
vibration shall be of sufficient duration and intensity to compact the concrete the
extent that localized areas of grout are formed. Application of vibrators shall be
at points uniformly spaced and not farther part than twice the radius over which
the vibration is visibly effective. Vibration shall not be applied directly to the
reinforcement or to sections or layers of concrete that have hardened to the
degree that the concrete cases to be plastic under vibration. It shall not be used
to make concrete flow in the forms over distances so great as to cause
segregation, and vibrators shall not be used to transport concrete neither in the
forms nor in troughs or chutes.
Vibration shall be supplemented by such spading as is necessary to ensure
smooth surfaces and dense concrete along form surfaces and in corners and
locations impossible to reach with the vibrations,
The provisions for vibration in this paragraph apply to precast piling, and other
precast members except that, if approved by the Engineer, the manufacturer's
method of vibration may be used.

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CO-15-3.6

Casting Sections and Construction joints

a)

General
The concrete in each integral part of a structure shall be placed continuously,
and the Contractor will not be allowed to commence work on any such part
unless sufficiently inspected and approved material for the concrete is at hand,
and his forces and equipment are sufficient to complete the part without
interruption in the placing of the concrete.
Construction joints shall be made only where located on the plans or shown in
the pouring schedule, unless otherwise approved.
If not detailed on the plans, or in the case of emergency, construction joints shall
be placed as directed. Shear keys or inclined reinforcement shall be used where
necessary to transmit shear or bond the two sections together. When shear keys
or inclined reinforcement are not provided, the concrete shall be roughened as
directed.
Joints in the concrete due to stopping work shall be avoided as far as possible.
Such joints, when necessary, shall be constructed to meet the approval of the
Engineer.
When the placing of concrete is temporarily discontinued the concrete, after
becoming firm enough to retain its shape, shall be cleaned of balance and other
objectionable material to a sufficient depth to expose sound concrete. Where a
"feathered edge" might be produced at a construction joint, as in the sloped top
surface of a wing wall, thickness of not less than 15 Cm (6.0 inch) in the
succeeding layer. Work shall not be discontinued within 50 Cm (20 inch) of the
top of any face, unless provision has been made for a coping less than 50 Cm
(20 inch) thick, in which case, if permitted by the Engineer, the construction joint
may be made at the underside of coping.
Immediately following the discontinuance of placing concrete all accumulations
of mortar splashed upon the reinforcing steel and the surfaces of forms shall be
removed. Dried mortar chips and dust shall not be puddled into the unset
concrete. Care shall be exercised, during the cleaning of the reinforcing steel,
not be injured or break the concrete steel bond at and near the surface of the
concrete.

(b)

Slab Culverts
In general, the lean concrete in the foundation shall be placed and allowed to set
before the remainder of the culvert is constructed.
After the construction of masonry abutment walls, the concrete bed plate and
curtain walls shall be constructed monolithically. Construction joints in wing walls
where unavoidable shall be horizontal and so located that no joints will be visible
in the exposed face of the wing wall above the ground line.

(c)

Box Culverts
Vertical construction joints shall be at right angles to the axis of the culvert.
In general, the base slab or footings of box culverts shall be placed
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and allowed to set before the remainder of the culvert is constructed. In this
case, suitable provision shall be made for pondig the sidewalls to the culvert
base, preferably by means of raised longitudinal keys so constructed as to
prevent, as far as possible, the percolation of water through the construction
joint.
In the construction of box culverts 125 Cm (4 feet) or less in height, the sidewalls
and top slab may be constructed as a monolith. When this method of
construction is used, necessary construction joints shall be vertical and at right
angles to the axis of the culvert.
In the construction of box culverts more than 125 Cm (4 feet) in height the
concrete in the walls shall be placed and allowed to set before the top slab is
placed. In this case, appropriate keys shall be left in the sidewalls for anchoring
the cover slab.
If possible, each wingwall shall be constructed as a monolith. Construction joints,
where unavoidable, shall be horizontal and so located that no joint will be visible
in the exposed face of the wingwall above the ground line.
(d)

Girders, Slabs, and Columns

For simple spans, concrete shall preferably be deposited by beginning at the
center of the span and working from the center toward the ends. Concrete in
girders shall be deposited uniformly for the full length of the girder and brought
up evenly in horizontal layers. For continuous spans. Where required by design
consideration, the concrete placing sequence shall be shown on the plans or in
the Special Provisions.
Concrete in girder haunches less than 1 M (3 1/4 feet) in height shall be placed
at the same time as that in the girder stem, and the column or abutment tops
shall be cut back to form seats for the haunches. Whenever any haunch or fillet
has a vertical height of 1 M (3- 1/4 feet) or more, the abutment or columns, the
haunch, and the girder shall be placed in three successive stage; first, the lower
side of haunch; second, to the lower side of the girder; and third to completion.
For haunched continuous girders, the girder stem (including haunch) shall be
placed to the top of stem. Where the size of the pour is such that it cannot be made
in one continuous operation, vertical construction joints shall preferably be located
within the area of contraflexure.
Concrete in slab spans shall be placed in one continuous operation for each
span unless otherwise provided. All concrete in each span shall be placed before
any concrete in the pour has taken its initial set.
The floors and girders of through girder superstructures shall be placed in one
continuous operation unless otherwise specified, in which case a special shear
anchorage shall be provided to ensure monolithic action between girder and
floor.
Concrete in T-beam or deck girder spans may be placed on one continuous
operation or may be placed in two separate operations; each of which shall be
continuous; first, to the top of the girder stems, and second, to completion. In the
later case, the bond between stem and slab shall be positive and mechanical,
and may be secured by means of suitable shear keys or by artificially
roughening the surface of the top of the girder stem. In general, suitable key
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may be formed by the use of timber blocks approximately 5 by 10 Cm (2 by 4

inch) in cross-section and having a length of 10 Cm (4 inch) less than the width
of the girder stems as required, but the spacing shall be not greater than 30 Cm
(12 inch) center to center. The blocks shall be removed as soon as the concrete
has set sufficiently to retain its shape.
Concrete in box girders may be placed in two or three separate operations. In
either case the bottom slab shall be placed first. Bond between the bottom slab
and stem shall be positive and mechanical. If the webs are placed separately
from the top slab, bond between the top slab and webs shall be secured in the
same manner as for T-beams. Requirements for shear keys for T-beams shall
also apply to box girders, except that keys need not be deeper than the depth to
the top of bottom slab reinforcement.
Concrete in columns shall be placed in one continuous operation, unless
otherwise directed. The concrete shall be allowed to set at least 24 hours before
the caps are placed.
When friction collars are used to support cap forms, the concrete or columns
shall have been poured at least 7 days.
Unless otherwise permitted, no concrete shall be placed in the superstructure
until the column forms have been stripped sufficiently to determine the character
of the concrete in the columns. The load of the superstructure shall not be
allowed to come upon the bents have obtained the minimum compressive
strength but in no case in less than 7 days.
(e)

Construction joints
Construction joints shall be made only where shown on the Drawings or called
for in the pouring schedule, unless otherwise approved by the Engineer. If not
detailed on the Drawings, construction joints, also in cases of emergency shall
be placed to meet the approval of the Engineer. Shear keys or reinforcement
shall be used, unless otherwise specified, to transmit shear or to bond the two
sections together.
Before depositing new concrete on or against concrete which has hardened, the
fo0rms shall be retightened. The surface of the hardened concrete shall be
roughened as required by the Engineer, in a manner that will not leave loose
particles of aggregate or damage concrete at the surface. It shall be thoroughly
cleaned of foreign matter and laitance. when directed by the Engineer the surface
new concrete shall be washed with water to his satisfaction, and to ensure an
excess of mortar at the juncture of the hardened and the newly deposited concrete,
the cleaned and watered surfaces, including vertical and inclined surface, shall first
be thoroughly covered with a coating of mortar of the same proportion of sand ad
cement as the class of concrete used against which the new concrete shall be
placed before the grout or mortar has attained its final set.
The placing of concrete shall be carried continuously from joint to joint. The face
edges of all joints which are exposed to view shall be carefully finished true to
line and elevation.

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CO-20-3.7

Concrete Surface Finishing

(a)

General
Concrete surface finishes shall be classified as follows:
Bridge Deck Surface Finish
Side walk Surface Finish
Ordinary Surface Form Finish
Class 1 Surface Form Finish
The bridge deck surface finish shall be given to the surface of the bottom slabs
of the boxtype underpass structures.
The requirements for sidewalk surface finish apply to the surfaces of the bottom
slab in box culverts, except that the acceptable variation from a 3 M (ten feet)
straightedge shall be 10 mm (3/8 inch), and brooming shall be omitted.
The ordinary surface form finish shall be the final finish applied to all surfaces
after removal of forms, unless otherwise specified or called for on the drawings.
The Class 1 surface form finish shall be applied only where specified, or as
required by the Engineer when the ordinary surface finish did not produce the
required smooth, even surface of uniform texture and appearance.

(b)

Bridge Deck Surface Finish

A smooth riding surface of uniform texture, true to the required grade and
cross-section, shall be obtained on all bridge roadway decks. The Contractor
may use hand tools, or finishing machines or a combination of both, conforming
to the requirements specified herein for finishing bridge roadway deck concrete.
Finishing of concrete placed in bridge decks shall consist essentially of
compacting and striking off the surface of the concrete as placed and floating
with longitudinal floats the surface so struck off.
The placing of concrete in bridge roadway decks will not be permitted until the
Engineer is satisfied that the rate of producing concrete will be sufficient to
complete the proposed placing and finishing operations within the scheduled
time, that experienced finishing machine operators and concrete finishers are
employed to finish the deck, that fogging equipment and all necessary finishing
tools and equipment are on hand at the site of the work and in satisfactory
condition for use. Finishing machines shall be set up sufficiently in advance of
use to permit inspection by the Engineer during the daylight hours before each
pour.
The adjustment and operation of deck finishing machines shall be verified by
moving the machine over the full length of the deck section to be placed and
traversing the float completely across all end bulkheads before placement of
concrete is begun.
Unless adequate lighting facilities are provided by the Contractor, the placing of
concrete in bridge decks shall cease at such time that finishing operation can be
completed during daylight hours.
Rails for the support and operation of finishing machines and headers for
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hand-operated strike-off devices shall be completely in place and firmly secured

for the scheduled length for concrete placement before placing of concrete will
be permitted. Rails for finishing machines shall extend beyond both ends of the
scheduled length for concrete placement a sufficient distance that will permit the
float of the finishing machine to fully clear the concrete to be placed. Rails or
headers shall be adjustable for elevation and shall be set to elevations, with
allowance for anticipated settlement, camber and deflection of false work, as
required to obtain a bridge roadway deck true to the required grade and
cross-section Rails or headers shall be of a type and shall be so installed that no
springing or deflection will occur under the weight of the finishing equipment and
shall be so located that finishing equipment may operate without interruption
over the entire bridge roadway deck being finished.
Rails or headers shall be adjusted as necessary to correct for unanticipated
settlement or deflection which may occur during finishing operations.
Should settlement or other unanticipated events occur, which in the opinion of
the Engineer would prevent obtaining a bridge deck conforming to the
requirements of these specifications, placing of deck concrete shall be
discontinued until corrective measures satisfactory to the Engineer are provided
prior to initial set of the concrete in the affected area, the placing of concrete
shall be discontinued and a bulkhead installed at a location determined by the
Engineer. All concrete in place beyond the bulkhead shall be removed.
Unless otherwise permitted by the Engineer, bridge deck concrete shall be
placed in a uniform heading approximately parallel to the bridge pier or bent
caps. The rate of placing concrete shall be limited to that which can be finishing
before the beginning of initial set except that concrete for the deck surface shall
not be placed more than 3 M (10 feet) ahead of strike off.
After the concrete has been placed, compacted, and consolidated, the surface of
the concrete shall be carefully struck off by means of a hand-operated strike
board operating on headers, or by a finishing machine operating on rials. A
uniform deck surface true to the required grade and cross-section shall be
obtained.
Following strike off, the surface of the concrete shall be floated longitudinal. In
the event strike-off is performed by means of a hand-operated strike board, 2
separate hand-operated float boards for longitudinal floating shall be provided.
The first float shall be placed in operation as soon as the condition of the
concrete will permit and the second float shall be operated as for back of the first
float as the workability of the concrete will permit.
In the event the strike off is performed with a finishing machine, longitudinal
floating of the concrete shall be performed by means of a hand-operated float
board or a finishing machine equipped with a longitudinal wooden float. The
longitudinal wooden float on the finishing machine shall have a length of not less
than 2.5 M (8 ft) nor more than 3.5 M (11.5 ft). When both strike off and
longitudinal floating are to be performed by finishing machines, one machine,
with operator, shall be used for strike off and a
second machine, with a second operator, shall be used for longitudinal floating.
Longitudinal floating may be performed with the same finishing machine that is
used for strike off provided that the length of deck unit being placed is not more
than 10 meters (33 ft) and the strike off operation is completed for said deck unit
0before the condition of the concrete requires that longitudinal floating be
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started.
Finishing machines used for strike off having a wheel base 1.8 meters (6 ft) or
less shall be followed by 2 separate hand-operated float boards for longitudinal
floating. All the provisions in this item pertaining to hand-operated float boards
shall apply to the 2 separate float boards for longitudinal floating.
Longitudinal floats, either hand-operated or machine operated, shall be used
with the long axis of the float parallel to the center line of the bridge roadway The
float shall be operated with a combined longitudinal and transverse motion
planing off the high areas and floating the material removed into the low areas.
Each pass of the float shall lap the previous pass by one-half the length of the
float. Floating shall be continued until a smooth riding surface is obtained.
In advance of curing operations the surface of the concrete shall be textured by
brooming with a stiff bristled broom or by other suitable devices which will result
in uniform scoring. The operation shall be performed at a time and in a manner
to produce a hardened surface having a uniform texture.
Hand-operated float boards shall be from 3.5 M to 5.0 M (11.5 - 16.5 ft) long,
ribbed and trussed as necessary to provide a rigid float and shall be equipped
with an adjustable handle at each end. The float shall be wood, not less than 2.5
Cm (1.0 inch) thick and from 10 Cm (4.0 inch) to 20 Cm (8.0 inch) wide.
Adjusting screws spaced as not to exceed 60 Cm (2 feet) on centers shall be
provided between the float on the rib. The float board shall be maintained free of
twist and true at all times.
Hand-operated float boards shall be operated from transverse finishing bridges.
The finishing bridges shall span completely the roadway area
being floated & a sufficient number of finishing bridges shall be provided to
permit operation of the floats without undue delay. Not less than 2 transverse
finishing bridges shall be provided when hand-operated float boards are used.
When a finishing machine is used for longitudinal floating, one finishing bridge
equivalent to the transverse finishing bridge specified herein shall be furnished
for use by the Engineer.
All finishing bridges shall be of rigid construction and shall be free of excessive
wobble and springing when used by the operators of longitudinal floats and shall
be easily moved.
Immediately following completion of the deck finishing operations, the concrete
in the deck shall be cured as specified in item CO-27-3.8 "Curing Concrete"
hereinafter.
The finished surface of the concrete shall be tested by means of a straight edge
3 M (10 feet) long. The surface shall not vary more than 3 mm (1/8 in) from the
lower edge of the straight edge. All high areas in the hardened surface in excess
of 3 mm (1/8 in) as indicated by testing shall be removed by abrasive means.
After grinding by abrasive means has been performed, the surface of the
concrete shall not be smooth or polished, Ground areas shall not be of uniform
texture and shall present neat and approximately rectangular patterns.
Where the concrete of the bridge deck is to be covered by bituminous surfacing,
earth, or other cover, 2.5 Cm (1 inch) or more in thickness, the surface of the
concrete shall not vary more than 9 mm (3/8 in) from the lower edge of the 3 M
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(10-feet) straight edge.

Bridge deck surfaces under the curbs, railings and sidewalk shall be struck off to
the same plane as the roadway and left undisturbed when future widening is
shown on the plans.
(c)

Sidewalk Surface Finish

After the concrete has been placed it shall be compacted and the concrete shall
be struck off by means of a strike board, floated with a wooden or cork floating
and finishing with a broom. An approved edging tool shall be used on all edges
and at all expansion
joints. Brooming shall be transverse to the line of traffic and if water is
necessary, it shall be applied to the surface immediately in advance of
brooming. The surface shall not vary more than 6 mm (1/4 inch) under a 3 M
(10-feet) straightedge, and the finished surface shall be free from blemishes.

(d)

Ordinary Surface Form Finish

Ordinary surface finish shall consist of filling holes or depressions in the surface
of the concrete, repairing all rock pockets, removing stains and discolouration
visible from travelled ways. Ordinary surface finish shall be applied to all
concrete surfaces either as a final finish or preparatory to the Class 1 finish, One
surfaces which are to be buried underground or surfaces which are enclosed,
such as the cells of box girders, the removal of fins will not be required.
Except as provided herein, all form bolts and any metal placed for the
convenience of the Contractor shall be removed to a depth of at least 25 mm
(1.0 inch) below the surface of the concrete. All rock pockets and other unsound
concrete shall be removed. The resulting holes or depression shall be cleaned
and filled with mortar. Form bolts projecting into the cells of box girders need not
be removed unless permanent access is provided into the cells, in which case
such bolts shall be removed flush with the surface of the concrete. Mortar used
to fill bolt holes shall consist of one part cement and two parts sand. Other
depressions and pockets shall be filled with either packed mortar or air blown
mortar as directed by the Engineer. Mortar shall be cured in conformance with
the requirements in Item CO-27-3.8 (c) "Curing Structure:.
If rock pockets or holes in the opinion of the Engineer, are of such an extent or
character as to affect the strength of the structure materially or to endanger the
life of the steel reinforcement, he may declare the concrete defective and
require the removal and replacement of the portions of the structure affected.

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(e)

Class 1 Surface Form Finish

Class 1 surface finish shall consist of finishing the surfaces of the structure as
necessary to produce even surfaces of uniform texture
and appearance, free of unsightly bulges, depressions and other imperfections.
The degree of care in building forms and character of materials used in form
work will be a contributing factor in the amount of additional finishing required to
produce even surfaces of uniform texture and appearance, free of unsightly
bulges, depressions & other imperfections, and the Engineer shall be the sole
judge in this respect.
After completion of the ordinary surface finish, area which do not exhibit the
required smooth, even surface of uniform texture and appearance shall be
sanded with power sanders or other approved abrasive means until smooth,
even surfaces of uniform texture and appearance are obtained. the use of power
carborundum stones or disks will be required to remove bulges and other
imperfections.
Class 1 surface finish shall not be applied until a uniform appearance can be
obtained.
Class 1 surface finish may be required to be applied as the final finish for the
following surfaces, unless otherwise specified in the Special Provision as
directed by the Engineer:

CO-27-3.8

All form finish surface of bridge superstructures, except the under surfaces
between girders and the inside vertical surfaces of T girders.

All surfaces of bridge piers, columns and abutments, and retaining walls above
finished ground and to at least 30 Cm (12 in) below finished ground.

All surfaces of open spandrel arch rings, spandrel columns and abutment walls.

All surfaces of pedestrian undercrossings, except floors and surfaces to be

covered with earth.

Surface above finished ground of culvert headwalls, endwalls and retaining

walls.

Surface inside of culvert barrels having a height of 1.5 meter (5 feet) or more for
a distance inside the barrel at least equal to the height of the culvert.

All surface of railing.

Curing Concrete

(a)

General
All newly placed concrete shall be cured in accordance with these specifications,
unless otherwise directed by the Engineer.

(b)

Methods of Curing
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The curing method shall be one or more of the following to be described

hereinafter:
Water Method
Wetted Burlap Method
Curing compound method
Water Method
The concrete shall be kept continuously wet by the application of water for a
minimum period of 7 days after the concrete has been placed.
Cotton mats, rugs, carpets, or earth or sand blankets, may be used as a curing
medium to retain the moisture the entire surface of concrete shall be kept damp
by applying water with a nozzle that so atomizes the flow that a mist and not a
spray is formed, until the surface of the concrete is covered with the curing
medium. The moisture from the nozzle shall not be applied under pressure
directly upon the concrete in a quantity sufficient to cause a flow or wash the
surface. At the expiration of the curing period the concrete surface shall be
cleared of all curing mediums.
When concrete bridge decks and flat slabs are to be cured without the use of a
moisture retaining medium, the entire surface of the bridge deck or slab shall be
kept damp by the application of water with an atomizing nozzle as specified in
the preceding paragraph until the concrete has set, after which the entire surface
of the concrete shall be sprinkled continuously with water for a period of not less
than 7 days.
Wetted Burlaps Method
The surface of the concrete shall be covered with wetted burlap blankets as soon
as the concrete has hardened sufficiently to prevent marring of surface. At least
2 layers of wetted burlap shall be used and they shall be in contact with edges of
the concrete, and that portion of material in contact with the edges shall be kept
saturated with water.
Curing Compound Method
Surfaces exposed to the air may be cured by the application of an impervious
membrane if approved by the Engineer.
The membrane forming compound used shall consist of a practically colorless
liquid. The use of any membrane-forming compound that will alter the natural
color of the concrete or impart a slippery surface to any wearing surface shall be
prohibited. The compound shall be applied with a pressure spray in such a
manner as to cover the entire concrete surface with a uniform film, and shall be
such character that it will harden within 30 minutes after application. The amount
of compound applied shall be ample to seal the surface of the concrete
thoroughly. Power operated spraying equipment shall be equipped with an
operational pressure gauge and means of controlling the pressure.
The curing compound shall be applied to the concrete following the surface
finishing operation immediately after the moisture sheen begins to disappear
from the surface, but before any drying
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shrinkage or craze cracks begins to appear. In the event of any delay in the
application of curing compound, which result in any drying or cracking of
surface, application of water with an atomizing nozzle as specified under "Water
Method", shall be started immediately & shall be continued until application of
the compound is resumed or started; however, the compound shall not be
applied over any resulting free standing water. Should the film of compound be
damaged from any cause before the expiration of 7 days after the concrete is
placed in the case of structures, the damaged portion shall be repaired
immediately with additional compound.
Curing compounds shall not hard settle in storage. They shall not be diluted or
altered in any manner after manufacture. At the time of use, the compound shall
be in an thoroughly mixed condition. If the compound has not been used within
120 days after the date of manufacture, the Engineer may require additional
testing before use to determine compliance to requirements.
An anti-setting agent or combination of anti-setting agents shall be incorporated
in the curing compound to prevent caking.
The curing compound shall be packaged in clean barrels or steel containers or
shall be supplied from a suitable storage tank located at the job site. On site
storage tanks shall have a permanent system designed to completely redisperse
any settled material without introducing air or any other foreign substance.
Containers shall be well sealed with ring seals and lug type crimp lids. The
linings of the containers shall of a characters that will resist the solvent of the
curing compound. Each container shall be labeled with manufacturer's name,
specification number, and shall have label warning concerning flammability. The
label shall also warn that the curing compound shall be well stirred before use.
When the curing compound is shipped in tanks or tank trucks, a shipping invoice
shall accompany each load. The invoice shall contain the same information as
that required herein for container labels.
Curing compound may be sampled by the Engineer at the source of supply and
at the job site.
Waterproof Membrane Method
The exposed finished surfaces of concrete shall be sprayed with water, using a
nozzle that so atomizes the flow that a mist and not a spray is formed. until the
concrete has set, after which the curing membrane shall be placed. The curing
membrane shall remain in place for a period of not less than 72 hours.
Waterproof paper shall conform to the specifications of AASHTO Designation
M-139. Plastic type sheeting shall conform to the Specifications of AASHTO
Designation M-171.
The waterproof paper or white plastic membrane shall be formed into sheets of
such width as to provide a complete cover of the entire concrete surface.
All joints in the sheets shall be securely cemented together in such a manner as
to provide a waterproof joint seems shall have minimum lap of 10 Cm (4")
The sheets shall be securely weighted down by placing a bank of earth on the
edges of the sheets or by other means satisfactory to the Engineer.
Should any portion of the sheets be broken or damaged within 72 hours after
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being placed, the broken or damaged portions shall be immediately repaired with
new sheets properly cemented into place.
Sections of membrane which have lost their waterproof qualities or have been
damaged to such an extent as to render them unfit for curing the concrete shall
not be used.
Forms-in-place Method
Formed surfaces of concrete may be cured by retaining the forms-in-place. The
forms shall remain in place for a minimum period of 7 days after the concrete
has been placed, except that for members over 50 Cm (20"in) least dimension,
the form shall remain in place for a minimum period of 5 days. Wooden forms
shall be kept wet by watering during the curing period.

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(c)

Curing Structures
All newly placed concrete for cast-in-place structures other than highway bridge
decks, shall be cured by the water method all in accordance with the
requirements in item CO-27-3.8 (b) "Method of Curing".
The top surface of highway bridge decks shall be cured by the water method.
The water cure shall be applied not later than 4 hours after completion of the
deck finishing or, for portions of the decks on which finishing is completed after
normal working hours, the water cure be applied not later than 8.00 a.m the
following morning.

(d)

Curing Precast Concrete Members

Percent concrete member shall be cured for not less than 7 days by the water
method.

CO-31-3.9

Testing of Aggregates
Samples of fine and coarse aggregate to be used shall be selected by the Engineer. It
shall be responsibility of the Contractor to designate the source of aggregate and to
obtain the necessary samples and submit them for testing at least 60 days before actual
concreting operations are to begin.
Samples of aggregates shall be obtained and tested in accordance with the following
standard AASHTO Methods: or equivalent ASTM Standards:
Sampling Aggregates
Sieve analysis
Amount of material passing
the No.200 sieve
Organic impurities
Mortar strength
Sodium sulphate soundness
Friable Particles
Abrasion loss

T-2
T-27
T-11
T-21
T-71
T-104
T-112
T-96

No concreting work on the project will be permitted to be done until the Engineer
signifies in writing that he gives his approval, following the performance of the necessary
tests, to the use of all the materials involved in making the concrete.
CO-32-3.10

Testing of Compressive Strength

Concrete compressive strength requirements consist of a minimum strength at the age
of 28 days and the minimum strength which must be attained before various loads or
stresses are applied to the concrete. The various strengths are required are specified in
Table CO-1.
The compressive strength of concrete will be determined from test cylinders which have
been fabricated from concrete sampled and tested in accordance with AASHTO T 23 and
AASHTO T 22.
A set of samples consisting of 6 cylinders shall be taken from each 75 M 3 (2650 cft.) of
each class of concrete or fraction thereof placed each day. 3 of the 6 cylinders to be
tested after 7 days and 3 after 28 days.
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Requirements:
a)

The minimum average 28 days test result of all samples tested at any time shall
be the specified 28 days strength.

b)

No individual samples tested after 28 days shall show a test result lower than 85
percent of the required 28 days strength.

Concrete represented by one individual test that fails to comply with the requirement
under (b) above will be rejected unless the Contractor at his expense, provide evidence
that the strength and quality of the concrete placed in the work are acceptable. If such
evidence consists of tests made on cores taken from the work, the cores shall be
obtained and tested in accordance with the specifications of AASHTO T24.
Should the test result fail to comply with the requirements under (a) above and should
any individual test show less than 95 percent of the specified 28 days strength, the
Contractor shall
make corrective changes to the Engineers approval in the material mix proportions
before placing additional concrete. In addition, such corrective changes shall be made
when the compressive strength of concrete tested after 7 days indicates that the
concrete will not attain the required compressive strength at 28 days.
Trial Batches for Mix Proportions
The placing of concrete shall not begin until trial batches of the mix design to be used
have been produced by the Contractor and tested. The trial mix prorations shall be such
that the average strength of 5 consecutive test cylinders shall be 20% higher than the
specified 28 day strength and no individual test cylinder shall be below the specified
strength.
When concrete compressive strength is specified as a pre-requisite to applying loads or
stresses to a concrete structure or member, test cylinders will be cured under conditions
similar to those at the casting site. The compressive strength of concrete determined for
such purpose will be evaluated on the basis of individual tests.
CO-33-4

MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

The quantity of concrete to be paid for shall be the number of units of volume of
concrete of the various classes complete in place and accepted.
In measuring the volume of concrete to be paid for the dimensions to be applied shall be
those shown on the Drawings except where others ordered by the Engineer in writing.
Deductions from the theoretical volume of concrete shall be made for the volumes of
draining holes, weep holes, pipes and conduits, etc, incase where their cross-sectional
areas exceed 500 Cm 2 (80 square inch).
The measurement shall not include any concrete used in the construction of cofferdams
or falsework.
The volume involved in fillers, scorings, or chamfers 6 scare centimeter (one square
inch) in cross-sectional area or less shall be disregarded when measuring the quantity of
concrete to be paid for.
The accepted quantity measured as provided above shall be paid for at the contract unit
\\00\H\10000\100\245\10047\260\260\Structures (241199)

price respectively for the pay items listed below that is shown in the Bill of Quantities
which prices and payment shall be full compensation also for such works as curing,
surface finishing as required formation of construction joints and any such work and
incidentals necessary to complete the item except works that are paid for under other
pay items.
Pay Item No.

Description

Measurement

CO-a

Concrete Class A

M3

CO-b

Concrete Class B

M3

CO-c

Concrete Class C

M3

CO-d

Concrete Class D

M3

CO-g

Concrete Class E

M3

CO-e

Concrete Class Y

M3

CO-f

Lean Concrete

M3

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ITEM CU

CURB

CU-1-1

DESCRIPTION.
The work shall consist of the construction or resetting of curb, gutter or combination curb
and gutter in accordance with these specifications and in reasonably close conformity with
the lines and grades shown on the plans or established by the Engineer.
The types of curbing are designated as follows:

CU-1-2

Type 1

Stone curbing constructed of quarried natural stone.

Type 2

Cast in place concrete curbing

Type 3

Precast concrete curbing

Type 4

Doweled concrete curbing

Type 5

Reflecting concrete curbing

Type 6

Bituminous curbing

Type 7

Extruded concrete curbing

MATERIALS
Material shall conform to the requirements specified in Section CO.

CU-1-3
CU-1-3.1

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
Stone Curbing.
a)

Excavation

Excavation shall be made to the required depth, and the base

upon which the curb is to be set shall be compacted to a firm,
even surface. All soft and unsuitable material shall be removed
and replaced with suitable material which shall be thoroughly
compacted to the density as specified by the Engineer.

b)

Installation

The curb shall be set so that the front top arris line conforms to the
line and grade required. All spaces under the curbing shall be filled
with material conforming to the requirements of the material for

bed
course. This material shall be thoroughly tamped.
c)

Joints

Curbing shall be laid with joints as close as possible for stone

curb. These joints shall be filled with mortar as specified.
In those cases where a Portland cement concrete
pavement is to be constructed contiguous to a curbing, joints
shall be constructed in the curbing directly in line with pavement
expansion joints. The joint in the curb shall be 2 Cm (3/4 inch) in
width and shall be filled with an expansion joint filler of the same

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nominal thickness as the pavement joint. Any voids between the

joint filler and the stone curb shall be filled with mortar.
d)
CU-2-3.2

Backfilling

After the curb has set, any remaining excavated areas shall be
tamped in layer not exceeding 15 Cm (6 inches) in depth.

Cost in Place Concrete Curbing Or Curb and Gutter.

a)

Excavation.

Excavation and bedding shall conform to the requirements of

subsection CU-1-3.1 (a).

b)

Forms.

Forms shall be of wood, or other suitable material and shall

extend of the full depth of the concrete. All forms shall
be straight free from warp and of sufficient strength to resist the
pressure of the concrete without displacement. Bracing and
staking of forms shall be such that the forms remain in both
horizontal and vertical alignment until their removal. All forms
shall be cleaned and coated with an approved form release
agent before concrete is placed. Divider plates shall be metal.

c)

Mixing and
Placing

Concrete shall be proportioned, mixed and placed in

accordance with the requirements for the class of
concrete specified. Consolidation of concrete placed in the
forms shall be by vibration or other acceptable methods. Forms
shall be left in place for 24 hours or until the concrete has set
sufficiently so that they can be removed without injury in the
curbing. The concrete shall be struck off to the cross section
specified, after which it shall be finished smooth and even by
means of a wood float. For the purpose of matching adjacent
concrete finishes or for other reasons, the Engineer may permit
other methods of finishing. No plastering will be permitted.

d)

Sections.
3

Curbing shall be constructed in sections having a uniform length of

M (ten feet), unless otherwise ordered. Section shall be
separated by open joints 3 mm (1/8 inch) wide except at
expansion joints. Where the curb is constructed adjacent to
concrete pavement, the contraction or open joints in the curb shall
match the contraction joints in the pavement.

e)

Expansion
Joints

Expansion joints shall be formed at the intervals shown

on the plans using a preformed expansion joint filler
having a thickness of 2 Cm (3/4 inch). When the curb is
constructed adjacent to or on concrete pavement, expansion
joints shall be located opposite joints in the pavement.

f)

Curing

Immediately upon completion of the finishing, the

curbing shall be moistened and kept moist for three days, or the
curbing shall be cured by the use of membrane forming
material. The method and details of curing shall be subject to
the approval of the Engineer.

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g)

Backfilling

h)

Curb
Machine

CU-4-3.3

After the concrete has set sufficiently, the space in front and
back of the curb shall be refilled to the required elevation with
suitable material, which shall be thoroughly tamped, in layer of
not more than six inches.
The curb or curb and gutter may be constructed by the use
of a curb forming machine meeting the following requirements.

1)

The weight of the machine shall be such that required compaction is obtained
without the machine riding above the bed on which curbing is constructed.

2)

The machine shall form curbing that is uniform in texture, shape and density. when
the
curb machine is used, contraction joints may be created in a manner approved by
the Engineer.

Precast Concrete curbing.

The installation of precast concrete curbing shall meet the requirements of subsection
CU-1-3.1.

CU-4-4

METHOD OF MEASUREMENT
Curbing, both new and reset, will be measured by the linear foot along the front face of the
section at the finished grade elevation. Combination curb and gutter will be measured along
the face of the curb. No deduction in length will be made for drainage structures installed in
the curbing section or for driveway opening where the gutter is carried across the drive.

CU-4-5

BASES OF PAYMENT
The accepted quantities of curbing will be paid for at the contract unit price per linear
measurement for each kind and type of curbing specified and per unit volume for bed
course material complete in place. Such payment shall include all subgrade preparation
and the disposal of surplus materials.
Pay Item No.

Description

Measurement

Curb type

Gutter Type

Curb and

Gutter Type

Reset Curb Type

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ITEM PP

RCC PROTECTIVE POLES AT STREET DEAD ENDS

RCC protective poles should be provided at the dead ends of the street according to the
drawings at places as recommended by the Engineer.
Pay Item No.

Description

Measurement

PP

RCC Protective Poles

M3

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ITEM SE

LANDSCAPING AND SWEET EARTH FILLING

SE-1-1

DESCRIPTION
This item shall consist of providing spreading of sweet soil, suitable for growing flower
plants or any other vegetation for the beautification of medians in roads, within and upto
the limits specified in the drawings.

SE-1-2
SE-1-2.1

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
Sweet Soil
The sweet soil shall consist, generally of soil appropriate for gardening without debris,
bush, organic matter and any deleterious materials and as required by the Engineer, lime
& fertilizers shall be added to it for improvement of its agricultural characters.

SE-1-3

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
Following the preparation of subgrade, the surface will be scarified and loosened upto a
depth of 1 to 3 inch with approved method. The sweet soil, prepared as in SE-1-2.1
above, shall be spread over this surface, as directed by the Engineer upto elevation
shown on the drawings.

SE-1-4

MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

Landscaping will be measured and paid in sq meter and Sweet Earth Filling will be
measured & paid in cft as per contract unit price. This price will be full compensation for
furnishing all the material & for all the preparation, hauling, scarifying, mixing & for all
Labour, equipment, tools and necessary to complete this item.
Pay Item No.

Description

Measurement

SE

Sweet Earth

M3

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ITEM F

FALSEWORK AND CENTERING FOR BRIDGES

F-1-1

DESCRIPTION
This work shall consist of the design, supply and construction of falsework which will
provide the necessary rigidity to support the loads imposed, and produce in the finished
structures the lines and grades indicated on the plans or as required by the Engineer.

F-1-2

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
Timber and lumber to be used for falsework shall be of sound lumber and comply with
the requirement in AASHTO M 168.
Structural steel to be used for falsework shall comply with the requirements of Structural
Steel AASHTO M 183. Reinforcing steel if it is to be used for falsework shall comply with
the requirements of AASHTO M31, M82. Concrete when used shall conform with item
CO of these specifications.

F-1-3

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

F-1-3.1

Falsework Design and Drawings

Detailed working drawings of the falsework shall be furnished by the Contractor to the
Engineer. No falsework construction shall start until the Engineer has reviewed and
approved the drawings. The Contractor shall provide sufficient time for the Engineer to
complete this review. Such time shall be proportionate to the complexity of the falsework
design and in no case shall be less than two (2) weeks.
The Contractor may revise the falsework drawings at any time provided sufficient time is
allowed for the Engineer's review before construction is started on the revised portions.
Assumptions used in design of the falsework shall include but not be limited to the
following:
-

For designing falsework and centering, a weight of 240 Kg per M 3 (150 pound per cubic
feet) shall be assumed for green concrete. All falsework shall be designed and
constructed to provide the necessary rigidity and to support the loads without appreciable
settlement or deformation. The Engineer may require the Contractor to employ screw
jacks or approved wedges to take up any settlement in the formwork either before or
during the placing of concrete.

The entire superstructure cross-section, except railing, shall be considered to be placed

at one time, except when in the option of the Engineer, a portion of the load is carried by
girders previously cast and having attained a certain strength.

Soil bearing values and soil conditions (wet and dry) shall be designated by the
Contractor on the falsework drawings. Falsework footings shall be designed to carry the
loads imposed upon them without exceeding estimated soil bearing values or allowable
settlements.

Falsework shall be set to give the finished structure the camber specified or indicated on
the Drawings.

The maximum loading and deflection used on jacks, brackets, columns, and other
manufactured devices shall not exceed the manufacturer's recommendation. If
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requested by the Engineer the Contractor shall furnish catalogues or other data verifying
these recommendations.
-

If the concrete is to be prestressed, the false-work shall be designed to support any

increase or readjusted loads caused by the prestressing forces.

Joints supporting slabs and overhangs shall be considered as falsework and designed as
such.
For the construction of falsework over and adjacent to roadways where falsework
openings are required for maintaining traffic, the Contractor shall provide any additional
features for the work
needed to ensure that the falsework will be stable if subjected to impact by vehicles.
The false design at the locations where said openings are required shall include but not
be limited to the following minimum provisions:

Each exterior stringer in a span shall be securely anchored to the falsework cap or
framing.

Adequate bracing shall be used during all stages of falsework construction and removal
over or adjacent to public traffic.

Falsework members shall be at least 30 cm (12 in) clear of temporary protective railing
members.
The falsework drawings shall include a superstructure placing diagram showing proposed
concrete placing sequence and construction joint location, except that where a schedule
for placing concrete is shown on the contract plans no deviation will be permitted
therefrom unless approved in writing by the Engineer.
The falsework drawings shall show any pedestrian openings which are required through
the falsework.
Anticipated total settlements of falsework and forms shall be indicated by the Contractor
on the falsework drawings. These should include falsework footing settlement and joint
take-up. Anticipated settlements over 2 Cm (3/4 inch) will not be allowed unless
otherwise permitted by the Engineer. Deck slab forms between girders shall be
constructed with no allowance for settlements relative to the girders.
Detailed calculations by the Contractor showing the stresses, deflections, and camber
necessary to compensate for said deflections in all load supporting members shall be
included in the working drawings.
After approving the Contractor's falsework deflection camber, the Engineer will furnish to
the Contractor the amounts of camber necessary to
compensate for vertical alignment or anticipated structure deflection, if this is not shown
on the drawings. The total camber used in constructing falsework shall be the sum of the
aforementioned cambers.

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F-4-3.2

Falsework Construction
The falsework shall be constructed to conform to the falsework drawings. The materials
used in the falsework construction shall be of the quantity and quality necessary to
withstand the stresses imposed. The workmanship used in falsework construction shall
be such quality that the falsework will support the loads imposed on it without excessive
settlement or takeup beyond that shown on the falsework drawings.
Falsework shall be founded on footing, capable of supporting the loads imposed on it.
Suitable jacks or wedges shall be used in connection with falsework to set the forms to
their required grade and to take up any excessive settlement in the falsework either
before or during the placing of concrete.
The Contractor shall provide tee-tales attached to the soffit forms easily readable and in
enough systematically-placed locations to determine the total settlement of the entire
portion of the structure where concrete is being placed.
Should events occur, including settlements that deviate more than + 2 Cm ( 3/4 inch)
from those indicated on the falsework drawings, which in the option of the Engineer
would prevent obtaining a structure conforming to the requirements of these
specifications, the placing of concrete shall be discontinued until corrective measures
satisfactory to the Engineer are provided. In the event satisfactory measures are not
taken to correct the excessive settlements, the Contractor shall not be relieved of
responsibility for conforming to the requirements of these specifications.

F-5-3.3

Removing Falsework
Unless otherwise shown on the drawings, or permitted by the Engineer, falsework
supporting any span of a simple span bridge shall not be released before 14 days after
the last concrete, excluding concrete above the bridge deck, has been placed. Falsework
supporting any span of a continuous or rigid frame bridge shall not be released before 14
days after the last concrete, excluding concrete above the bridge deck, has been placed
in that span and in the adjacent portions of each adjoining span for a length equal to at
least one half (1/2) the length of the span where falsework is to be released.
Falsework supporting deck overhangs and deck slabs between girders shall not be
released until seven (7) days after the deck concrete has been placed.
In addition to the above requirements, no falsework for bridges shall be released until the
supported concrete has attained a compressive strength of at least eighty (80) percent of
the required twenty eight (28) day strength.
Falsework for cast-in-place prestressed portions of structures shall not be released until
after the prestressing steel has been tensioned.
All falsework materials shall be completely removed.
All debris and refuse resulting from work shall be removed and the premises left in a
neat and presentable condition.

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F-5-4

MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

For all concrete structures, prestressed concrete structures, or portions thereof, no
separate measurement or payment shall be made for falsework supporting such
structures. All falsework costs shall be considered as included in the contract prices paid
(cost/Volume) for the various items of concrete work and no additional compensation will
be allowed thereof.

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ITEM F1

FORMWORK

F-6-1

DESCRIPTION
The work shall consist of providing, erecting and removing concrete forms etc. and in
conformity with requirements hereinafter specified.

F-6-2

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
Forms shall be of wood, metal or other approved materials and shall be built mortartight
and of sufficient rigidity to prevent distortion due to the pressure of the concrete and
other loads incident to the construction operations.

F-6-3
F-6-3.1

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
Formwork Design and Drawings
The Contractor shall prepare working drawings and material data for the form work and
shutters to be submitted to the Engineer for approval unless otherwise directed. The
requirements for design of formwork is the same as under item "F-1-3.1".

F-6-3.2

Formwork Construction
Concrete forms shall be constructed and maintained so as to prevent warping and the
opening of joints due to the shrinkage of the lumber and shall be true to the dimensions,
lines and grades of the structure and with the sufficient strength, rigidity, shape and
surface smoothness as to leave the finished works true to the dimensions shown on
drawings or required by the Engineer and with the surface finish as specified.
Forms for exposed surfaces shall preferably be lined with metal, plywood, or other
materials approved by the Engineer. Forms shall be filleted at all sharp corners
(Minimum 2 Cm i.e 3/4 inch triangular fillets) and shall be given a level or draft in the
case of all projections, such as girders and copings, to ensure easy removal.
Forms fasteners consisting of form bolts, clamps or other devices shall be used as
necessary to prevent spreading of the forms during concrete placement. The use of ties
consisting of twisted wire loops to hold forms in position will not be permitted. Metal ties
or anchorage within the forms shall be so constructed as to permit their removal to a
depth of at least 5 Cm (2 inch) from the face without injury to the concrete.
Fittings for metal ties shall be of such design that, upon their removal, the cavities that
are left will be of the smallest possible size. The cavities shall be filled with cement
mortar and the surface left sound, smooth, even, and uniform in use in supporting forms
or for lifting precast members. The use of driven types of anchorages for fastening forms
or form supports to concrete will not be permitted.
The inside surfaces of forms shall be cleaned of all dirt, mortar and foreign material.
Forms which will later be removed shall be thoroughly coated with form oil prior to use.
The form oil shall be a commercial quality form oil or other approved coating which will
permit the ready release of the forms and will not discolour the concrete. All exposed
surfaces of similar portions of a concrete structure shall be formed with the same
forming material or with materials which produce similar concrete surface textures,
colour and appearance.
Concrete shall not be deposited in the forms until all work in connection with constructing
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the forms has been completed, all materials required to be embedded in the concrete
have been placed for the unit to be poured, and the Engineer has inspected and
approved forms and materials.
The rate of depositing concrete in forms shall be such to prevent deflections of the forms
or form panels in excess of the deflections permitted by these specification.
Forms for all concrete surfaces which will not be completely enclosed or hidden below
the permanent ground surface shall conform to the requirements herein for forms for
exposed surfaces. Interior surfaces of underground drainage structures shall be
considered to be completely enclosed surfaces.
Formwork for concrete placed under water shall be watertight. When lumber is used this
shall be planed and tongued and grooved.
Forms for exposed concrete surfaces shall be designed and constructed so that the
formed surface of the concrete does not undulate excessively in any direction between
studs, joists, form stiffeners, form fasteners, or wales. Undulations exceeding either 2mm
or 1/270 of the center to center distance between studs, joists, form stiffeners, form
fasteners, or wales will be considered to be excessive. Should any form or forming
system, even though previously approved for use, produce a concrete surface with
excessive undulations, its use shall be discontinued until modifications satisfactory to the
Engineer have been made. Portion of concrete structures with surface undulations in
excess of the limits herein may be rejected by the Engineer.
Forms shall be set and maintained true to the line designated until the concrete is
sufficiently hardened. Forms shall remain in place for periods which shall be determined
as here in specified. When forms appear to be unsatisfactory in any way, either before or
during the placing of concrete, the Engineer will order the work stopped until the defects
have been corrected.
The shape, strength, rigidity, watertightness, and surface smoothness of reused forms
shall be maintained at all times. Any warped or bulged lumber must be resized before
being reused. Forms that are unsatisfactory in any respect shall not be reused.
For narrow walls and columns, where the bottom of the form is inaccessible the lower
form boards shall be left loose so that they may be removed for cleaning out extraneous
material immediately before placing the concrete.
F-8-3.3

Removal of Formwork
In the determination of the time for the removal of falsework and forms, consideration
shall be given to the location and character of the
structure, the weather, and other conditions influencing the setting of the concrete, and
the materials used in the mix.
If field operations are not controlled by beam or cylinder tests, the following periods,
exclusive of days when the temperature is below 5 oC, for removal of forms and supports
shall be used as a minimum subject to the approval of the Engineer and to the
requirements of Item F-5-3.3, Removing Falsework.
Centering Under Beams
Supports Under Flat Slabs
Floor Slabs
Vertical Wall Surfaces

14 Days.
14 Days.
14 Days.
24 Days.
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Columns
Side of Beams
Top Slab R.C. Box Culverts

24 Days.
12 Days.
14 Days.

Side forms for cast-in-place beams, girders, columns, or other member where the forms
do not resist dead load bending shall remain in place for at least forty (40) hours after
placing concrete for the members. Side forms for precast members may be removed the
next may after placing concrete therein.
If high early strength cement is used or by the use of additional cement, these periods
may be reduced as directed.
When field operations are controlled by cylinder tests, the removal of forms, supports
and housing, and the discontinuance of heating and curing (where applicable) may begin
when the concrete is found to have the required compressive strength, provided further
that in no case shall supports be removed in less than seven (7) days after placing the
concrete.
All forms shall be removed, except when no permanent access is available to the cells,
the forms supporting the deck of box girders and the forms in hollow abutments or piers
may remain in place. Prior to completion of forming for the deck forms, the inside of box
girders shall be cleared of all loose material and swept clean.
Methods of form removal likely to cause overstressing of the concrete shall not be used.
In general, the forms shall be removed from the bottom upwards. Forms and their
supports shall not be removed without approval. Supports shall be
removed in such a manner as to permit the concrete to uniformly and gradually take the
stresses due to its own weight.
F-10-4

MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

For all concrete structures prestressed concrete structures, or portions thereof, no
separate measurement or payment shall be made for Formwork supporting such
structures. All formwork costs shall be considered as included in the contract prices paid
(cost/Volume) for the various items of concrete work and no additional compensation will
be allowed thereof.

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ITEM ST
ST-1-1

STEEL REINFORCEMENT
DESCRIPTION
This work shall consist of the furnishing, fabricating and placing of steel reinforcement of
the type, size, shape, and grade required in accordance with these specifications, and in
conformity with the requirements shown on the Drawings and Special Provisions or as
directed by the Engineer.

ST-1-2

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
All materials shall conform to the requirements hereinafter given. Test reports from
approved sources shall be submitted to the Engineer for all reinforcement steel used.
These reports shall show the results of the chemical and physical tests made.
Deformed Billet-Steel Bars (Grades 40 and 60) for concrete Reinforcement ASTM A36 or
AASHTO M183.
Structural Shapes for Concrete
Reinforcement ASTM A 36 or AASHTO M183.

ST-1-2.1

Bar Reinforcement
Reinforcement bars for concrete shall be deformed Billet-steel bars conforming to the
requirements laid down in AASHTO M-31 unless otherwise shown on the drawings or
required by the Engineer.
The use of cold twisted bars is not permitted.
If not otherwise shown on the drawings, the deformed reinforcement steel shall conform
to the requirements of AASHTO M-31.
Bar reinforcement shall be shipped in standard bundles, tagged and marked in
accordance with the code of standard practice of the concrete reinforcement steel
institute.

ST-2-2.2

Wire and Wire mesh

Wire and wire mesh shall conform to the specification for welded steel wire fabric for
concrete reinforcement, AASHTO designation M-55. The type of mesh shall be as
indicated on the drawings and approved by the Engineer.

ST-2-2.3

Bar Mat Reinforcement

Bar mat reinforcement for concrete shall conform to the specification for fabricated steel
bar of road mats for concrete reinforcement, AASHTO designation M-54.

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ST-2-2.4

Structural Shapes
Structural shapes used as reinforcement in concrete shall conform to the ASTM
designation A 36 " Structural Steel ".

ST-2-3
ST-2-3.1

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
Fabrication of Bent Bars
a)

Order Lists
Before materials are ordered all order lists and bending diagrams shall be furnished
by the Contractor, for the approval of the Engineer. The approval of order lists and
bending diagrams by the Engineer shall in no way relieve the Contractor of
responsibility for the correctness of such lists and diagrams. Any expenses incident
to the revisions of material furnished in accordance with such lists and diagrams to
make it comply with the drawings shall be borne by the Contractor.

b)

Storing and Surface Condition of Reinforcement

Steel reinforcement shall be stored above the surface of the ground on platform,
skids, or other supports and shall be protected as practicable from mechanical
injury and surface deterioration caused by exposure to conditions producing rust.
When placed in the work, reinforcement shall be free from dirt, detrimental rust,
loose seals, paint, grease, oil, or other foreign materials. Reinforcement shall be
free from injurious defects such as cracks and laminations. Rust, surface seams,
surface irregularities, or mill scale will not be cause for rejection, provided the
minimum dimensions, cross-section area, and tensile properties of a hand-wire
brushed specimen meets the physical requirements for the size and grade of steel
specified.

c)

Fabrication
Bent bar reinforcement shall be cold bent to the shapes shown on the drawings or
required by the Engineer, bars shall be bent around a pin having the following
diameters (D) in relation to be diameter of the bar (d):
stirrups & column tie bars

ST-3-3.2

other bars

D=4xd

d < 3.5 cm (1-3/8") (No. 11 bar)

D=5xd

d > 3.5 cm (1-3/8")

D=5xd

Placing and Fastening

a)

Protection of Material
Steel reinforcement shall be protected at all times from injury. When steel has, on
its surface, easily removable and detrimental rust, loose scale, or dust. It shall be
cleaned by a satisfactory method, approved by the Engineer.

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b)

Placing and Fastening

Reinforcing steel shall be accurately placed in the position shown on the Drawings
and firmly held during the depositing and setting of the concrete. Cover, or the
distance between the external face of the bar and the face of the finished concrete,
shall be as indicated on the Drawings. Reinforcing steel bars embedded in concrete
shall not be bent after are in place. Bars shall be tied at all intersections with 16
gauge black annealed wire except that where spacing is less than 1 ft (0.3m) in
each direction alternate intersections need not be tied. All intersections shall be tied
in the top mat of reinforcement placed on bridge decks and the top mat of
reinforcement placed on bridge decks and the top slabs of box culverts. Abrupt
bends shall be avoided except where one steel bar is bent around the other Stirrups
and ties shall always pass around the outside of main bars and be securely
attached thereto. All reinforcing steel shall be securely held at the proper distance
from steel forms which remain in place by means of galvanized steel bars or chairs
placed on the forms. All reinforcing steel except as mentioned above shall be
securely held at the proper distance from the forms by means of templates.
concrete blocks or galvanized steel chairs. Metal chairs shall not be used against
formed surfaces which will be exposed in the finished structure after the forms are
stripped. Blocks for holding reinforcement away from contact with the forms shall
be precast concrete blocks of approved shape, and dimensions and shall have
16-gauge black annealed the tie wires embedded in them. The precast concrete
block shall have a compressive strength equal to that specified for class of
concrete to be placed in the work. Layers of bars shall be separated by approved
metal chairs or bolsters.
Any broken or damaged concrete spacer blocks shall be removed before concrete
is placed. The use of pebbles, pieces of broken stone or brick, metal pipe or
wooden blocks as spacers will not be permitted. Reinforcing steel when placed in
the work shall be free from flake is placed, any mortar which may be adhering to
the reenforcing steel shall be removed. No concrete shall be deposited until the
Engineer has inspected the placing of the reinforcing steel and given permission to
place the concrete. The Contractor shall allow the Engineer four hours of normal
working time after the reinforcement and forms are in place to conduct the
inspection. Any bars of incorrect size, length or shape shall be removed and
replaced with correct bars. Any bars located or spaced incorrectly shall be relocated
or spaced correctly before permission is given to place concrete, and such
replacements and corrections shall be at the Contractors expense. All concrete
placed in violation of these provisions shall be rejected and removed.

c)

Splicing
All reinforcement shall be furnished in the full length indicated on the Drawings
unless otherwise permitted. Splicing of bars, except where shown on the drawings,
will not be permitted without the written approval of the Engineer. Spaces shall be
staggered as far as possible and with minimum separation of not less than forty
(40) bar diameters. Not more than one third (1/3) of the bars may be spliced in the
same cross-section, except where shown on the drawings.
Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings, bars shall be lapper with a minimum
overlap of forty (40) time the bar diameter. In lapped splices, the bars shall be
placed in contact and wired together. Lopped splices will not be permitted at
locations where the concrete section is insufficient to provide a minimum clear
distance of one bar diameter or one and one third (1-1/3) the maximum size of
coarse aggregate between the splice and the nearest adjacent bar. Welding of
reinforcing steel shall be done only if detailed on the
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Drawings or if authorized by the Engineer in writing. Spiral reinforcement shall be

spliced by lapping at least one and one half (1 1/2) turns or by butt welding unless
otherwise shown on the Drawings.
d)

Lapping of Bar Mat

Sheet of mesh or bar-mat reinforcement shall overlap each other sufficiently to
maintain a uniform strength and shall be securely fastened at the ends and edges.
The overlap shall not be less than one mesh in width.

e)

Covering
The minimum covering, measured from the surface of the concrete to the face of
any reinforcement bar shall, unless otherwise shown on the Drawings or directed by
the Engineer, be not less 5 cm except as follows:
Top of slab
Bottom of Slab
Stirrups and ties in T-beams

4 Cm
2.5Cm
3.5Cm

(1 1/2 in)
(1.0 in)
(1 3/8 in)

In the footings of abutments and retaining walls the minimum covering shall be 7.5
Cm (3.0 in). In work exposed to the action of sea water the minimum covering shall
be 10 Cm (4.0 in).
ST-6-4

MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

The quantity to be paid for shall be the calculated theoretical number of Metric Ton (cwt) of
reinforcement steel bars, mesh or mats as determined from the approval bar bending
diagrams and incorporated in the concrete and other pay items.
The weight of plan or deformed bars mat will be computed from the theoretical weight of
plane round bars of the same nominal size as shown in the following tabulation.
Size
mm

Weight in
Kg/m

Size
mm

Weight in
Kg/m

6
8
10
12
13
16

0.222
0.395
0.676
0.888
1.042
1.578

20
22
25
32
35
40

2.466
2.984
3.853
6.313
7.522
9.863

Clips, ties separators, and other material used for positioning and fastening the
reinforcement in place and structural steel, shall not be included and the weight calculated
for payment under this item. If bars are substituted upon the contractor's request and as a
result more steel is used then the specified only amount specified as per the original
drawings shall be included.
When laps are made for splices, other than those shown on the Drawings or required by the
Engineer and for convenience of the Contractor, the extra steel shall not be measured nor
paid for.
When continuous bars are shown on the Drawings, without the splices being shown, the
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necessary steel in the splices will be paid for on the basis of the individual bars not being
shorter than 12 M (40 feet).
The accepted quantity measured as provided above shall be paid for at the contract unit
price respectively for the pay items listed below and shown in the Bill of Quantities which
price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing materials, labour, equipment
and incidentals necessary to complete the item.
Pay Item No.

Description

Measurement

ST (a)

Reinforcement as per AASHTO M 31 Grade 40

M.Ton

ST (b)

Reinforcement as per AASHTO M 31 Grade 60

M.Ton

ST (c)

Reinforcement (Structural Shape) as per ASTM A 36

M.Ton

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ITEM ST1 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

ST-9-1

DESCRIPTION
This work shall consist of prestressing precast or cast-in-place concrete by furnishing,
placing and tensioning of prestressing steel in accordance with details shown on the plans,
and as specified in these Standard Specifications and the Special Provisions or as directed
by the Engineer.
This work shall also include the furnishing and installation of any appurtenant items
necessary for the particular prestressing system to be used, including but not limited to
ducts, anchorage assemblies and ground used for pressure grouting ducts and placing of
girders as shown on the drawings or directed by Engineer.

ST-9-2
ST-9-2.1

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
Prestressing Reinforcement Steel
Prestressing steel shall be high-tensile wires conforming to ASTM Specification A-421 or
AASHTO Designation M-204: strands or rope conforming to ASTM Specification A-416 or
AASHTO Designation M-203 or high tensile alloy bars as follows:
Prestressing steel shall conform to the requirements given in the drawings or otherwise
approved by the Engineer.
The steel shall be free from injurious defects and shall have a smooth surface. Material
which shows injurious defects during or prior to its installation in the work shall be rejected.
Prestressing bars as delivered shall be straight. Any small adjustment for straightness that
are necessary on site shall be made by hand under the supervision of the Engineer. Bars
bent in the threaded portion shall be rejected. Any straightening of bars shall be carried out
cold but at a temperature of not less than fivce (5) degrees cetigrade. Any necessary
heating shall be by means of steam or hot water. Wire and Strand shall be supplied in coils
of sufficient diameter to ensure that they lie out straight.

ST-10-2.2

Testing
All wires, stands, or bars to be shipped to the site shall be assigned a lot number and
tagged for identification purposes. Anchorage assemblies to be shipped shall be likewise
identified.
All samples submitted shall be representative of the lot to be furnished.
All of the materials specified for testing shall be furnished free of cost and shall be delivered
in time for tests to be made well in advance of anticipated time of use.

`
The Contractor shall furnish for testing the following samples selected from each lot-if
ordered by the Engineer. The selection of samples shall be made at the manufacturer's
plant by the Engineer or his representative:
Pretensioning Method - Samples at least 210 Cm (7 feet) long shall be furnished of each
wire, or strand size. A sample shall be taken from each and ever, coil.

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Post-Tensioning Method - Samples of the following lengths shall be furnished:

For wires, sufficient length to make up one parallel-lay cable 5 feet long consisting of the
same number of wires as the cable to be furnished.
For strand, 1.5 M (5 feet).
For bars to be furnished with threaded ends and nuts, 1.5 M (5 feet) between threads at
ends.
Anchorage Assemblies - Two anchorage assemblies of each size of anchorage to be used
shall be furnished, complete with distribution plates.
ST-11-2.3

Concrete
The materials for concrete shall conform to the requirements of item CO. The concrete shall
be Class D or E, which is used in the design, as shown in Table CO -1-1 unless otherwise
shown on the plans or specified in the Special Provisions.

ST-11-2.4

Reinforcement Steel
Reinforcement steel to be used as longitudinal bars, on in ties and bursting reinforcement
mesh shall conform to the requirement of item ST.

ST-11-3
ST-11-3.0

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
General
Unless otherwise ordered by the Engineer, the Contractor shall certify for the Engineer's
approval that a technician skilled in the approved prestressing method will be available to
the Contractor to give aid and instruction in the use of the prestressing equipment and
installation of materials as may be necessary to obtain the required results.
The tensioning process shall be conducted so that the tension being supplied and the
elongating may be measured at all times.

ST-11-3.1

Prestressing Methods
The methods of prestressing to be used shall be optional with the Contractor, subject to all
requirements hereinafter specified. The Contractor shall submit well in advance to the
Engineer for approval complete details of the methods, materials and equipment he
proposes to use in the prestressing operations. Such details shall outline the method and
sequence of stressing, complete specifications and details of the prestressing steel and
anchoring devices proposed for use, anchoring stresses, type of enclosures, and all other
data pertaining to the prestressing operations, including the proposed arrangement of the
prestressing units in the members.

ST-12-3.2

Prestressing Equipment
Hydraulic jacks shall be equipped with accurate pressure gauges. The Contractor may elect
to substitute screw jacks or other types for hydraulic jacks. In that case, proving rings or
other approved devices shall be calibrated so as to permit the stress in the prestressing
steel to be computed at all times. A certified calibration curve shall accompany each device.
Safety measures shall be taken by the Contractor to prevent accidents due to possible
breaking of the prestressing steel or the slipping of the grips during the prestressing
process.

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ST-12-3.3

Enclosures
Enclosures for prestressing steel shall be accurately placed at locations shown on the plans
or approved by the Engineer.
All enclosures shall be of ferrous metallic material and shall be completely mortar-tight with
the exception that the Contractor, at his option, with the approval of the Engineer, may from
the enclosures by means of cores or ducts composed of rubber or other suitable material
which can be removed prior to installing the prestressing reinforcement. Enclosures shall be
strong enough to maintain their shape under such forces as will be imposed upon them.
They shall be 6 mm (1/4 inch). larger in internal diameter than the bar, cable, strand or
group of wires which they enclose. Where pressure grouting is specified, cores or ducts
shall be provided with pipes or other suitable connection for the injection of grout after the
prestressing operations have been completed.

ST-12-3.4

Placing Steel
All steel units shall be accurately placed in the position shown on the Drawings or required
by the Engineer and firmly held during the placing and setting of the concrete. Distance
from the forms shall be maintained by stays, blocks, ties, or hangers approved by the
Engineer. Blocks for holding units from contact with the forms shall be precast mortar
blocks of approved shape and dimensions. Layers of units shall be separated by mortar
blocks or other equally suitable devices. Wooden blocks shall not be left in the concrete.
Suitable horizontal and vertical spacers shall be provided, if required, to hold the wires in
place in true position in the enclosure.

ST-13-3.5

Placing Concrete
Concrete shall be controlled, mixed, and handled as specified in other articles of this
section unless otherwise specified herein.
Concrete shall not be deposited in the forms until the Engineer has inspected the placing of
the reinforcement, conduits, anchorages, and prestressing steel and has given his approval
thereof.
Concrete shall be vibrated internally or externally, or both, as ordered by the Engineer. The
vibrating shall be done with care in such a manner as to avoid displacement or reinforcing,
conduits, or wires.

ST-13-3.6

Pretensioning
The pretensioning elements shall be accurately held in position and stressed by jacks. A
record shall be kept of the jacking force and the elongation produced thereby. Several units
may be cast in one continuous line and stressed at one time. Sufficient space shall be left
between ends of units, if necessary, to permit access for cutting after the concrete has
attained the required strength. No bond stress shall be transferred to the concrete, nor end
anchorages released, until the concrete has attained a compressive strength, as shown by
cylinder tests, of at least 280 Kg/Cm 2 (4000 Psi) and as approved by the Engineer. The
elements shall be cut or released in such an order that lateral eccentricity of prestress will
be a minimum. The transfer of stress shall take place slowly to minimize shock.

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ST-14-3.7

Post-Tensioning
Tensioning of prestressing reinforcement shall not be commenced until tests on concrete
cylinders, manufactured of the same concrete and cured under the same conditions,
indicate that the concrete of the particular member to be prestressed has attained a
compressive strength of at least 280 Kg/Cm 2 (4000 Psi).
After the concrete has attained the required strength, the prestressing reinforcement shall
be stressed by means of jacks to the required tension and stress transferred to the end
anchorage(s). Stressing shall be from both ends unless otherwise provided for in the
contract documents or directed by Engineer. The tensioning process shall be so conducted
that the tension being applied and the elongation of the prestressing elements may be
measured at all times. The friction loss in the elements, i.e. the difference between the
tension at the jack and the minimum tension in the prestressing steel at the jack and the
minimum tension in the prestressing steel shall be determined by the formula:

Ft 2 * (F1 a * c *
where
Ft =
F1 =
a =
c =

E
)
d

total friction loss

observed tension at the jack
cross-sectional area of the prestressing element.
observed elongation of the element when the force at the jack is F1.

E =

section modules of elasticity of the element for the stress F 1 as determined from
the stress-strain diagram of the element.

d =

distance from the jack to the point of lowest tension in the element. Where jacking
is done from both ends of the members, the point of minimum tension is the center
of the member. Where jacking is done from one end only, d is the distance to the
other end of the member.

The contrator shall ensure that those personel carrying out the stressing are provided with
particulars of the required tendon loads, order of stressing and extensions. Allowance shall
be made during stressing during stressing for the friction in the jack and in the anchorage,
but the former is not necessary when using load cells. Any allowance for draw in of the
tendon during anchoring shall be in accordance with the Engineers instructions. Stressing
shall continue untill the required extension and tendon load are reached or are approved by
the Engineer. The extension shall allow for any draw in of the tendon occuring at the Non
Jacking end, but measurement shall not commence untill any slack in the tedon has been
taken up. Immediately after anchoring the forces in the prestressing tendons shall not
exceed 70 % of their characteristic strength. During stressing the value may exceed 70 %
of their characteristic strength, with approval of the Engineer, but shall not be exceed 80 %.
After the tendon has been anchored, the force exerted by the tensioning apparatus shall be
decreased gradually and steadily so as to avoid shock to the tendon or anchorage.
Any surplus length of tendon shall be cut off by an approved method that will not affect the
strength of the stressed tendon. Particular case shall be exercised if the use of spark
erosion or oxyacetylene burning method of cutting is approved by the Engineer. All cutting
of wire, strand or bar shall be carried out suing either a high speed abrasive cutting wheel or
friction saw at not less than one diameter from the anchor or any other mechanical method
approved by the Engineer, or any oxyacetylene-acetylene cutting flame using excess
oxygen to ensure a cutting rather than a melting action at not less than 75 mm from the
anchor and such that the temperature the tendon adjacent to the anchor shall not be greater
than 200 degrees centigrade. Care shall be taken that neither the flame nor splashes come
\\00\H\10000\100\245\10047\260\260\Structures (241199)

into contact with either the anchorage or tendons.

ST-15-3.8

Grouting of Bonded Steel

Post-tensioned prestressed bridge members preferably shall be of the bonded type in which
the tensioned steel is installed in holes or flexible metal ducts cast in the concrete and
bonded to the surrounding concrete by filling the tubes or ducts with grout. The grout shall
be a mixture of cement and fine sand (passing a No.30 sieve) in the approximate
proportions of one part cement to 0.75 part sand, the exact proportions to be adjusted to
form a grout having the proper consistency.
All prestressing reinforcement to be bonded shall be free of dirt, loose rust, grease, or other
deleterious substances. Before grouting, the ducts shall be free of water, dirt or any other
foreign substance. The ducts shall be blown out with compressed air until no water comes
through the duct. For long members with draped strands an open tap at the low point of the
duct may be necessary.
The grout shall be fluid (consistency of thick paint) but proportioned so that free water will
not separate out of the mix. Unpolished aluminum powder may be added in an amount per
sack of cement as approved by the Engineer. commercial plasticizers used in accordance
with the manufacturer's recommendation may be used provided they contain no ingredients
that are corrosive to steel. Sufficient pressure shall be used in grouting to force the grout
completely through the duct care being taken that rupturing of the ducts does not occur.

ST-15-3.9

Handling
Precast prestressed concrete members shall be transported in an upright position and the
points of support with respect to the member shall be approximately the same during
transportation and storage as when the member is in its final position. In the event that the
Contractor deems it expedient to transport or store precast girders in other than this position
it should be done at his own risk.
Care shall be taken during storage, hoisting, and handing of the precasting units to prevent
cracking or damage. Units damage by improper storing or handling shall be replaced by the
Contractor at his expense.
Prestressed structural members shall be constructed or placed in the structure in conformity
with the drawings and Special Provisions governing the particular type of structure to be
built or as required by the Engineer.

ST-16-3.10

Curing Concrete
a)

General
For all prestressed concrete operations the curing procedures shall be well
established and properly controlled. Curing shall be commenced immediately
following initial set or completion of surface finishing. Members shall be kept wet
during the entire period of curing.

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b)

Method of Curing
The curing methods shall conform to those detailed under item CO-27-3.8.

ST-16-4

MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

Measurement and payment shall be made under item No. ST1 using the following items
and other such materials contained within & attached to the unit.
Pay Item No.

Description

Measurement

ST1 (a)

Supply and fix spirally wound sheath pipe for

12-8 mm dia. prestressig cables in prestressed
concrete girders or any other type.

ST1 (b)

Supply and fix stressing anchorages in girders for

12-dia 8 mm cables in girders or any other type.

Each Set
(1 end)

ST1 (c)

Supply and fix 12 dia 8 mm high tensile steel wires

prestressing cables in precast prestressed concrete
girders as per drawings and specifications or any
other type.

M. Tons

Stress 12 dia 8 mm cables in girders as per

specifications and as additionally directed by the
Engineer or any other type.

Each

Inject cement grout in 12-dia 8 mm cables in girders

or any other type.

Cut off projecting wire ends of 12-dia 8mm and make

good anchorage recesses in girders with concrete
Class D and cure or any other type.

Each

Launching of girders in place

ST1 (d)

ST1 (e)
ST1 (f)

ST1 (g)

Steel reinforcement, concrete, falsework and formwork will unless otherwise prescribed,
be measured and Paid for according to item No. ST, CO, F & F1.

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ITEM J

JOINTS AND BEARING DEVICES FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES

J-1-1

DESCRIPTION
The work covered in this item shall consist of furnishing all plant, equipment, materials and
labour and in performing all operations in connection with furnishing and placing in concrete
structures all deck expansion joints and seals and elastomeric bearing pads complete and
in strict accordance with the following Specifications, the applicable Drawings, the Special
Provisions or as required by the Engineer.

J-1-2
J-1-2.1

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
Concrete Joint Filler
a)

Preformed Expansion Joint Filler

Unless otherwise directed by the Engineer or provided in the Special
Provisions, preformed joint filler shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO
M213.

b)

Neoprene Rubber Sheet with Bitumastic Seal

Unless otherwise directed by the Engineer or provided in the Special
Provision, neoprene rubber sheets 6 mm (1/4 inch) in thickness, meeting the
requirement of item J-2-2.3 shall be used as a joint filler covered with a bitumastic
seal as shown in the Drawings.

J-1-2.2

Steel for Deck Expansion Joint Seals

Plates, angles or other structural shapes including anchor bolts required for the expansion
joint seals shall conform, unless otherwise directed by the Engineer or provided in the
Special Provisions, to the requirements of AASHTO M160 and shall be hot zinc sprayed
(galvanized) with the exception of the nuts and washers which shall be in stainless steel.

J-2-2.3

Elastomer for Deck Expansion Joint Seals

Elastomer shall be neoprene or of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), at the option of the Contractor.
Neoprene shall be manufactured form a vulcanized elastomeric compound containing
neoprene as the sole elastomer and shall have the following physical characteristics in
accordance with ASTM Method D15, Part B.
Hardness, Durometer A, ASTM D 2240.

45 5 points

Tensile Strength,

127 Kg/Cm 2 (1800 Psi). min.

ASTM D 412

Elongation at Break

400 percent min.

Compression Set, 22 Hours at 70C.

ASTM D 395, Method B

20percent max.

Low Temperature, ASTM D 746

Not brittle at - 40C

Ozone Resistance, Exposure to 100

PPHM Ozone for 70 hours at 38C.
Sample under 20 percent. ASTM D 1149

No cracks
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Oil Deterioration - Volume increase after soaking

in ASTM oil No. 3 for 70 hours at 100 oC. ASTM D 470
J-2-2.4

120 percent max.

Metal Bearing Devices

Unless otherwise directed by the Engineer or provided in the Special Provisions, the
requirements for metal bearings shall conform to the following requirements:

J-3-2.5

a)

AASHTO M 107 for bronze bearing

b)

AASHTO M 108 for rolled copper alloy bearings

c)

ASTM B 438 for sintered metal powder bearings

d)

AASHTO M 160 for galvanized steel bearings.

Elastomeric Bearing Pads

General
Elastomeric bearings as herein specified shall include plain bearings (consisting of
elastomer only) and laminated bearing (consisting of layers of elastomer restrained at their
interfaces by bonded laminates).
The reinforcing steel plates laminations for bearing pads shall conform to the requirements
of AASHTO M 183.
Elastomeric bearing pads shall conform to the requirements in these specifications and the
Special Provisions.
Pads 12 mm (1/2 inch) and less in thickness may be either laminated or all elastomer.
Pads over 12 mm (1/2 inch) in thickness shall be laminated.
Laminated pads shall consist of alternate laminations of elastomer and metal or elastomer
and fabric bonded together.
The thickness called for an elastomeric bearing pad is deemed to be the total effective
thickness of the elastomeric laminations.
The outside laminations shall be metal or fabric. The outside and edges of metal
laminations shall be coated over with elastomer not more than 3 mm (1/8 in) in thickness.
The edges of the steel reinforcing plates of the bearing pads shall be carefully treated to
prevent notch effects.
Steel plates shall be fully enclosed in elastomer so that there is no danger of corrosion.
Laminations of elastomer shall be 12 mm + 3 mm (1/2 in + 1/8 in) in thickness. Variation in
thickness of an individual elastomer lamination shall not exceed 3 mm (1/8 in) within the
width or length of a pad and the variation in thickness of all elastomer laminations within a
pad shall be such that each metal or fabric lamination will not vary by more than 3 mm (1/8
inch) from a plane parallel to the top or bottom surface of the pad.
The total overall thickness of a pad shall not be less than the thickness shown on the plans
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not more than 6 mm (1/4 inch) greater than that thickness. Variation of total thickness within
an individual pad shall not exceed 3 mm (1/8 inch).
The length and width of a pad shall not vary more than 3 mm (1/8 inch) from the
dimensions shown on the Drawings.
Where elastomeric bearing pads over 12 mm (1/2 inch). in thickness are shown on the
Drawings or required by the Engineer, such pads may be manufactured as a molded
laminated pad, or at the option of the Contractor, may be made up by stacking individual
laminated pads.
When laminated pads are stacked, their contact surfaces shall be cleaned prior to stacking
and an approved method shall be used to hold the individual pads in the stack in proper
alignment. Pads of all elastomer or with fabric laminations may be cut from large sheets.
Cutting shall be performed in such a manner as to avoid heating of the material and to
produce a smooth edge with no tears or other jagged areas and to cause as little damage to
the material as possible.
Corners and edges of molded pads may be rounded at the option of the Contractor. Radius
at corners shall not exceed 10 mm (3/8 inch) and radius of edges shall not exceed
3 mm (1/8 inch).
The bond between elastomer and metal or fabric shall be such that, when a sample is
tested for separation, failure shall occur within the elastomer and not between the elastomer
and metal or fabric.
Metal laminations shall be rolled mild steel sheets not less than 20-gauge in thickness.
Fabric laminations shall be either, (1) a long chain synthetic polymer containing at least
eighty five (85) percent of polyester from ethylene glycol and teraphthalic acid or (2) a long
chain synthetic polymeric amide from hexamethylene
diamine and adipic acid. Each ply of fabric shall have a breaking strength of not less than
125 Kg/cm (700 pounds per inch). of width in both directions. Fabric laminations shall be
single ply at top and bottom surfaces of the pad and either double ply or double strength
within the pad.
The sole polymer in the elastomeric compound shall be neoprene and shall be not less than
sixty (60) percent by volume of the total compound.
The elastomer, as determined from test specimens, shall conform to the following:

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Test
Tensile strength, Psi
Elongation at break, percent
Compression set, 22 hrs. at
67 oC, percent
Tear Strength, Psi
Hardness (Shore A)
Ozone resistance 20 % srain.
100 hrs. at 38 oC 1 oC
Low temperature stiffness,
Young's Modules at 35 oC
Low temperature brittleness,
5 hours at 40 o C

ASTM
Designating

Requirement

D 412
D 412
D 395
(Method B)
D 624 (Die C)
D 2240
D 1149 (except No cracks 100
20 parts per 100,000,000)

2275. Min.
350. Min.
25 Max.

D 797

350Kg/Cm 2
Max.
(5000 psi Max).

D 736

Passed

185. Min.
60 5

After acceleration aging in accordance with ASTM Designation D 573 for 70 hours at 100
oC, the elastomer shall not show deterioration changes in excess of the following:
Tensile strength, percent
Elongation at Break, percent

15
- 50
(but not
than 300 % total
elongation
the material)

Hardness, points

+ 10

Shear Test (without vertical load)

7 Kg/cm 2 (Min)

less
of

The Contractor shall furnish to the Engineer a certificate by the manufacturer that the
elastomer, and fabric (if used), in the elastomeric bearing pads to be furnished conforms to
all of the above requirements. The certification shall be supported by a certified copy of the
results of tests performed by the manufacturer upon samples of the elastomer and fabric to
be used in the pads.
The Engineer will take a sample of not less than 15 x 30 Cm (6 x 12 in.) in size for testing
from each lot of pads or batch of elastomer to be furnished, whichever results in the greater
number of samples. The samples will be selected at random at the point of manufacture or,
at the option of the Contractor at the job site. Samples taken at the job site shall consist of
complete pads as detailed on the plans, and the Contractor shall furnish additional complete
pads to replace those taken for testing. Pads shall be available for sampling three (3) weeks
in advance of intended use. All samples pads for testing shall be furnished by the
Contractor at his expense.

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J-6-3
J-6-3.1

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
Open Joints
Open joints shall be constructed at the locations shown on the Drawings or required by the
Engineer using a suitable material, which is subsequently removed. When removing the
material, care shall be exercised to avoid chipping or breaking the concrete. Reinforcement
shall not extend across an open joint, unless shown on the Drawings.

J-6-3.2

Steel Joints
When joints of the performed type are required on the Drawings or in the Special Provisions
or by the Engineer, the filler shall be placed in correct position before concrete is placed
against the filler. Holes and joints in the filler shall be cause for their being rejected.

J-7-3.3

Steel Joints
Plates, angles or other structural shapes shall be accurately sapped at the shop, to conform
to the section of the concrete floor. The fabrication shall conform to the requirements in
Special Provisions. Care shall be taken to ensure that the surface in the finished plane is
true and free of warping. Methods that have the approval of the Engineer shall be employed
in placing the joints to keep them in correct position during the placing of the concrete. The
opening at expansion joints shall be that to avoid impairment of the clearance in any
manner.

J-7-3.4

Water Stops (Joint Seals)

Waterstops shall be furnished and installed in accordance with the details shown on the
Drawings or where required by the Engineer and in accordance with the provisions in these
specifications and the Special Provisions.
Waterstops shall be furnished full strength for each straight portion of the joint, without field
splices. Manufacturer's shop splices shall be fully vulcanized.
Reinforcing bars provided to support the waterstops shown on the Drawings or as required
by the Engineer shall be securely held in position by the use of spacers, supporting wires, or
other approved devices. Such reinforcing bars shall be considered, for payment purposes,
as a part of the waterstop. If, after placing concrete, waterstops are materially out of position
or shape, the surrounding concrete shall be removed, the waterstop reset, and the concrete
replaced, all at the Contractor's expense.
Field splices for neoprene waterstops shall be either vulcanized, or mechanically using
stainless steel parts, or made with a splicing union of the same stock as the waterstop, at
the option of the Contractor. All finished splices shall have a full size tensile strength of 18
Kg/Cm (100 Lbs per in.) of width (18 kg per cm of width).
Field splices for polyvinyl chloride waterstops shall be performed by heat sealing the
adjacent surfaces in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. A
thermostatically controlled electric source of heat shall be used to make all splices. The
heat shall be sufficient to melt but not char the plastic.
Waterstops when being installed shall be cut and spliced at changes in direction as may be
necessary to avoid buckling or distortion of the web or flange.

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J-8-3.5

Metal Bearing Devices

Steel bearing plates, bars, rockers, assemblies, and other expansion or fixed devices shall
be constructed in accordance with the details shown in the plans and shall be hot-dip
galvanized after fabrication.
Bronze or copper alloy plates, if specified, shall conform to the requirements of the Special
Provisions.
The bearing plates shall be set level and the rockers or other expansion devices shall be set
to conform to the temperature at the time of erection or to the setting specified.
When bearing assemblies or masonry plates are shown on the Drawings to be placed (not
embedded) directly on concrete, the concrete bearing area shall be constructed slightly
above grade and shall be finished by grinding or other approved means to a true level plane
which shall not vary perceptibly from a straight edge placed in any direction across the area.
The finished plane shall not vary more than 3 mm (1/8") from the elevation shown on the
Drawings or that required by the Engineer.

J-9-3.6

Elastomeric Bearing Pads

When elastomeric bearing pads are shown on the Drawings, the concrete surfaces on which
pads or packing are to be placed shall be wood float finished to a level plane which shall not
vary more than one and a half (1.5) mm from a straight-edge placed in any direction across
the area. The finished plane shall not vary more than 3 mm (1/8 inch) from the elevation
shown on the Drawings or that required by the Engineer.

J-9-4
J-9-4.1

MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

Filled concrete Joints
The quantity to be paid for shall be the number of linear feet of either expansion joint with
preformed joint filler or expansion joint with neoprene rubber sheet six (6) mm (1/4 in) thick
and covered with bitumastic seal, completed and accepted in work.

J-9-4.2

Steel Joints
The quantity to be paid for shall be the number of cwt of steel for steel joints fabricated,
galvanized and placed in the work completed and accepted.

J-9-4.3

Water Stops
The quantity to be paid for shall be the number of linear feet of waterstop placed in the
work, completed and accepted.

J-9-4.4

Bearing Devices
The quantity to be paid for shall be the number of bearing devices either steel bearing or
elastomeric bearing pads installed in the work completed and accepted.

J-10-4.5

Payment
The accepted quantity measured as provided above shall be paid for at the contract unit
price respectively for the pay items listed below and shown in the Bill of Quantities which
price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing all materials, labor, equipment,
tools and incidentals and any work pertaining to joints and bearings and which is not paid for
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separately, necessary to complete the item.

Pay Item No.

Description

Measurement

J (a)

Filled Concrete joints with Preformed expansion

joint filler.

M2

Filler Concrete Joints with Neoprene rubber sheet

and bitumastic seal

M2

J(c)

Steel Expansion Joints

Kg

J (d)

Water Stops (Jo-Linear Measurement int Seals)

J (e)

Steel or other metal Bearings

Each

J (f)

Elastomeric Bearing Pads According to size

and thickness)

cm 3

J (b)

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ITEM P

PILING

P-1-1

DESCRIPTION
This work shall consist of furnishing all materials, plant, equipment and labour and in
performing all operations in connection with furnishing, drilling, placing of concrete,
reinforcing steel and load testing of piles to obtain the specified bearing value complete in
place and in strict accordance with these specifications, the Drawings, Special Provisions or
as directed by the Engineer.
The Contractor shall drill and place the piles in accordance with an itemized list, which will
be furnished to the Engineer, showing the number and lengths of all piles.
The requirements herein are minimum Strict compliance with these minimum requirements
will not relieve the Contractor of the responsibility for adopting whatever additional
provisions may be necessary to insure the successful completion of the work.
The kind and type of piles shall be as shown on the Drawings and/or as specified. No
alternate types or kinds of piling shall be used, except with the written approval of the
Engineer each time an alternate type or kind is proposed for use in a particular structure.

P-1-2

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
Cast-in-place concrete piles shall consist of concrete cast in drilled holes as shown on the
Drawings and/or as specified:
Concrete for cast-in-place piles shall be Class A and meet all the requirements of Item CO
unless otherwise specified. The concrete shall be cast in dry holes.
Reinforcement if called for shall conform to the requirements under Item ST.

P-2-3
P-2-3.1

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
Location and Site Preparation
Piles shall be used where indicated on the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer.
All excavations for the foundation in which the piles are to be drilled shall be completed
before the drilling is begun unless otherwise specified or approved by the Engineer. After
drilling is completed, all loose and displaced materials shall be removed from around the
piles by hand excavation, leaving clean solid surfaces to receive the concrete of the
foundations.

P-2-3.2

Pre-Piling or Foundation Exploratory Borings

The Contractor shall conduct borings to confirm the elevation of adequate bearing for piles
or spread footings and locations directed by the Engineer.
The borings may be accomplished by Rotary, Auger or Cable tool drilling rigs. Large
diameter borings (40 cm or 16 inch +) will be required where borings must penetrate river
beds consisting of boulders and cobbles.
The bearing strata shall be confirmed by Standard Penetration Tests (S.P.T) or core
samples tested as directed by the Engineer.
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The cost of such borings and associated testing will be included in the cost of piling.
P-2-3.3

Cast-in-Place Piles
Piles cast-in-place shall consist of concrete cast in drilled holes drilled to the required
bearing elevation.
(a)

Drilled Holes
All holes shall be drilled to the tip elevation shown on the Drawings, unless
otherwise specified or approved by the Engineer. All holes shall be to the vertical or
batter shown on the Drawings. The variation from the alignment shown shall not
exceed plus or minus one half (0.5) degrees. Rejected holes shall be filled with lean
concrete by the Contractor at his expense.
Suitable castings shall be furnished and placed when required to prevent caving of
the hole before concrete is poured. Casing, if used in drilling operations shall be
removed from the hole as concrete is poured unless otherwise specified. The
bottom of the casing shall be maintained not less than 50 Cm (20 in) below the top
of the concrete during withdrawal and pouring operations unless otherwise
permitted by the Engineer Separation of the concrete during withdrawal operations
shall be avoided.

(b)

Placing Concrete
Drilled holes shall be clean and free of loose material and water before reinforcing
steel or concrete is placed.
The Contractor shall have available at all times as suitable light for inspecting the
entire length of the holes, before placing the reinforcing steel or concrete.
Concrete shall be placed within one hour following completion of drilling,
acceptance of drill hole and verified tip elevation. If additional time is required the
Contractor must satisfy the Engineer that the open hole will stay clean and free
from caving and other determents elements.
The concrete shall be placed in one continuous operation from tip to cut-off
elevation and shall be carried out in such a manner as to avoid segregation. The
method of placing the concrete and the consistency (slump) shall conform to the
requirements of item CO or to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

P-4-3.4

Defective Piles
Any pile damaged during drilling or casting insitu or drilled below the elevation fixed by the
Drawings or by the Engineer, shall be corrected at the Contractors expense by the methods
approved by the Engineer.

P-4-3.5

Load Tests
A load test shall consist of the application of a load equal to a minimum of 2 times the
specified bearing capacity or as otherwise provided for herein or as directed by the
Engineer. Load tests shall be made where specified and/or where called for by the
Engineer. Unless otherwise permitted by the engineer the load tests shall be completed
before the remaining piles in the same structure are cast.
Load tests shall be made by methods approved by the Engineer. The Contractor shall
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submit to the Engineer detailed plans of the loading system and apparatus he intends to use
at least 3 weeks in advance. The apparatus shall be so constructed as to allow the various
increments of the load to be placed gradually without causing vibration to the test piles.
Tension anchor piles if used, shall be of a design and drilled to a depth satisfactory to the
Engineer. The load test shall not be started until the concrete has attained a minimum
compressive strength. If he so elects, the Contractor may use high early strength cement in
the concrete of the load test pile and the tension piles.
Suitable approved apparatus for determining accurately the load on the pile and the
settlement of the pile under each increment of load shall be supplied by the Contractor. The
apparatus shall have a working capacity of three times the design load for the pile being
tested. Reference points for measuring pile settlement shall be sufficiently removed from
the test pile to preclude all possibility of disturbance.
All pile load settlements shall be measured by adequate devices, such as gauges, and shall
be checked by means of an Engineer's level. Increments deflection shall be read just after
each load increment is applied and at 15-minute intervals thereafter. The safe allowable
load shall be considered as 50 percent of the load which, after 48 hours of continuous
application, has caused not more than 6 mm (1/4 in) of permanent settlement, measured at
the top of the pile.
The first load to be applied to the test pile shall be 50% of the pile design load and the first
increment shall be up to the pile design load by applying additional loads in three equal
increments. A minimum period of 2 hours shall intervene between the application of each
increment, except that no increment shall be added until a settlement of less than 0.1 mm is
observed for a 15-minutes interval under the previously applied increment. If there is a
question as to whether the test pile will support the test load, the load increments shall be
reduced by 50 percent, at the direction of the Engineer, in order that a more closely
controlled failure curve may be plotted. The full test load shall remain on the test pile not
less than 48 hours. The full test load shall then be removed and the permanent settlement
read.
When directed by the Engineer load tests shall then be continued beyond the double design
load in 10-ton increment to failure or a maximum of 3 times the design load.
The pile may be considered to have failed when the total permanent settlement exceeds 6
mm (1/4 in).
P-5-3.6

Pile Records
The Contractor shall keep records of all piles installed A copy of the record shall be given to
the Engineer within 2 days after each pile is drilled. The record form to be used shall be
approved by the Engineer. The pile record shall give full information on the following:
. Cast-in-Place Piles:
. Date for boring and casing
. Pile type and nominal dimensions
. Length of finished pile and tip elevation
. Details of penetration during boring operation
. Concrete quality and consistency
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. Time interval between boring & concreting

. Volume of concrete placed in the Pile.
On completion of the piling for each structure, the Contractor shall deliver to the Engineer a
drawing recording the exact location and the final depth (tip elevation) of all piles.
P-6-4
P-6-4.1

MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

Measurement
The quantities to be paid for shall be the number of linear feet of piles, completed and
accepted, measured from the pile tip elevation to the bottom of pile capes, No allowance
shall be made for cutoffs or the required length of concrete or reinforcement steel placed
into the concrete structure for called for on the drawings. Any additional pile length that may
be necessary to suit the Contractor's method of operation or for any other reason shall not
be included in the measurements.
Test piles when ordered by the Engineer shall be included in the above measurements..
Load tests shall be paid by the number of complete and accepted load tests as described in
item P-4-3.5.
Concrete footings or pile caps shall be measured and paid for as provided under CO-33-4.
Additional quantities of concrete, reinforcement and formwork caused by incorrect location
of piles or additional piles necessary to replace defective piles shall be to the Contractor's
expense.

P-7-4.2

Payment
The quantities of piling left in place in the accepted structure measured as provided above
shall be paid for at the contract unit price per linear feet of piles listed below and shown in
the Bill of Quantities.
Test piles will be paid for at the contract unit price for Test Piles.
Load tests shall be paid for at the contract unit price for pile Load Tests to two (2) times the
design load.
Such prices and payment shall be considered full compensation for furnishing all materials,
labor, equipment, tools, fuel, welding, if needed and other incidental expenses necessary to
complete the item as directed by the Engineer.

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Pay Item No.

Description

Measurement

P (a)

Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles,

type 660 mm (26") diameter.

Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles,

type 750 or 760 mm (30") diameter.

P (c)

Pile Load Tests to 1.5 times the design load

Each

P (d)

Pile Load Tests to 2 times the design load

Each

P (e)

Pile Load Tests to 3 times the design load

Each

P (f)

Exploratory borings

P (b)

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ITEM M

BRICK MASONARY

M-1-1

DESCRIPTION
This work shall consist of furnishing all materials, equipment and labour required for
constructing brickwork as shown on the drawings and in accordance with these
specifications.

M-1-2
M-1-2.1

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
Portland Cement
Portland cement shall conform to the requirements set forth under Item CO-2-2.1.

M-1-2.2

Sand
Sand for mortar used in brickwork shall conform to the requirement for the fine aggregate
specified in Item CO-3-2.2. except that the grading shall be according to AASHTO M 45.

M-1-2.3

Water
The water used in the preparation of mortar shall be according to Specifications in CO-7-2.6
and free from objectionable quantities of silt, organic matter, salts or other impurities. No
water shall be used without the approval in writing of the Engineer.

M-1-2.4

Mortar
The mortar for all brickwork shall consist of one part of Portland cement to three parts of
sand by volume and of sufficient water to produce the proper consistency for the intended
use.

M-2-2.5

Bricks
The size of the bricks shall be standard size (9"x4 1/2"x3") 22.86 cm x 11.43 cm x 7.62 cm.
They shall be well-burnt without being vitrified. They shall be of uniform colour, regular in
shape and size with sharp and square corners and parallel faces. They must be
homogeneous in texture and emit a clear ringing sound when struck. They shall be free
from flaws and cracks. They shall not absorb more than 1/6th of their weight of water after
being soaked for one hour, and shall show no signs of efflorescence on drying.
Compressive strength shall not be less than (2000 psi) 140.62 KG/CM2.

M-2-3
M-2-3.1

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
Mixing of Mortar
Methods and equipment used for mixing mortar shall be subject to the approval of the
Engineer. If a mixer is used, it shall be of approved design and the mixing time after all the
ingredients and in the mixer, except for the full amount of water, shall be not less than two
minutes.
Mortar shall be mixed only in sufficient quantities for immediate use. All mortar not used
within thirty (30) minutes after addition of the water to the mix shall be wasted. Retempering
of mortar will not be allowed. Mixing troughs and pans shall be thoroughly cleaned and
washed at the end of each day's work.

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M-2-3.2

Brick Laying
Brick work shall not be placed during rain sufficiently heavy or prolonged to wash the
mortar from the bricks. Mortar already spread which becomes diluted by rain shall be
removed and replaced before continuing with the work.
All bricks to be used in brickwork with mortar joints shall be immersed in water from 3 to
4 hours before they are used.
All bricks shall be skillfully laid with level courses uniform joints, square corners, plum
vertical and true surface, except where otherwise shown on the Drawings.
All walls and abutments shall be provided with weep holes. Unless otherwise shown on
the Drawings or directed by the Engineer, the weep holes shall be obtained and shall be
spaced not more than 2 M (6.5 feet) center to center.

M-3-3.3

Curing
All brickwork shall be cured for at least seven (7) days after laying. They curing method
shall be to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

M-3-4
M-3-4.1

MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

Measurement
Measurement of brickwork shall be made to the neat lines of the structures as shown on the
Drawings or as modified by the Engineer for the appropriate items in which such brickwork
is incorporated.
The quantities to be measured shall be the number of cubic feet of brickwork laid in place
and accepted.

M-3-4.2

Payment
The quantities measured as provided above shall be paid for at the contract unit price listed
below and shown in the Bill of Quantities, which price and payment shall be full
compensation for furnishing all materials, labour, equipment and incidentals for performing
all the work involved under this item.
Pay Item No.

Description

Measurement

Brickwork

M3

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ITEM M1

STONE MASONRY

M-4-1

DESCRIPTION
Mortar or Dry rubble masonry, as here specified, shall include the classes commonly known
as coursed, random, and random range work and shall consist of roughly squared and
dressed stone laid in cement mortar.

M-4-2
M-4-2.1

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
Rubble Stone
Stone for mortar rubble or dry rubble masonry shall be of approved quality, sound and
durable, and free from segregations, seams, cracks, and other structural defects or
imperfections tending to destroy its resistance to the weather. It shall be free from rounded,
worn, or weathered surfaces. All weathered stone shall be rejected.
The stone shall be kept free from dirt, oil, or any other injurious material that may prevent
the proper adhesion of the mortar.

M-4-2.2

Mortar
Mortar for laying the stone and pointing shall be composed of one part of Portland cement
and three parts of sand unless otherwise provided. Portland cement shall meet the
requirements of AASHTO M 45.

M-4-3
M-4-3.1

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
Stone Size
Individual stones shall have a thickness of not less than 20 Cm (8 in.) and a width of not
less than one and one half (1 1/2) times the thickness. No stones, except headers, shall
have a length less than one and one half (1 1/2) times their width. Stones shall decrease in
thickness from bottom to top of wall.

M-5-3.2

Headers
Headers shall hold in the heart of the wall the same size shown in the face and shall extend
not less than 30 Cm (12 inches) into the core or backing. They shall occupy not less than
one-fifth of the face area of the wall and shall be evenly distributed. Headers in walls 60 Cm
(24 in) or less in thickness shall extend entirely through the wall.

M-5-3.3

Shaping Stone
The stones shall be roughly squared on joints, beds, and faces. Selected stone, roughly
squared and pitched to line shall be used at all angles and ends of walls. If specified all
corners or angles in exterior surfaces shall be finished with a chisel draft.
All shaping or dressing of stone shall be done before the stone is laid in the wall, and no
dressing or hammering which will loosen the stone will be permitted after it is placed.

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M-5-3.4

Laying Stone
Stone masonry shall not be constructed in freezing weather or when the stone contains
frost, except by written permission of the Engineer and subject to such conditions as he
may require.
The masonry shall be laid to the line and in courses roughly levelled up. The bottom or
foundation courses shall be composed of large, selected stones and all courses shall be laid
with bearing beds parallel to the natural bed of the material.
Each stone shall be cleaned and thoroughly saturated with water before being set, and the
bed which is to receive it shall be clean and well moistened. All stones shall be well bedded
in freshly made mortar. The mortar joints shall be full and the stones carefully settled in
place before the mortar has set. No spalls will be permitted in the beds. Joints and beds
shall have an average thickness of not more than 2.5 Cm (1").
Whenever possible the face joints shall be properly pointed before the mortar becomes set.
joints which cannot be so pointed shall be prepared for pointing by raking them out to a
depth of 5 Cm (2 in.) before the mortar has set. The face surfaces of stones shall not be
smeared with the mortar forced out of the joints or that used in pointing.
The vertical joints in each course shall break with those in adjoining courses at least 15 Cm
(6"). In no case shall a vertical joint be so located as to occur directly above or below a
header.
In case any stone is moved or the joint broken, the stone shall be taken up, the mortar
thoroughly cleaned from bed and joints, and the stone reset in fresh mortar.
All walls and abutments shall be provided with weep holes. Unless otherwise shown on the
drawings or directed by the Engineer, the weep holes shall be placed at the lowest points
where free outlets, can be obtained and shall be spaced not more than 2 M (6-1/2 feet)
center to center.

M-6-3.5

Copings, Bridges Seats, and Backwalls

Copings, bridge seats, and backwalls shall be of the material shown on the Drawings.
Concrete copings shall be made in sections extending the full width of the wall, not less
than 30 Cm (12 in.) in thickness and from fifty 3 to 15 meter (10 to 50 feet) long. The
sections may be cast in place or precast and set in place in full mortar beds.

M-6-3.6

Arches
A number of courses and the depth of voussoirs shall be as shown on the plans. voussoirs
shall be placed in the order indicated, shall be full size throughout, and shall have a mortar
bond not less than their thickness. Beds shall be roughly
pointed to bring them to radial planes. Radial joints shall be in planes parallel to the
transverse axis shall and, when measured at the intrados, shall not exceed 2 Cm (3/4 in.) in
thickness joints perpendicular to the arch axis shall not exceed 2.5 Cm (1 in.) in thickness
when measured at the intrados. The intrados face shall be dressed sufficiently to permit the
stone to rest properly upon the centering. Exposed faces of the arch ring shall be rock-faced
with edges pitched to true lines.
The work shall be carried up symmetrically about the crown, the stone being laid in full
mortar beds, and the joints grouted where necessary. Pinning by the use of stone spalls will
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not be permitted.
Backing may consist of lean concrete or of large stones shaped to fit the arch, bonded to
the spandrels, and laid in full beds of mortar. The extrados and interior faces of the spandrel
walls shall be given a finished coat of 1: (2-1/2) cement mortar which shall be trowelled
smooth to receive the waterproofing.
Arch centering, waterproofing, draining, and filling shall be as specified for concrete arches.
Pointing shall not be done in freezing weather or when the stone contains frost.
Joints not pointed at the time the stone is laid shall be thoroughly wet with clean water and
filled with mortar. The mortar shall be well driven into the joints and finished with an
approved pointing tool. The wall shall be kept wet while pointing is being done and in hot or
dry weather the pointed masonry shall be protected from the sun and kept wet for a period
of at least three (3) days after completion.
After the pointing is completed and the mortar set, the wall shall be thoroughly cleaned and
left in a neat and work manlike condition.
M-7-4

MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

The quantity of stone masonry to be paid for under this item shall be the number of units of
volume measured in the completed work and the
limiting dimensions shall not exceed those shown on the plans or fixed by the Engineer. The
contract price shall include all labour, tools, materials, and other items incidental to the
satisfactory completion of the work.
Concrete used in connection with rubble masonry shall be paid for as in the case of other
concrete construction.
Pay Item No.

Description

Measurement

M1

Stone Masonry

M3

M1 (a)

Coarse Rubble Masonry

M3

M1 (b)

Random Rubble Masonry

M3

M1(c)

Random Rubble Dry

M3

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ITEM M2
M-9-5

CEMENT PLASTER
General
The work to be carried out under this item shall consist of providing 12 mm to 20 mm
(1/2"-3/4") thick plaster as specified by the Engineer or as shown on the drawings in grey
cement as specified below. The work shall be carried out in accordance with applicable
requirements of British Code of practice 211:1966 or latest revision.

M-9-5.1

Materials

M-9-5.1.1

Cement
All cement required for incorporation in this Section shall conform to the applicable
requirements of Section "CO".

M-9-5.1.2

Sand.
The sand shall be of medium to coarse grain and having a fineness modules varying
between 1.10 to 1.50 obtained from an approved quarry. The material shall be free from
clay, vegetable matters and other impurities. Sand bearing clay shall be washed at the
discretion of the Engineer.

M-9-5.1.3

Water
Water required for cement sand paste and curing purposes shall conform to applicable
requirements of Section CO.

M-9-5.2

Mortar Composition
Mortar for plastering shall consist of Portland cement sand ratio as shown on the
drawings and/or specified by the Engineer.

M-9-5.3

Material Batching
Material batching for preparation of mortar shall conform to stipulations and
requirements set for in the Section M.

M-10-5.4

Application of Plaster
The surface on which plaster is to be applied shall in case of brick work, be properly
raked and wetted before application of plaster. Plaster shall be applied in a thickness of
12 mm to 20 mm (1/2"-3/4") as specified on drawings and/or by the Engineer. If the
specified thickness is more than 12 mm (1/2") then plaster shall be applied in two coats
viz rendering coat and the final coat. Plaster shall be carried out to the full length of the
wall or to the natural points. Vertical or horizontal joints which show themselves shall not
be allowed. Rendering coat shall be roughened with waving lines drawn by wire brushes
to provide bond for the final coat and it shall be properly moistened before application of
subsequent coat. The final coat shall be finished with floats to prevent smooth and
uniform surface. Defective finishes if any shall be cut out and replastered at the
expense of the Contractor. Plaster after finishes shall be kept moist for atleast 10 days to
the satisfaction of Engineer-incharge.

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M-10-5.5

Measurement and Payment

Measurement and payment for cement plaster shall be made in accordance with the
provisions given hereafter.

M-10-5.5.1

Method of Measurement
Measurement shall be made of cement plastering for the actual area in units of area in
accordance with this section of Specification or as directed by the Engineer-incharge.

M-10-5.5.2

Basis of Payment
Payment shall be made for the number of units of surface area cement plastered at the
contract unit price per unit Area and shall constitute full compensation for furnishing all
materials, equipment and labour including all incidentals necessary to complete the work in
strict accordance with this Section of Specification.

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ITEM PC

CONCRETE CULVERT PIPES

PC-1-1

DESCRIPTION
This work shall consist of the construction of culverts and water drainage structures in
accordance with these specifications, and in conformity with the lines, grades and
dimensions shown on the Drawings or ordered by the Engineer.
The work shall include the furnishing and laying of the pipe, and the construction of such
joints and connection to other pipes, catch basins, or other structures as may be required to
complete the work as shown on the Drawings or as required by the Engineer.
The work shall also include the removal and disposal of existing of culverts and structures
except such portions as may be required or permitted by the Engineer to be left in place.
The Engineer reserves the right to inspect and test the pipe after its delivery to the work.
Injurious defects revealed subsequently to acceptance of pipe and prior to its installation in
the work shall be cause for rejection.
The Contractor shall not order and deliver the pipes for any work until a list of sizes and
lengths has been approved by the Engineer.

PC-1-2

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
The pipes shall meet the requirements of the AASHTO M 170, whichever is called for in the
Bill of Quantities.
Cement, sand and water shall conform to the requirements specified in item CO concrete,
except that the grading requirements for sand shall meet the requirements of AASHTO M
45.

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PC-2-3
PC-2-3.1

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENT
Excavation
A trench shall be excavated to the depth and grade established by the Drawings. The
bottom of the trench shall be shaped to conform to the shape of the pipe for at least twenty
(20) percent of its outside diameter. The width of the trench shall not be greater than two (2)
times the pipe diameter, to permit satisfactory jointing and thorough tamping of the bedding
material under and around the pipe. Recesses shall be excavated for any bells involved.
Where rock or hardpan is encountered the trench shall be excavated to a depth at least (30)
centimeters (12 in) below the grade established for the bottom of the pipe. This excess
depth shall be refilled with approved material and thoroughly compacted.
Where in the opinion of the Engineer, the natural foundation soil is such as to require
stabilization, such material shall be replaced by a layer of suitable material. Where an
unsuitable material (peat, mulch, etc.) is encountered at or below invert elevation during
excavation, the necessary subsurface exploration and analysis shall be made and
corrective treatment shall be as directed by the Engineer.

PC-2-3.2

Placing Pipe
The pipe shall be laid carefully, bells up-grade, ends fully and closely jointed, and true to the
elevations and grades given. Proper facilities shall be provided for lowering the section
when they are to be placed in a trench. Each section shall be securely attached to the
adjoining sections by the method specified for the type of joint used. All joints, unless
otherwise specified, shall be filled with stiff mortar composed of one part Portland cement
and two parts sand. The mortar shall be placed so as to form a durable, watertight joint
around the whole circumstances of the pipe. After each section of pipe is laid and before the
succeeding section is laid the lower portion of the bell shall be plastered thoroughly on the
inside with mortar to such depth as to bring the inner surface of the butting pipe flush and
even. After the section is laid the remainder of the joint shall be filled with mortar and
sufficient additional mortar shall be used to form a bead around the outside of the joint. The
inside of the joint set, the mortar on the outside shall be protected from the air and sun with
a cover of thoroughly wetted earth or burlap. Any pipe which is not true in alignment or is
damaged, shall be taken up and relaid or replaced without extra payment. All joints,
including any connections, shall be capable of transferring the required shear across the
point.

PC-3-3.3

Backfilling
After the pipe has been installed and the mortar joints sufficiently set, granular material
(sand) and/or selected material from roadway excavation or borrow shall be placed
alongside the pipes in layers not exceeding 20 Cm (8 in.) in depth and compacted
thoroughly compacted material at least as wide as the external diameter of the pipe except
insofar as undisturbed material obtrudes upon this width. Each layer shall be moistened, if
dry, and then compacted by tamping with mechanical hammers or by hand tamping with
heavy iron tampers to the densities as specified under Item EM-1-3.1 - Formation of
Embankment with Common Material. This method of filling and compacting shall be
continued until the embankment has reached an elevation of 20 Cm (8 in.) above the top of
the pipe. When construction calls for placing a high embankment over the pipes, special
instruction regarding the method of back-filling shall be given by the Engineer.

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PC-3-4

MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

The quantities to be paid for shall be the number of units of Linear Measurement (M/ft etc)
of pipe placed, completed and accepted.
The removal of existing culverts or pipes which encroach upon the excavation, shall not be
measured for direct payment.
Direct Payment shall be made under Item PC1 for furnishing and installing granular
material in the bed of the culvert as shown on the Drawings.
The quantities, as measured above, shall be paid for at the contract unit price respectively,
for each of the particular pay item listed below. Payment shall be full compensation for
furnishing and placing all materials including mortar for joints, for removing existing culverts
and pipes, for excavating trenches and backfilling, and for all other costs necessary or usual
to the proper completion of the work prescribed in this item. Headwalls, wingwalls and
aprons together with the bedding for the concrete pipe culvert, will be measured and paid
for separately.
Pay Item No.
PC
M

Description

Measurement

Standard Strength Reinforced Concrete Culvert

PC (a)

AASHTO M 170, Diameter 310 mm (12 in)

PC (b)

AASHTO M 170, Diameter 460 mm (18 in)

PC (c)

AASHTO M 170, Diameter 610 mm (24 in)

PC (d)

AASHTO M 170, Diameter 760 mm (30 in)

PC (e)

AASHTO M 170, Diameter 910 mm (36 in)

PC (f)

AASHTO M 170, Diameter 1070 mm (42 in)

PC (g)

AASHTO M 170, Diameter 1220 mm (48 in)

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ITEM PC1 BED TO CONCRETE PIPE CULVERTS

PC-5-1

DESCRIPTION
This work shall consist of furnishing and placing granular material for bedding concrete pipe
culverts.

PC-5-2

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
Granular material shall be sand or selected sandy soil all of which passes a 3/8 inch (9.5
mm) sieve and not more than fifteen (15) percent passes No.200 sieve.

PC-5-3

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
The bedding material consisting of granular material as specified in Item PC-5-2 shall be
laid to the dimension shown on the drawing for the types specified or directed by the
Engineer: the top surface which shall accurately shaped by template to fit the surface of the
concrete pipe culvert for at least twenty (20) percent of its outside diameter.
Granular material shall be deposited in layers not exceeding 20 Cm (8 in.) and shall be
compacted to at least Ninety-eight (98) percent maximum dry density in accordance with
AASHTO T 99, Method D.

PC-5-4

MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

The quantities to be paid for shall be the number of units of volume of granular material,
placed and accepted. The quantities measured as provided above shall be paid for at the
contract unit price, for the pay item listed below, which price and payment shall be full
compensation for furnishing and placing all materials including for completion of the work
prescribed in this item.
Pay Item No.

Description

Measurement

PC1

Granular Materials in Bed to Concrete Pipe Culvert

M3

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ITEM W

HEADWALLS, WINGWALLS, PARAPETS, APRONS AND SIPHON INLET/OUTLETS

W-1-1

DESCRIPTION
This work shall consist of constructing concrete sections or brickwork, for concrete pipe and
other culverts shown on the Drawings.

W-1-2
W-1-2.1

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
Formwork
Formwork shall be in accordance with the requirements of Item F1.

W-1-2.2

Steel Reinforcement
Steel reinforcement shall be in accordance with the requirements of item ST.

W-1-2.3

Concrete
Concrete shall be of Class A, Class B or lean concrete as specified on the Drawings and
shall be in accordance with the requirements of item CO.

W-1-2.4

Brickwork and Cement Plaster

Brickwork and cement plaster shall be in accordance with the requirements of Item M.

W-1-3
W-1-3.1

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
Excavation
Excavation shall be in accordance with Item EX-5-3.1 and in conformity with the Drawings.

W-2-3.2

Granular Backfill
Granular backfill, if ordered in writing by the Engineer, shall be furnished, placed and
compacted in accordance with Item EX-8-3.2.

W-2-3.3

Formwork
Formwork shall be supplied and fixed in the positions required for the concrete to be cast as
shown on the Drawings and shall be erected and removed as specified in Item F1.

W-2-3.4

Steel reinforcement
Steel reinforcement shall be furnished, bent and fixed where shown on the Drawings.
Furnishing, bending and fixing shall be in accordance with Item ST.

W-2-3.5

Concrete
Concrete Class A or B or shown on the Drawings shall be supplied, placed, finished and
cured, as specified in item CO.

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W-2-3.6

Brickwork and Cement Plaster

Brickwork and cement plaster as shown on the drawings shall be supplied, placed and
finished as specified in Item M.

W-2-4

MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

Excavation shall be measured as specified in Item W -1-3.1 and paid for under Item EX1,
EX2 or EM as the case may be.
The formwork in place and accepted shall be measured and paid for as specified in Item

F1.
Steel reinforcement in place and accepted shall be measured and paid for as specified in
Item ST.
Concrete in place and accepted shall be measured and paid for as specified in Item CO as
per concrete class specified.
Granular backfill in place and accepted shall be paid for as specified in item EX2.
Brickwork in place and accepted shall be paid as specified in Item M.

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ITEM W1

GABIONS

W-4-3.1

DESCRIPTION
This work shall consist of wire-mesh gabions, furnished and placed in accordance with
these specifications, and the specifications for the other work items involved, and at the
locations and in conformity with the lines and grades shown on the Drawings. The work in
general, covers gabions used for river and stream stabilization work, such as bank
revetments, jetties, grins and deflectors.

W-4-3.2
W-4-3.3

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
General
Gabions shall be enclosed by galvanized steel wire mesh, which shall be supplied folded
flat to facilitate transport and handling.
Gabions shall be furnished in accordance with the various lengths and heights required by
the Drawings, or as directed by the Engineer. If not other wise required, all gabions shall be
one meter in width. The lengths shall be multiples of 2, 3 or 4 times the width of the gabion
and heights shall be 0.3,M 0.5 M or 1 M (1 ft, 1.5 or 3.25 ft.).

W-4-3.4

Wire
All wire shall be a good commercial quality of steel and size as per Drawings coated with a
prime western spelter or equal (AASHTO M 120) applied at a rate of not less than 0.8
ounces per square foot (0.25 liters/m 2) of uncoated wire.
Uniformity of coating shall withstand ten (10) one-minute dips by the preece Test in
accordance with AASHTO T 65. Uniformity of Coating by the Preece Test (Copper Sulphate
Dip) on Zinc Coated (Galvanized) Iron or Steel Articles. Wire mesh shall withstand 220
hours of exposure before
failure by rusting of any part when subject to a salt spray test in accordance with ASTM B
117.
The tensile strength of the wire shall be in the range of 4000 to 6000 Kg/Cm 2 (57000 to
85000 Lbs/in2) and shall have an elasticity to permit elongation of the mesh equivalent to a
minimum of 10% without reducing the gauge or tensile strength of the wire.
The minimum size of the wire used in fabrication of the gabion baskets shall be as follows:
Diameter
mm

US Steel
Wire Gauge

Body Wire

11

Selvedge or Perimeter Wire

Tying and Connecting Wire

13

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W-5-3.5

Fabrication
Gabions shall be in the form of rectangular baskets of the required dimensions and shall be
manufactured from wire as specified above. Gabions shall be made of steel wire triple
twisted forming a uniform hexagonal mesh pattern with openings 8 Cm by 10 Cm (3 in by 4
in) or 8 Cm (3 in) by 12 Cm (4-3/4 in.) The edges shall be formed into securely connected
selvedges adequate to prevent ravelling. Individual basket ties and connections shall be
made by using a quantity of wire not less than 8 percent of the weight of each basket.
When the gabion length exceeds its width, it shall have securely tied diaphragms connected
at all edges to form individual cells of equal length and width. Diaphragms shall be of the
same material and manufacture as specified above for the gabions.
Four cross-connecting wire shall be provided in each cell having a height of one half the
width or less, and eight (8) cross-connecting wires shall be provided in each cell having a
height greater than one half the width.
All the characteristics, values and figures given in the above specifications are subject to
the tolerance of plus or minus five (5) percent.

W-6-3.6

Rock Fill
Fill for gabions shall consist of hard, durable rock pieces that will not deteriorate when
submerged in water or exposed to severe weather conditions. Rock pieces shall be
generally uniformly graded in sizes ranging from 10 Cm to 20 Cm (4 in to 8 in). Filled
gabions shall have a minimum density of 85 Lbs/cft (1360 kg/M 3). Void spaces shall be
evenly distributed and shall not exceed a maximum of 40 percent.
The rock shall meet the requirements of AASHTO M 63 except that the Sodium Sulphate
Soundness Loss shall not exceed 9% after 5 cycles.

W-6-4

CONST RUCTION REQUIREMENTS

Installation shall be performed in a workmanlike manner as approved by the Engineer. Beds
for gabions shall be suitable level. Gabions forming elements of structures shall be securely
connected along the complete length of top contact edges by means of the above specified
tying and connecting wire.
Before the rock fill is placed the gabions shall be tensioned in such manner as will permit
proper shape, alignment and compaction of fill.
Rock fill for exposed faces of gabions walls shall be carefully selected for uniformity or size,
and the pieces shall be hand placed to provide a neat appearance as approved by the
Engineer.
The vertical joints of gabion baskets shall be staggered as in running bond brickwork.

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W-6-5

MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

The quantities to be paid for shall be:

W-7-5.1

Wire Mesh
The galvanized steel wire mesh furnished placed and accepted shall be the theoretical
number of Kilograms/cwt calculated from the weight per unit Area of mesh certified by the
manufacturer. The area of mesh to be measured shall be the net area of the Gabion in
position.

W-7-5.2

Rock Fill
The rock fill shall be the number of loose cubic feet of rock placed in the gabion and
accepted and measured by the width, breadth and length of the gabion constructed.
The quantities determined as provided above shall be paid for at the contract unit price,
which shall be full compensation for all necessary excavation, furnishing and placing of
materials and all other costs related to completion of the work.
Pay Item No.

Description

Measurement

W1 (a)

Steel Wire Mesh for Gabions Kg/cwt Weaving

M2

W1 (b)

Rock Fill in Gabions

M3

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ITEM W2

RIPRAP

W-8-1

DESCRIPTION
This work consists of furnishing and placing a protective covering of erosion resistant
material for riprap as slope or pier foundation protection. The work shall be done in
reasonably close conformity to the plans and specifications
The areas to receive riprap or slope protection of any kind shall be dressed smooth to the
slopes or shapes called for on the plans and shall be free from stumps, organic matter, or
waste material. Generally, a toe trench should be provided in which to key the bottom
course of riprap. A filter blanket should be provided where it is anticipated that there may be
migration of fines through the riprap. These items should be shown on the plans or called
for in the Special Provisions.
All material, regardless of type or kind, shall be placed reasonably close to the lines called
for on the Drawings.

W-8-2
W-8-2.1

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
Stones
Stone for riprap shall consist of field stone or rough uneven quarry stone as nearly
rectangular in section as is practical, except that riprap of Class A shall consist of round
natural stones. The stones shall be sound, durable, dense, resistant to the action of air and
water, and suitable in all respects for the purpose intended.
Stone for riprap shall be one of the following classes as shown on the Drawings or
determined by the Engineer:
Class A:

Stones ranging in weight from a minimum of 15 Kg to a maximum of 25

Kg (33 Lbs to a maximum of 55 Lbs), with at least 50 percent by weight of
the stones weighing more than 20 Kg (44 Lbs.).

Class B:

Stones ranging in weight from a minimum of 30 Kg to a maximum of 70

Kg (66 Lbs to a maximum of 155 Lbs), with at least 50 percent by weight of
the stones weighing more than 50 Kg (110 Lbs.).

Class C:

Stones ranging in weight from a minimum of 60 Kg to a maximum of 100

Kg (minimum 132 Lbs to a maximum of 220 Lbs), with at least 50 percent
by weight of the stones weighing more than 80 Kg (176 Lbs).

Class D:

Stones ranging in weight from a minimum of 100 Kg to a maximum of 200

Kg (minimum 132 Lbs to a maximum of 441 Lbs), with at least 50 percent
of the stones by weight weighing more than (150 Kg) 330 Lbs.

Sound pieces of broken concrete obtained from the removal of bridges culverts, and other
structures may be substituted for stone upon approval by the Engineer.

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W-9-2.2

Filter Material
The riprap shall be placed as per Drawings.
The grading of the filter material shall be as specified on the drawings or in the Special
Provisions. If not otherwise specified, it will be required that D 15 of the filter is at least 4
times as large as D15 for the underlaying embankment materials, and not more than 4 times
the size D85 for the embankment material.
Where: D15 and D 85 are the particle diameters corresponding to 15 percent and 85 percent
respectively, passing (by weight) in a grain size analysis.

W-9-2.3

Portland Cement
Portland cement shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO M 85.

W-9-2.4

Fine Aggregates
Fine aggregates for mortar shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO M 45.

W-10-3
W-10-3.1

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
Excavation
The bed for the riprap shall be excavated to the required depths compacted, trimmed and
shaped.
The riprap shall be set in a toe trench as shown on the Drawings. The toe trench shall be
filled with stone of the same class as the one specified for the riprap, unless otherwise
specified.

W-10-3.2

Placing
Stone placed below water line shall be distributed so that the minimum thickness of the
riprap is not less than that specified.
Stones above the water line shall be placed by hand. They shall be laid with close, broken
joints and shall be firmly bedded into the slope and against the adjoining stones. The stones
shall be laid perpendicular to the slope with ends in contact. The riprap shall be thoroughly
compacted as construction progress and the finished surface shall present an even, tight
surface. Interstices between stones shall be chinked with spalls firmly rammed into place.
Unless otherwise provided, riprap shall have the following minimum thicknesses, measured
perpendicular to the slope:
Class A: 30 Cm (12 in)
Class B: 50 Cm (20 in)
Class C: 50 Cm (20 in)
Class D: 80 Cm (32 in)
The surface of riprap placed above the water line shall not vary from the theoretical surface
by more than 8 Cm (3 in.) at any point.

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W-11-3.3

Grouted Riprap
Stone for this purpose shall, as for as practicable, be selected as to size and shape in order
to secure fairly large, flat-surfaced stone which will lay up with a true and even surface and
a minimum of voids. The stones shall be placed first and roughly arranged in close contact,
the largest stones being placed near the base of the slope. The spaces between the larger
stones shall be filled with stones of suitable size, leaving the surface smooth, reasonably
tight, and conforming to the contour required. In general, the stone shall be laid with a
degree of care that will ensure for plane surfaces a maximum variation from a true plane of
not more than 3 percent. Warped and curved surfaces shall have the same general degree
of accuracy and specified above for plane surface.
As each of the larger stones is placed, it shall be surrounded by fresh mortar and adjacent
stones shall be shoved into contact. After the larger stones are in place all of the spaces or
openings between them shall be filled with mortar and the smaller stones then placed by
shoving them into position, forcing excess mortar to the surface, and ensuring that each
stone is carefully and firmly bedded laterally.
After the work has been completed as above described, all excess mortar forced up shall
be spread uniformly to completely fill all surfaces voids. All surface joints shall then be
roughly pointed up either with flush joints or with shallow, smooth raked joints.
Weep holes shall be provided through the riprap cover as shown on the plans or as directed
by the Engineer.

W-11-4
W-11-4.1

MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

Measurement
The quantities to be measured for payment shall be the number of units of volume of riprap
or grouted riprap, as the case may be including stones placed in the toe trench, laid in
position and accepted.
A filter layer of granular material, when required, shall be measured separately by the units
of volume, in place and accepted.
The computation of the quantities will be based on the volume within the limiting
dimensions designated on the Drawings.

W-12-4.2

Payment
The quantities, measured as provided above shall be paid for at the contract unit price, for
each of the pay items listed below and shown in the Bill of Quantities. Payment shall be full
compensation for excavation and preparation of the bed, furnishing and placing all
materials including backfill, and all other costs related to completion of the work.

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Pay Item No.

Description

Measurement

W2 (a)

Riprap, Class A

M3

W2 (b)

Riprap, Class B

M3

W2(c)

Riprap, Class C

M3

W2 (d)

Riprap, Class D

M3

W2 (e)

Grouted Riprap, Class A

M3

W2 (f)

Grouted Riprap, Class B

M3

W2 (g)

Grouted Riprap, Class C

M3

W2 (h)

Grouted Riprap, Class D

M3

W2 (i)

Filter Layer of Granular material

M3

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ITEM W3

HAND PACKED STONE

W-13-1

DESCRIPTION
This work consists of furnishing and placing a protective covering of erosion resistant
material for Hand packed stones and/or riprap as a slope or pier foundation protection. The
work shall be done in reasonably close conformity to the plans and specifications.
The areas to receive Hand packed stones, riprap or slope protection of any kind shall be
dressed smooth to the slopes or shapes called for on the plans and shall be free from
stumps, organic matter, or waste material. Generally, a toe trench should be provided in
which to key the bottom course of Hand packed stones. These items are shown on the
plans/Drawings.
All material, regardless of type or kind, shall be placed reasonably close to the lines called
for on the Drawings.

W-13-2

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
Stones
Stone for Hand packed stones shall consist of field stone or rough uneven quarry stone as
nearly rectangular in section as is practical, except that Hand packed stones of Class A shall
consist of round natural stones. The stones shall be sound, durable, dense, resistant to the
action of air and water, and suitable in all respects for the purpose intended.
Stone for Hand packed stones shall be one of the following classes as shown on the
Drawings or determined by the Engineer:
Class A:

Stones ranging in weight from a minimum of 15 Kg (33 lbs) to a maximum

of 25 Kg (55 lbs), with at least 50 percent by weight of the stones weighing
more than 20 Kg (44 lbs).

Class B :

Stones ranging in weight from a minimum of 30 Kg (66 lbs) to a maximum

of 70 Kg (155 lbs), with at least 50 percent by weight of the stones
weighing more than 50 Kg (110 lbs).

Class C:

Stones ranging in weight from a minimum 60 Kg (132 lbs) to a

maximum of 100 Kg (220 lbs), with at least 50 percent by weight of the
stones weighing more than 75 Kg (175 lbs).

Class D:

Stones ranging in weight from a minimum 60 Kg (132 lbs) to a

maximum of 200 Kg (440 lbs), with at least 50 percent of the stones by
weight weighing more than 150 Kg (330 lbs).

Sound pieces of broken concrete obtained from the removal of bridges culverts, and other
structures may be substituted for stone upon approval by the Engineer.

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W-14-3
W-14-3.1

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
Excavation
The bed for the Hand packed stones shall be excavated to the required depths compacted,
trimmed and shaped.
It shall be set in a toe trench as shown on the Drawings. The toe trench shall be filled with
stone of the same class as the one specified for the Hand packed stones, unless otherwise
specified.

W-14-3.2

Placing
Stone placed below water line shall be distributed so that the minimum thickness of the
Hand packed stones is not less than that specified.
Stones above the water line shall be laid with close, broken joints and shall be firmly
bedded into the slope and against the adjoining stones. The stones shall be laid
perpendicular to the slope with ends in contact. Interstices between stones shall be chinked
with spalls firmly rammed into place.
The thickness of Hand packed stones shall be in accordance with the Drawings and/or as
specified by the Engineer.
The surface of Hand packed stones placed above the water line shall not vary from the
theoretical surface by more than 7.5 Cm (3 ") at any point.

W-15-4
W-15-4.1

MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

Measurement
The quantities to be measured for payment shall be the number of units of volume of
Hand packed stones or riprap of specified thickness, including stones placed in the toe
trench, laid in position and accepted.
The computation of the quantities will be based on the volume within the limiting
dimensions designated on the Drawings.

W-15-4.2

Payment
The quantities, measured as provided above shall be paid for at the contract unit price,
for each of the pay items listed below and shown in the Bill of Quantities. Payment shall
be full compensation for excavation and preparation of the bed, furnishing and placing
all materials including backfill, and all other costs related to completion of the work.

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Pay Item No.

Description

Measurement

W3 (a)

Hand packed stones, Class A

M3

W3 (b)

Hand packed stones, Class B

M3

W3(c)

Hand packed stones, Class C

M3

W3 (d)

Hand packed stones, Class D

M3

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