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Postb u c k l i nTh
g eory
J. W . HUT CHI NS O N
HARVA R D U N IVE R S ITY , C A M B R I D G E , MA S S A C H U S E TTS
W. T . K O I T E R
T ECHNISCHE HOGE S C H OOL, D E LFT. TH E N E TH E R LA N D S
Introduction
A division of elastic stability theory and its applications
into separatecategoriesof buckling and postbuckling is
not entirely rational, but the creation of such an artificial distinction is almost essential to bring either into
manageableproportions. This point is brought home by
more than 1600 references on cylindrical shell buckling
alone in the surveyby Grigol'uk and Kabanov IRef. 1] .
Postbuckling aspects of stability theory for flat plates
received prominence in the early 1930's, after Wagner
IRef. 2] had establisheda sound theoretical foundation
for the load-carrying capacity of deeply wrinkled flat
shear panels. The approximate discussion by Cox for
plates in uniaxial compression IRef. 3] was followed by
a rigorous analysis by Marguerre and Trefftz [Ref. 4] .
This work was continued first in Gernrany IRefs. 5, 6],
and somewhat later in the United States [Refs. 7-15],
Britain [Refs. 16-18] and The Netherlands IRefs.
1.9-281. Reviews of this work and subsequent dcvelopments are to be found in [Ref. 29] . The entirely
different postbuckling behavior of thin shell structures came to light in the early 1940's when Karman
and Tsien IRefs. 30-331 showed that the large discrepancies bctween test and theory for the buckling
of certain typcs of thin shell structures was due to
the highly unstable postbuckling behavior of these
structures. At roughly the same time in war-time
Holland, Koiter IRef. 34] developed a generaltheory of
stability for elastic systems subject to conservativeloading which was published as his doctoral thesis in 1945.
Karman's and Tsien's papers spawned many more in
the following 30 years, and most of them have been
directed to obtaining more accurate results for the
cylindrical shell under axial compression or to studying
this structure under other loadings.Koiter's work, on the
other hand, attracted relatively little attention until the
early 1960's when interest in the general theory sprang
up almost simultaneously in England and in the United
States.
i 353
1354
(1)
where the coefficients d, b, ... determine the initial postbuckling behavior. A number of important problems
,l
,l
7-i
CASE tr
Pl
CASE Itr
1355
t.
If the amplitude of this imperfection component is denoted by 6-, then for Case II with 5 ) O, the general
theory yields
['+]"=
_ Po6"
(2)
PC
P
1__t
:
t'.
(ad)''-
'\
[' ]J"=.rsrf,
1-
P'
Pc
(3)
(a l 6 -l )t u
t'
I ( deg rees )
E ffecl of l ood
eccenl ri ci l i es
to/'.
FIG. 2, C OMP A R IS ON OF TH E OR Y
ON A S IMP LE TWO-B A R FR A ME
1356
t /2
A N D E X P E R IME N TS
complete spherical shell. Their analysis yielded the expected result that the sphere has an unstable postbuckling behavior. However, it has been shown recently
IRef. 55] that the initial postbuckling analysis in its
simplest form leads to results that are of little practical
consequencefor the complete sphere problem. We defer
a discussion of this matter also to the next section.
The general theory IRef. 34] has been applied to a
variety of shell structures by Budiansky and Hutchinson
and their students at Harvard University IRefs. 95-110] .
Included among them are toroidal shell segmentsunder
various loadings, cylindrical shells subject to torsion and
spheroidal shellsloaded by external pressure.
Results shown in Fig. 3 due to Budiansky and
Amazigo IRef. 103] very nicely illustrate the outcome
of such an analysis and its interpretation. In the upper
half of the figure the classicalbuckling pressurep. in
nondimensional form is olotted as a function of the
length param etet Z appropriate for either a simplysupported cylinder of length L or a segment of length L
of an infinite cylinder reinforced by rings which permit
no lateral deflection but allow rotation. The initial post-
pcRLz
r2D-
,.2.
t =(+) Jt-vz
F I G . 3 . C O M P A R I SON BET WEEN T EST AND CL AS S IC A L
T H E O R Y W I T H INIT IAL POST BUCKL ING PREDIC TION S
F O R A C Y L I N D R ICAL SHEL L UNDER EXT ERNAL P R E S SU RE
f,,=,-r(+l.
( 4)
f, -\f"
Lo,J2
12
- 3\/t ( - b) ll;5
It
n
p
where 6- is the amplitude of the component of the imperfection in the shape of the classicalbuckling mode.
A w i d e r a n g e o f t e s t d a t a , c o l l e c t e d b y D o w I R e f . 11 1 ],
is also included in the figure. Measurements of initial deflections were not made in any of these tests,so it is not
possible to make a direct comparison of test and theory.
On the other hand, the coincidence of the large discrepancy between test and classicalpredictions within
the Z-range in which b is most negative bears out the imperfection-sensitivitypredicted.
The complementary character of an initial postbuckling analysis and a large deflection analysis is brought out
by studies of long oval cylindrical shellsunder axial comp r e s s i o n . K e m p n e r 's a n d C h e n 's I R e f s . 1 1 2 - 1 1 4 ] n um e r ical results for the advanced postbuckling behavior of
shells with sufficiently eccentric oval cross section
showed that loads above the classical bucklins load
could be supported. Complete collapseoccurs onlli when
the buckling deflections engulf the high curvature ends
of the shell. According to an initial postbuckling analysis
IRef. 105] , initial buckling will be just about as sensitive
to imperfections as for the circular cylindrical shell as
would indeed be expected becauseof the shallow buckling behavior i.r .ach case.The composite picture is that
initial buckiing will be imperfection-sensitive but not
catastrophic, and loads above the classicalvalues should
be possible. Recent tests [Ref. 115] have confirmed
both these features.
One aspect of shell buckling which has attracted a
great deal of theoretical and experimental attention in
the last few years is the role which stiffening plays in
strengthening shell structures. Some rather unexpected
effects have turned up. One of the most interesting was
the observation by van der Neut [Ref. 1 16] over 20 years
ago that the axial buci<ling load of a longitudinally
stiffened cylindrical shell can be increased significantly
by attaching the stiffeners to the outer surface of the
shell rather than the inner surface. This advantage has
b e e n c l e a r l y d e m o n s t r a t e db y t e s t s I R e f . 1 1 7 ] .
Initial postbuckling results IRefs. 102, 109, 118] indicate that stiffened cylindrical shells tend to be less
1357
imperfection-sensitive than their unstiffened counterparts, but the level of sensitivity can vary widely. For
example, while the classical buckling load of an outsidestiffened cylinder may be much higher (a factor of two
is not untypical) than an inside-stiffened one, rhe imperfection-sensitivity of the outside-stiffened shell may
be much higher as well. Only a few experiments are
available to put these predictions to a test but those
which have been reported [Refs. 119, I20l show precisely this trend.
An extensive series of bucklins tests on stiffened
shell structures has been underwiy fot a number of
years under the direction of Singer at the Technion in
Israel [Refs. 1.21., L22l. This program has produced
ample evidence that the classical buckling load is a more
reliable measure of actual buckline loads for stiffened
shells than it is for unstiffened ,h"ll.. N"u"rtheless, the
experimental scatter and the discrepancies from the
classical predictions in these tests are indicative of the
fact thai stiffening does not eliminate the problem of
imperfection-sensitivity. An up-to,date discussionof this
matter is given in IRef. 123] .
Other recent work in the area of postbuckling theory
includes an investigation of the interaction of local
buckling and column failure for thin-walled compression
memb er s [ Ref s . 124, 125] . This w o r k m a y h e l p t o
eradicate the naive approach to optimal design of structures liable to buckling by an attempt to equalize the
local and overall buckling stresses.
There have been important advancesin both theoretical and calculational aspects of shell buckling in the
last decade. Buckling equations have been proposed
[Refs. 52, 126] which are exact within the context of
first-order shell theory. Computer programs are now
available for accurate computation of classical buckling
loads for a wide class of shells of revolution subiect to
axially symmetric loads [Refs. 1,27, 1281. These programs incorporate effects of nonlinear prebuckling behavior and discrete rings. When the prebuckling deformation of the perfect shell is a purely membrane one with
no bending, the initial postbuckling analysis is generally
simpler than when bending, and nonlinear prebuckling
effects must be taken into account. Most applications of
postbuckling theory to date have been in casesin which
the prebuckiing response is exactly a purely membrane
state or could be reasonably approximated by one.
Within the last three years there have been severalapplications of the general theory to problems in which it
is essential to include nonlinear prebuckling effects
IRefs. 104, 109, 110, 1291, and a generalpurpose computer program for shellsof revolution subject to axisymmetric loads has been put together IRef. 130] .
Status of the Postbuckling Theory of the Cylindrical
Shell under Axial Compressionand the Spherical Shell
under Uniform Pressure
The cylindrical shell under axial compression has
served as the prototype in studies of shell buckling
IRefs. 131-161], but its geometric simplicity is deceptive, and in many respectsthis structure, together with
the sphere subject to pressure, has the most complicated postbuckling behavior of all. In large part, this
stems from the fact that a large number of buckling
modes are associatedwith the classicalbuckling load in
each of these problems, and consequently these shells
are susceptible to a wide spectrum of imperfection
shaoes.
it is quite possible that a paper by Hoff, Madsen and
Mayers [Ref. 152] has put an end to the quest for the
minimum load which the buckled shell can support. A
sequenceof large deflection calculationsof the minimum
postbuckiing load have been reported, each calculation
more accurate than those which precededit. Hoff, et al.,
give a convincing argument that a completely accurate
calculation, based on the procedure which had been employed in all the previous investigations,would lead to a
value for the minimum postbuckling load which would
tend to zero for a vanishing thickness to radius ratio. Of
course, a shell with a finite thickness to radius ratio
would actually have a nonzero minimum load, but there
now appears to be generalagreementthat this minimum
is not nearly as relevant as had been thought.
The roie of boundary conditions was extensively explored in the 1960's and is now fairly well settled. Accurate numerical calculations of classicalbucklins loads
which account for nonlincar prebuckling effects
uo.",'rd
i o u s b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s h a v e b e e n m a d e IR cf. 1 6 2 ].
The classical load for cylindrical shell of moderate
length which is clamped at both ends is about 93 per
cent of the load predicted by the well-known "classical"
formula based on a calculation which isnores end con,
ditions altogether. So-called *e^k bo,r,ldrry conditions
for which no tangential shearstressis exertcd on the ends
of the shell reduce the buckling load by a factor of about
t w o I R e f s . 1 6 3 , 1 6 4 ] . M o r e r e c c n t l y i t h a s b e e n sh o w n
that relaxed tangential restraint along a small fraction of
the edge has an almost equally detrimental effect
IRef. 165].
Near perfect cylindrical shell specimens have been
p r o d u c e d b y T e n n y s o n I R e f . 1 6 6 ] a n d Ba b co ck a n d
S e c h l e r I R e f . 1 4 4 ] , a n d t h e s e s h e l l sb u c kl e ve r y cl o ser o
the classicalbuckling load. High-speedphotography has
resolved the apparent discrepancy betwecn observed
buckling patterns and the classicalmode shapes IRefs.
167-1711. Buckle wavelengths associatedwith the coliapsed shell are much longer than the classicalbuckling
mode wavelengths, but the wavelengthsassociatedwith
deformation patterns photographed just after buckling
has been triggered are in good agreementwith the predictions of initial postbuckling theory.
The long cylindrical shell subject to axial compression is one of the examplesused in IRef. 34] to iliustratc
the general theory of elastic stability. Boundary conditions are neglected, and consideration is restricted to
mode shapes which are periodic in both the axial and
circumferential coordinates. Due to the iarse number of
1358
.#,- 1] '
(6)
1,.12
lt--l=rl'l
P,J
L
3c l6-l p
2lrll, ;
e)
Gcn6rol fhcory
Eq. ( 7)
o.o2
o.o4
oo6
-a.
t
1359
I 360
(a si mpl e
initial
the perfect
structure.
bifurcation point of
A si mi l ar phenomenon has been
observed by Lecki e IR ef. 215] i n the postcoi l apse behavi or of a ri gi d-pl asti c spheri cai shel l cap. H utchi nso n,s
anal ysi s al so confi rms the earl i er fi ndi ngs
IR ef. 213]
that the di screpancy betw eer.r the predi cti ons of defor matheory and fl ow theory l argel y di sappears i n the
ti on
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