UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
(CHE 235)
NAME OF GROUP MEMBER
MATRIC NUMBER
GROUP
EXPERIMENT
DATE PERFORMED
DATE REPORT SUBMITTED
SEMESTER
LECTURER

Criteria
Abstract
Objective
Material and
apparatus
Procedure
Data/Result
Calculation
Discussion
Conclusion
References
TOTAL

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ABSTRACT:

: AFIF BAZLAA BINTI JUWAHIR

: 2010770233
: EH220 (2)
: EXPERIMENT 4 : FLUID MIXING
: 24 OCTOBER 2011
: 3 NOVEMBER 2011
:2
: CIK NORHAYATI BINTI TALIB

Point
(rubric)

Total Marks

Marks

The objective of this experiment is to observe the various pattern of

water movement during mixing processes that been create by the use of
different impeller paddles with and without the use of baffles, to find out the
most efficient paddle for mixing processes and to find out the power
consumed by the paddle in order to mix oil during mixing processes. During
experiment 1 a), the mixing apparatus is set up with a flat paddle and filled
up with 30 L of water. Ball bearings are put into the tank. The power and the
speed control are switched on. The movements and the pattern of the
movements of ball bearings are observed, recorded and sketched during
mixing. Same steps are repeated by using turbine paddle and screw paddle.
For experiment 1 b), same step are repeated as experiment 1 a) unless the
water is replaced by oil and use only flat paddle. The angular speed (r.p.m)
and torque (Nm-2) are recorded. The calculations are made to find the
angular speed (rad/s) and power (watt) to draw a graph. The calculations can
be made by using the formula:
Power (P)

Angular speed ()

torque (T) X angular Speed (rad)

:

r.p.m x 2/60 = rads

The conclusion for this experiment is flat paddle are the most efficient paddle
to use for mixing based on the observation.

OBJECTIVE:

To observe the various of water flow patterns during mixing processes

by the use of different impeller paddles with inclusion or exclusion of
baffles.

To show how the power consumed by a mixer varies with speed, type
of impeller, and with the inclusion of baffles.

INTRODUCTION

The simplest and common fluid mixing application is simply to add

liquid A to B where the liquids are soluble in one another and blend them
uniformly. Mixing impellers are designed to pump fluid through the impeller
and produce turbulence which both of these effects are essential to mixing.
They produce fluid velocity and fluid shear respectively. Fluid velocity
produces movement throughout the mixing vessel, intermixing material in
one part of the tank with another, prevents solids from setting out and
produces flows. Fluid shear in the form of turbulence teddies is essential to
micro-mixing within the large velocity streams breaking up gas bubbles or
immiscible liquids into small droplets. All mixing impellers produce both fluid
velocity and fluid shear but different types of impellers produce different
degrees of flow turbulence.
In industrial mixing applications, the power consumption per unit
volume of fluid is used extensively for scale up, scale down and design. In
widespread use, the dependence of power consumption on impeller and tank
geometry is defined only in the most general terms. This is due to the
difficulty of obtaining accurate torque measurements on the small scale and
due to the predictive limitations of drag theory, particularly for recirculation
three dimensional flows.
The power number is one of the most widely used design specifications
in the mixing operation has proven to be a reliable predictor of a number of
process results. Power number is sensitive to the details of impeller
geometry and particular to the blade thickness but it is independent of the
impeller diameter to the tank diameter ratio. Power can be affected by
blades angle, thickness, chamber and number on impeller performance. A
significant limitation of theoretical is the assumption that there is no

interaction between the impeller and the tank walls .Power numbers assume
fully baffled vessels with water like fluid and proximity correction factors (off
bottom and multiple impellers) of 1.0.
Some processes such as flocculation are shearing sensitive and require
high flow and low shear mixing. Other processes such as gas dispersion are
at the other end of the scale and require high shear mixing. The selection of
the mixer for a particular application depends on numerous process factors
which are type of application (high flow or high shear requirements),
viscosity, %solids, amount of gas addition, tank geometry and retention
time. Fluids density affected the power draw of a mixing impeller. The power
draw increases with increasing viscosity. The viscosity of a fluid can have
significant impact on the overall mixer sizing for a particular application. The
main sizing criteria consist of torque invested into the mix, impeller style,
impeller Diameter to Tank Diameter (D/T) Ratio, mixer horsepower, pumping
capacity, superficial velocity and torque volume.

MIXING FLUID MACHINE AND ITS FUNCTION:

1. Mixing of fluid depending on purpose that depends on the processing
step.
Such as:
i. Suspending solid particles
ii.
Blending miscible liquids
iii.
Dispersing a gas through the liquid in the form of small bubbles
iv.
Promoting heat transfer between the liquid and coil or jacket.
2. Mixing equipment:
i. Vessel cylindrical shape
ii.
Paddles
Styles :
o Radial flow
- multiples flat blades mounted parallel to the axis the mixing shaft
- use in high shear, gas/liquid dispersion, low level mixing
o Axial flow
- blades that make angles of less than 90 with the mixing shaft axis
- use in moderate shear & moderate flow, high intensity mixing for flow
dependent applications

Flat paddle
Slightly lower efficiency, compensated by easier fitting of liners.
Required slower speeds and greater gear reduction than propeller, high

power per unit volume.

Limited to maximum speed
Radial flow pattern

Screw paddle
Axial flow parallel to the shaft and modified by baffles, a downward flow.
Operates over wide speed range
Very good at high speed, but not generally used.
Low speed it is not easily destroyed.
Not effective in viscous liquids

Turbines
Convert the energy of a moving stream of water, steam, or gas into
mechanical energy.
Design in curved blade to catch the winds energy for flutter and spin.
Design for use in wetting out powders, dispersing fine solids, and creating
emulsions.
Baffles
A flow-directing vane or panel in some vessel.
Will effected the suppressing vortex formation, increasing the power input
and improving mechanical stability.
It purpose to convert swirling motion into a preferred flow pattern.
Without baffles swirling motion approximates solid-body rotation in little
mixing will be occur. It because during agitation of a low-viscosity liquid, the
rotating impeller impart tangential motion to the liquid.
3. The flow pattern of the mixing depends on: the type of impeller; the
characteristics of fluid; and the size of vessel and baffles.

4. There are three components of the velocity of fluid and it flow depends
on the variations of the velocity components:

 Radial direction perpendicular to the shaft of the impeller.

Longitudinal direction parallel with the shaft
Tangential or rotational direction tangent to a circular path
around the shaft.

It functions as dispersion of gas into liquid, dispersion of insoluble

liquids into one another and heat transfer applications.

It been design to pump fluid through the impeller and produce

turbulence.
It produces fluid velocity and fluid shear, if different types of impellers

will produce different degrees of flow and turbulence.

Fluid velocity produced the movement throughout the mixing vessel,
prevents solids from settling out and produces flow over heating or
cooling coils.

FORMULA:
Power (P)

: torque (T) x angular Speed (rad)

Angular speed ()

MATERIAL AND APPARATUS:

1) Mixing equipment model IM 103
2) Mixer controller
3) Mixer head
4) Yellow Beads
5) Impeller
-Flat blade paddle
-Screw blade paddle
- Turbine blade paddle
DIAGRAM OF MACHINE

: r.p.m x 2/60 = rads

PROCEDURES:
Experiment 1a) - Using Water

1. Firstly, the mixing apparatus (Kesser FM1120) is set up with a flat

paddle.
2. The tank is filled up with 30 L of water. Make sure the flat paddle is
entirely in the water.
3. 10 ball bearings are put into the tank. It is to show the movement of
4.
5.
6.
7.

water molecules.
The power is switched on to run the mixing machine.
The speed control is set to 1 and then followed by 2 and 3.
The movements of ball bearings are observed.
The pattern of the movements of ball bearings during mixing are

recorded and sketched.

8. Step 1 until step 7 is repeated by using turbine paddle and screw
paddle.
9. All the data recorded.

Experiment 1b) Using Light Oil

1. The tank is filled up to the depth of 30 L or 0.3m with light oil.
2. The flat paddle impeller is being attached, with the base level with the
end of the shaft.
3. The power is switched on to run the mixing machine.
4. The speed control knob has been increased in gradual increments, the
speed control is set to 1 and then followed by 2 and 3.
5. The angular speed (r.p.m) and torque (Nm-2) are recorded. The
readings can be obtained from the meter at the machine.
6. The movements of ball bearings are observed.
7. The pattern of the movements of ball bearings during mixing are
recorded and sketched.
8. The calculations are made to find the angular speed (rad/s) and power
(watt).
9. All the data are tabulated and a graph is made from the data recorded.
RESULT AND CALCULATIONS :
In light oil;

Result without baffles;

Angular

Angular

Torque, T

Power, W

Speed,

Speed,

[Nm-2]

[watt]

[r.p.m]
50
100
150
200
250
300

[rad/s]
5.236
10.472
15.708
20.944
26.180
31.416

0.01
0.16
0.31
0.52
0. 80
1.11

0.05
1.68
4.86
10.981
20.994
34.872

Angular

Angular

Torque, T

Power, W

Speed,

Speed,

[Nm-2]

[watt]

[r.p.m]
52
100
150
200
250
300

[rad/s]
5.236
10.472
15.708
20.944
26.180
31.416

0.26
0.59
0.99
1.45
1. 84
2.48

1.361
5.969
19.923
29.317
50.789
77.598

Result with baffles;

Calculations:
a) Without baffles
1. Angular speed
= 50 r.p.m X 2 / 60
= 5.236 rad/s
Power
= 0.01 Nm-2 X 5.236 rad/s
= 0.05 W
2. Angular speed
= 100 r.p.m X 2 / 60
= 10.472 rad/s

Power

= 0.16 Nm-2 X 10.472 rad/s

= 1.68 W

3. Angular speed
= 150 r.p.m X 2 / 60
= 15.708 rad/s
Power

= 0.31 Nm-2 X 15.708 rad/s

= 4.86 W

4. Angular speed
= 200 r.p.m X 2 / 60
= 20.944 rad/s
Power

= 0.52 Nm-2 X 20.944 rad/s

= 10.891 W

5. Angular speed
= 250 r.p.m X 2 / 60
= 26.180 rad/s
Power

= 0.80 Nm-2 X 26.180 rad/s

= 20.944 W

6. Angular speed
= 300 r.p.m X 2 / 60
= 31.416 rad/s
Power

= 1.11 Nm-2 X 31.416 rad/s

= 34.872 W

b) With baffles
1. Angular speed = 50 r.p.m X 2 / 60
= 5.236 rad/s
Power

= 0.26 Nm-2 X 5.236 rad/s

= 1.361 W

2. Angular speed = 100 r.p.m X 2 / 60

= 10.472 rad/s
Power

= 0.57 Nm-2 X 10.472 rad/s

= 5.969 W

3. Angular speed = 150 r.p.m X 2 / 60

= 15.708 rad/s
Power

= 0.95 Nm-2 X 15.708 rad/s

= 19.923 W
4. Angular speed = 200 r.p.m X 2 / 60
= 20.941 rad/s
Power

= 1.40 Nm-2 X 20.941 rad/s

= 29.317 W

5. Angular speed = 250 r.p.m X 2 / 60

= 26.180 rad/s
Power

= 1.94 Nm-2 X 26.180 rad/s

= 50.789 W

6. Angular speed = 300 r.p.m X 2 / 60

= 31.416 rad/s
Power

a) With baffles
Power (W)

= 2.47 Nm-2 X 31.416 rad/s

= 77.598 W

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
50

100

150

200

250

300

Angular
speed
(r.p.m)
Figure 1

b) Without baffles
Power (W)

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
50

100

150

200

250

300

Angular speed
(r.p.m)
Figure 2

DISCUSSION

The mixing intensity can be varied widely by choosing a suitable

impeller type and by varying agitating speeds. The mechanical agitation is
effective for the suspension of cells, oxygenation, mixing of the medium, and

heat transfer. Difference shapes of impeller produced difference shape of

flows, with radial flow impellers; the liquid is pushed towards of the
container, along the radius of the container. Flat impellers, the liquid is
pushed in a downwards directions; that is along the axis of the container.
Baffles also usually installed to prevent a vortex formation which can reduce
the mixing efficiency and is to promote turbulence flow, therefore better
mixing. Baffles also needed to stop the swirl in a mixing tank because almost
all impellers rotate in the clockwise or counter-clockwise direction. Without
baffles, the tangential velocities coming from any impellers cause the entire
fluid mass to spin. It may look good from the surface seeing that vortex all
the way down to the impeller, but this is the worst kind of mixing. There is
very little shear and the particles go around and this is more like a centrifuge
than a mixer. From the observation made, there is difference flow pattern
produced between using baffles and without. The yellow beads seem to be
widely spread when using the baffles and using the flat blade propeller.
During agitation of a low-viscosity liquid, the rotating impeller imparts
tangential motion to the liquid. Without baffling, this swirling motion
approximates solid-body rotation in which little mixing actually occurs. The
primary purpose of baffling is to convert swirling motion into a preferred flow
pattern to accomplish process objectives. The most common flow patterns
are axial flow, typically used for blending and solids suspension, and radial
flow, used for dispersion. However, baffling also has some other effects, such
as suppressing vortex formation, increasing the power input and improving

mechanical stability. A common agitation objective is suspending settling

solids in a low-viscosity liquid. In the exclusion of baffle in the vessel, the
swirling flow field is ineffective at dispersing the solids that are grouped in a
rotating pile below the pitched-blade impeller. Also, a large surface vortex is
visible at the top of the shaft. In the vessel on the right, the baffles are
visible on the left and right sides of the vessel and as a thin gray strip that
bisects the impeller and shaft. The presence of baffles produces axial flow, in
which the discharge flow produced by the impeller impinges on the base of
the vessel, flows radialy to the vessel wall, then up the wall, returning to the
impeller from above.

Mixing process without using baffles produces inconstant flow, as the

result the beads not mixing well but only stack at the bottom of the
container. Even the high speed applied, but the beads cannot mix well and
vortex formed. Difference when the baffles used, the vortex not forms and
the beads mixed well. This means the baffles can prevent the formation of
vortex thus enhance the mixing process. Based on this experiment, the best
impeller chosen is flat blade propeller. By using this impeller, the mixing
occurred uniformly from bottom to the top of the container. When mixing, the
speed cannot be too fast because to prevent formation of bubbles, because
bubbles can decrease the mixing rate.

CONCLUSION

Based on the graph obtained, the flat blade paddle produced constant
and high flow pattern, rather than screw blade paddle and turbine blade
paddle. The constant flow important to get the effective separations between
particles and the medium, if the flow moves much rapidly, the particles not
separates well and can cause the medium become turbid and the separation
not occurred effectively. The flow control is important in separations by using
the impeller. If too slow movement of flow, the separation also cannot occur,
because it is to gentle to separates the particles

RECOMMENDATION :

Wear jeans or slack, a long sleeved shirt, and sturdy shoes that give

good traction on possibly wet floors.

Guard against electrical hazards by making sure that all equipment is
well grounded using three-wire plugs and other means.

During the undergoing experiment, students are advised to wear goggle and
disposable gloves. Since the experiment involved with hazardous chemicals,
the utilities will provide protection for students.

REFERENCES

i.

Chapple D, Kresta M.S, Wall A and Afacan A (2002). The effect of

impeller and tank
geometry on power number for a pitched blade turbine. Volume 80,

ii.

Part A.
Anon (1998). Mixing Fundamentals. Page 1.01 Rev 2. Hayward
Gordon LTD.

iii.
iv.

(http://www.haywardgordon.com/documents/Mixing_Fundamentals.pdf)
http://www.wmprocess.com/impellers-for-mixing-processes.
IChemE.http://www.clevelandmixers.com/Files/Torque%20paper%20as
%20published
%20~1.pdf)

APPENDICES

Flat Blade Paddle

Side View
Turbine Blade Paddle

Top View

Water Flow Patterns :

Without baffle;

Flat paddle

Turbine paddle

Screw paddle

With baffles ;

Flat paddle

Turbine paddle

Screw paddle